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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4S03 


.*. 


I/. 


Ip 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiqucs 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notea/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagea  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  change 
the  uaual  method  of  filming,  are  checkeid  below. 


□    Coloured  covera/ 
Couvorture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


V 


D 


□ 


D 


D 


Couverture  endommagte 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  miasing/ 


La  titra  da  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gtographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


r~n   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cauae  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  ta  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certainea  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais.  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmAes. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentairas: 


The 
tott 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  «t6  poasibia  de  se  procurer.  Las  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normala  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


I     I   Coloured  pages/ 


%/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurtas  et/ou  pelliculies 


I      I   Pagea  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Th« 
posi 

OftI 

fllml 


Orig 

b«fli 

tiMl 

sion 
othfl 
first 
aion 
Drill 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tachatdes  ou  piqudes 


□   Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

0Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  in(igala  de  I'impression 

Includee  supplementary  materit 
Comprend  du  material  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

r~n   Includee  supplementary  material/ 

I     I    Only  edition  available/ 


The 
thai 
TINI 
whii 

iVla|] 
diffi 
entii 
begl 
righi 
requ 
metl 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


1QX 

14X 

1SX 

n% 

2SX 

30X 

y 

' 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  fllm«d  h«r«  hat  Immh  r«produc«d  thanks 
to  the  oanaroaitv  of: 


to  tha  ganarotity  of 


Douglas  Library 
Quaan's  Univarsity 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
gAnArosit*  da: 

Douglas  Library 
Quaan's  Univarsity 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
posslbia  consldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibillty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spaciflcatlons. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  llluatratad  Impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  llluatratad  impraa* 
slon,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  impression. 


Laa  imagas  sulvantas  ont  M*  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  I'axampialra  film*,  at  90 
conformiti  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 

Las  axamplalras  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprimAa  sont  film^s  mn  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarmlnant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Impraaslon  ou  d'lllustratlon.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplalras 
originaux  sont  fiimAs  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Impraaslon  ou  d'iiiustration  at  an  tarmlnant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taila 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  t^ja  symbol  — ^>  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha,  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — ►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  V  signifia  "FIN". 


Maps,  platas,  charta,  ate,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimia  A  das  taux  da  rMuction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  f  limA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  en  prenant  la  nombra 
d'Imagas  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

u; 


r 


THE  MINERAL  SPBINGS 


or  THX 


tJlSriTED   STATES  AND   OAK  ADA, 


/ 


IP 


"Whativxb  may  be  said  of  them,  mineral  waters  are  not  simple  medicaments;  what- 
ever may  be  the  predominant  mineralizing  agent,  as  demonstrated  by  analysis,  It  acts  not 
alone.  Nature,  In  combining '  /ith  the  more  or  less  notable  elements  which  chemistry  may 
isolate,  other  exceedingly  variable  ingredients  and  principles,  which  luTe  not  yet  been  dis- 
covered, has  done  for  this  mineralized  agent  that  which  we  seek  to  imitate  each  day  in  onr 
prescriptions,  when  we  endeavor  to  reinforce  or  diminish  the  effect  of  a  medical  substance 
by  associating  others  with  it"— Tboitssxac,  Clinique  Midicale,  tome  ilL,  p.  68. 


"All  substances  administered  in  powder  are  active  in  proportion  to  the  fineness  of  their 
division.  Hence  solutions,  which  are  only  minuter  divisions  of  substances  than  powders, 
act  more  rapidly  and  energ'-tically  on  the  system  at  large  than  the  latter,  while  their  local 
action  is  less  intense.  On  these  accounts  natural  mineral  waters  are  much  more  active  than 
artificial  solutions  containing  the  same  ingredients."— SriLLfi,  TheraptuUct  and  Materia 
MeOtoa,  voL  1.,  p.  7& 


itf 


t- 


J 


'm 


loaments;  'wh«t- 
tlysla,  it  acts  not 
li  chemlstiy  may 
lot  yet  been  dla- 
)  each  day  In  our 
edlcal  Bubstanoe 
p.  68. 

fineness  of  their 
«  tlian  powders, 
while  their  local 
more  active  tlian 
lea  and  Materia 


THB 


MINERAL   SPRINGS 


or  TBU 


UNITED   STATES  AND   CANADA, 


'WITH 


ANALYSES   AND    NOTES 

ON  THB 

PROMINENT   SPAS   OF   EUROPE, 

AMD  A  U8T  or 

SEA-SIDE   RESORTS 


BY 

GEO.  E.  WALTON,  M.  D., 

C0«™.  O,  «,  .^.OAX.  AB*«^„OK  O.  ™.  axx™  O,  0H,0  0.  «,H«.«„„0. 

or  jomiuL  BPBwoa."  »»»**'«utio8 


8EC0m)  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  EKLABOED, 


NEW  YORK: 
D.    APPLETON     AND     COMPANY 

649    AND   561    BEOADWAT.  * 

1874. 


S)  ti'iiiil 


'/  1  5 


^  '  muwUe  /I 


ICMMONO 

l«m      TW5nA»«»* ' 


r*  villi 


( 

-f~  ■ 
\ 


^l^^i"^ 


/C<J 


Ktril 


UHTA 


Ion 

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^^^( 


lo.-tiK>""» 


Itic 


iV 


sr.Oo„ 


c^»»^y^^9*^*^'  ■*" 


JUN. 

Hvandou 


NOVCMIM       ^ 


Vlk  „,  Vlliiitmnn 

TV   Wiv       TTaMBi  fr   '        11  lit*    '♦i^  ?>■„  ■{  J 


r;»r. 


JUNC^ 
HinikND 


niv>> 


*«»« 


itoeyj 


fc*\''iif*'""-"' 


CoenMoas 


BBATTUBOn 


isUWV^ 


rA  V    """•rilSflS  ^SLIf**''  TSflAi 


leunc 


ki'NVlllt  ^X      „«T 


from   '"^rUHl 

-TCUHIWI        ■■     "' 


Springs, 
Sea.Baths 


SSKLnim  HAP 


^^^^^^^M'^      EASTERN  STATES  AUD  CANADA, 


It 


BHOWIMO  TBI 

Mineral  Springs  and  Railroad  LInea,     / 


J 


up 


RA2ob,u0^i^    187^ 


1 1 


Entered,  acooiding  to  Act  of  CongresB,  in  the  year  18T1, 

By  GEO.  E.  WALTON,  M.  D., 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE  TO  SEOOKD  EDITIOl^. 


The  author  desires  to  return  his  thanks  for  the  veiy 
fevorable  reception  accorded  the  first  edition,  both  by  the 
profession  and  the  public.     He  hopes  he  has  been  able,  in 
some  measure,  to  systematize  a  subject  previously  in  a  cha- 
otic  condition.     But  much  remains  to  be  done  in  the  way  of 
investigation  of  the  special  action-the  individuality-of  each 
spring,  and  he  requests  his  professional  brethren  to  assist  bv 
studymg  closely  the  watei^  under  their  immediate  supervl- 
sion  and  recording  the  results. 

The  present  edition  contains  an  Appendix,  in  which  will 
be  found  analyses  of  a  number  of  springs  not  analyzed  when 
he  first  edition  was  issued,  and  notices  of  some  not  hereto- 
fore  mentioned. 

224  Laurel  Street, 

CmoiimATi,  June  6, 1874.  • 


3l  75376 


PEEFAOE. 


Fob  many  years  the  author  has  desired  to  know  whether 
there  are  any  medicinal  virtues  in  mineral  waters.  He  has 
been  accustomed  to  hear  mineral  springs  mentioned  with  a 
smdeby  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  medical  profes- 
«on  m  the  United  States,  whUe.  on  the  other  hand,  patients 
are  contauaDy  seeking  springs  without  consulting  their  phy- 
s^an  Occasiomdl  He  has  known  medical  gentlLen  admU 
that  pafents  aiihcted  with  inveterate  chronic  diseases  have 
resorted  to  mineral  springs,  and  much  to  their  su^-rise  re- 

^trf:.  ''"^°  "■"  ''"^^'^'"^  "'  *'''  P^feo-on.  -nd 
7t^^  "'''T'^"^"  --  ««>"«"*  «=-  "..y  be  a  medium 
of  truth.  He  knew  that  medical  men  of  experience  abroad 
f«>quently  recommended  their  patients  to  visit  certain  spas 

phys,c«n,  IVousseau,  devoted  mu„h  time  to  writing  a  work 
m  company  w.th  Las^ue,  entitled  "fitudes  ThSra^utiques' 
sur  les  Ea„.  Min.».es  des  Borfs  du  Ehin,"  and,  tllughou 
has  chmcal  work,  as  well  as  the  able  work  of  Pro  .  Niemie" 
—  wate«  are  assigned  an  important  place  in  the  ^ 
ment  of  many  chronic  diseases.  With  impressions  derived 
from  such  foots,  the  author  sought  Hbraries  and  book-stl^ 


mum 


VI 


PREFACE. 


i 


for  information  concerning  the  mineral  springs  of  the  United 
States,  but  found  little  or  none. 

In  this  volume  the  author  has  endeavored  to  arrange  all 
the  known,  facts  concerning  mineral  waters,  in  such  manner 
that  they  shall  be  readily  accessible.     For  this  purpose  he 
has  consulted  the  best  European  authors,  their  conclusions 
being  drawn  from  hundreds  of  years  of  laborious  investiga-, 
tion  of  the  spas  of  Germany,  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy. 
It  has  been  interesting  in  the  course  of  this  study  to  note 
how  closely  the  conclusions  drawn  by  them,  concerning  the 
action  of  diflferent  classes  of  waters,  agree  with  the  observa- 
tions made  at  springs  in  this  country  independent  of  any 
knowledge  of  foreign  research.     The  portion  relating  to  the 
springs  of  the  United  States  is  the  result  of  a  selection  of 
credible  evidence  regarding  them,  gained  by  correspondence 
and  personal  observation.     Acknowledgment  should  here  be 
made  to  Stephen  Powers,  Esq.,  of  California,  who  h&s  so 
greatly  aided  in  procuring  information  concerning  the  springs 
of  that  State. 

To  facilitate  comparison,  the  analyses  of  all  the  springs 
have  been  reduced  to  the  wine  pint,  the  original  analyses 
from  which  they  are  taken  being  based  on  the  wine  gallon, 
the  imperial  gallon,  the  litre,  a  thousand  parts,  etc.  Wher- 
ever the  alkaline  carbonates  were  estimated  as  hicarhonates 
in  the  original  analysis,  they  have  been  reduced  to  carbonates. 
The  carbonate  of  iron  is  always  understood  to  be  the  carbon- 
ate of  the  protoxide.  In  two  or  three  of  the  analyses  the 
uncombined  elements  were  given,  but  the  acids  and  bases 
have  been  combined  according  to  approved  methods,  and  the 
resultant  salts  appear.  In  some  instances  the  springs  were 
analyzed  many  years  ago,  previous  to  important  discoveries 


PREPAOE. 


vii 


in  chemical  science,  and  the  water  should  be  reanalyzed;  for, 
although  the  analysis  of  a  water  does  not  indicate  its  absolute* 
medical  value,  nevertheless,  in  many  instances,  it  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly important  guide  to  its  use.  AU  waters  of  value 
should  be  thoroughly  analyzed ;  and,  though  we  cannot  then 
account  for  their  action,  let  us  not  close  our  eyes  or  ignore 
their  efficacy,  if  such  there  be,  but  continue  the  search  for 
the  unknown  quantities  that  elude  our  vision. 

Although  this  country  does  not  seem  to  present  a  com- 
plete  list  of  the  various  classes  of  waters,  still,  for  the  treat- 
ment  of  many  diseases,  we  have  waters  equal  to  any  in  the 
world,  and  one  potent  subdivisioii,  the  aluminous  chalybeates 
(alum-waters),  are  found  nowhere  but  in  America  of  equal 
strength.  However,  when  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  coast 
shall  be  thoroughly  analyzed,  doubtless  we  shall  find  some  of 
them  equal  the  celebrated  alkaline  thermals  of  Vichy,  and  the 
muriated-alkaline  thermals  of  Ems. 

The  list  of  springs  is  thought  to  be  complete,  but  a  few 
omissions  may  have  occurred.  The  author  wiU  consider  him- 
self  under  obligations  to  any  one  who  wiU  favor  him  with 
information  of  springs  not  mentioned,  however  remote,  pro- 
vided they  have  been  improved  for  public  resort. 

No.  224  Lattbil  Stbkbt, 

OnconrarATi,  December,  1872. 


CONTEI^TS. 


OHAPTEB  L 

BISTOBIOAIh 

CHAPTEB  II 

XINXBAL    WATEBB. 

OHAPTEB  III. 

OLABSII'IOATtOir. 

Its  Neoesslty-DUrerent  Methods-Chemical  Obaslflcatlon    Th-  ru  «.    - 

Difficulties  of  AppUcatlon-TheClaaslflttl^^C  ^^^^^-T^^  Fwnoh- 

CHAPTEB  IV. 

ACTION  OF  lONBBAl  WATBBS. 

-Artiflcla.  P«P«S, L?c;2^!.ZlTZ  "'^r'*^*^^ of Compositloi. 
ter  In  the  Organto-Ab»rS    SS^I««  *!^^1^ 

Action  of  thVitinet:S^'''rti?ntfMr"^^^  '"'"^  ^«'^<»'«« 

Elimtaant.Bemote  ActIon-rte«J.?elS^eor^oS^^^  8«<1*«^«. 

of  each  Mine«l  Water  m.tZ^^^^^Z'^^^''  Action-Alterative  Action 
Oon^-Quotation  horn  TrousVeTu        ^*'^^^*^«»  <»'  Thermal  Waters-Bath  Erup- 

86    • 

CHAPTEB  V. 

OBKUOAX  OONSHTITBiraS. 

'"ri'iry.vl'^^f^  «»«  ^^^<-^  Constituent,  of  Miner.,  W.*^„ ^^.  ^ 

„.,.  _  „,_  .„  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^  Constituents of-BooSlliT'SSSS 


CONTENTS. 


I> 


ents  of  Mineral  Waters  usually  Invariable— Peculiar  Variation  of  the  Springs  of  Saxon 
Switzerland— Sudden  Changes  fh>m  Earthquakes — Deposits  from  Mineral  Waters — 
Constituents:  Carbonates  and  £icarb<matetotQodA,  Potassa, Magnesia,  Lime,  Lithla, 
Strontla,  Iron,  Manganese ;  Chlcridet  of  Sodium,  Potassium,  Magnesium,  Calcium, 
Iron,  Ciesiuni,  Rubidium ;  SulpTuitea  of  Soda,  Magnesia,  Ume,  Potassa,  Iron,  Alumina; 
Iodides  of  Potassium,  Sodium— Bromides— Phosphates— Silicates— Boraclo  Acid— Bo- 
rate of  Soda— Fluorides— Nitrates— Arsenic— Crenio  and  Apocrenic  Acid— Organic  Sub- 
stances :  Bar6gine,  Glairlne,  Sulftirine,  Microscopic  Alg»— Carbonic  Acid— Sulphuretted 
Hydrogen— Carbnretted  Hydrogen— Oxygen  and  Nitrogen     ....    Paqb  48 


CHAPTER  VI.  < 

THBBAPXXrTIOS. 

Mineral  Waters  only  applicable  to  Chronic  Diseases— Appropriate  Stage  of  Disease  for  using 
Waters— Rheumatism— Gout— Syphilis— Met-^-lllc  Poisoning- Diabetes  Mellitus— Inter- 
mittent Fever— Chronic  Dysentery— Anasarca— Cance^-Scroflila— Chlorosis— Heml- 
plegisr— Paraplegia— LocomotorAtaxia— Neuralgia— Hysteria— Hypochondria— Chronic 
Laryngitis— Chronic  Pharyngitis— Chronic  Bronchitis- Asthma— Consumption— Dys- 
pepsia—Gastritis— Gastric  Ulcei^Gastralgia— Constipation— Uffimorrhoids— Engorged 
Liver— Gail-Stones— Fatty  Liver-Jaundice— Gravel— Calculus— Vesical  Catarrh— Al- 
buminuria—Chronic  Metritis— Amenorrh(Ba—Dysmenorrhoea—Leuoorrh<B»— Sterility — 
Eczema — Lichen— Psoriasis— Pityriasis — ScroAilldes — Syphilides— Anchylosis— Con- 
tractions—Hydrarthrosis— Coxalgla— Caries— Ulcers— Old  Wounds       ...     66 

CHAPTER  VIL 

SUOOXSTIOITB. 

Prescription  of  Mineral  Waters — Choice  of  a  Resort— The  Season — Bottled  Waters— Ex- 
tracts of  Waters— Amusements  — Time  for  drinking  the  Waters— Quantity— Prepar- 
atory Treatment— Bolleau's  Experience  in  1487— Temperance  In  Diet— Duration  of 
Treatment— Impropriety  of  changing  from  Spring  to  Spring— Resident  Physician  to  be 
consulted- Time  for  Baths— Allbert's  Advice— The  Whey-Cure— The  Grape-Cure    111 

CHAPTER  VIIL 

THE  BVJS. 

Anatomy— True  Skin — Epidermis— Sweat-Glands— Sebaceous  Glands— Fnnctloiu  of  the 
Skin — ^Absorptions— Transpiration     ......:...    120 

CHAPTER  IX 

BATHS. 

Cold  Bath— Temperate  Baths— Tepid  Bath— Warm  Bath— Hot  Bath— Vapor-Bath— Rusr 
slan  Bath— Hot- Air  Bath  —  Turkish  Bath— Douches :  Descending,  Ascending,  Fan, 
Ring,  Universal— Spout-Bath— Sitz-Bath—Foot-Bath—Mhieral  Mud-Bath— Medicated 
Baths— G&rbonio- Acid  Bath         .  ' 127 


CHAPTER  X. 

ALKALINE     WATBBS. 


Prominent  Gonstltuents— Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  app^cable—Sprinffs :  Bla- 
don,  Congress,  California;  California  Seltzer,  Perry,  Versailles,  St.  Louis,  Michigan; 
Lower  Soda,  Oregon ;  Sheldon,  Central,  Vermont,  Misslsquol,  Mlddletown,  Welden, 
Rockbridge  Baths,  Capon 144 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  XI. 


zi 


BALINB     WATBB8. 

St.  Catharines.  Calodonta,  PlanZnet^f  I'^J  ^ 

Ml«ouri;  Sanrtoga.  Bain,  Al^  ^i^^J^t  "^r  ^."**  ^"-^  '^^ 

CHAPTEB  XII. 

FWmtaent  Oonstltaents-Aotlon-Dlseases  to  »w«i.  ♦!. 

Sandwich,  Caledonia,  CharlotsX  ClT^t i^'^o"^ 'PP"'^"^'^~<'«  •' B'oMt, 
Sulphur.  Green-Cove,  InTa^  GiS^'X^J^^f  ?^^^^^  ValleJoWhii 

La&yette,  Lodl,  Trinity,  Ubper^t^'rll  t    ^'\^''*-  B«l«°.  Indian.  Indiana; 
01yn.pton.EHtiD.Loui«4XL^  Be^;!"^^^^  ^--^--^  Big  Bone 

Louisiana;  De  Soto,  Alpel.  ShaZ;  Mlt^^h^Sl  '  '^^'"''"'^"^ 
^erry  Valley.  Columbia.  Dryie^WM^^Zob^t'^'  v  ""^''^  ^^•'°'  C"««» 
Wan^n,  White  Sulphur.  North  Ca;ollna^w2«^'  ?^'V*'  ^"S^-^^'^s-  Shocco 
Me.  Glenn.  Sitka.  Albirg.HigWteNewS^^iT'  ^^i"'  '"''^^'l"'^  ^ork.  Oar! 

WUte.  Koanoke  Bed,  Huguenot,  Burned  D^Z'    n  ^""^^''^^'-y  ^Wte.  Fauquier 
Bed,  Blue,    .       .       .       ,      \  "°^®'  ^  Daggar's,  Grayson,  Greenbrier  White.  Salt, 

180 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

«_  OHALYBBATB    VATBRH 

Prominent  Oonstituents-Action-Dlseases  to  wW„t.  fK 

Fry.  Stafford.  Catoosa,  Madlso^  ZCtl  1,2 T  "PP?°«We-^/-»-n^,..  Bailey. 
Estill,  Hopklnton.  Owosso.  Co^pe^s  Mo  ^^^''°' ^"•'"^'^^  ^™*y.  Illinois 
Mountain,  Mineral  Springs  Slrs^!^?''^^"''  ^""^"^  »^»™°'  8°h<x>V. 
Fayet^  Montvale,  ^er8h;bri/XswetrrK^';r*^' '''''" '  ^"'««°'^  ^lossbui. 
Alum,  stribling,  Bedford  All^^i^if  Chu^^SS"  a', ''^^^^^^^^^  ^"-'  ^ 
riely     .      .       .  •     "«^'*'  vburch  Hill  Alum,  Pulaski  Almn,  Va- 

286 

CHAPTEB  XIV. 

p_„  ^^^OATIVS    WATBBg. 

6       )     i^iu  •       ,       ^    261 
CHAPTEB  XV. 

Holston,  Berkeley.  Sweet,  BethesdL  '  ^^^^^'^^^^  Clarendon.  Alleghany, 

'       ■        •       •        •        •       .        .    268 

CHAPTEB  XVI. 

TBBBHAI,    WATBBS 

San  Bernardino,  Skagg's   GU«.v  rlv^rp  ^       ^  ^^  ^"^^  ^•"'l""^  Warner's  Ranck 

Warm,  North  (iirolSf ;  C  autti  N     V?"'  ""'^'^  ^'"^  ^"-^  Geo^^ 

Chutes,  q-u  TV     ~^'-^^  ^''®"'®>  ^ew  Mexico  •  T.ohfli5.,»   P,--v,-  ^  .      ^^  ' 

-  te.  S„l.  I.KC  not,  Vl^^ia;  Warm,  Vi>^nia;  HeaTingfrmeriin  Gel^'  Z 


xii  CONTENTS. 


OHAPTEB  XVn. 

UMOLABIiriBD    WATIBB. 

Springa :  Bummit  Sod*,  Alabuter,  Viohy,  Tuacan,  BarUett,  Adams,  (Mibrnla ;  Napa  Boda, 
Harblnes,  Ban  Bafltel,  Gorstal,  Booky  Moantain,  Bt  Leon,  Varennea,  Orange,  Bethesda, 
Ge9rgla ;  Latonla,  Togus,  Berkshire  Boda,  Grand  Ledge,  Flints,  Biroh-Dale,  Abenaqui*, 
Amherst,  Bradford,  Vallonia,  Piedmont,  Elgin,  Cappers,  Orkney,  Blue  Bidge,  Parkers- 
burg,  Shannondale Paoi  d81 

OHAPTEB  XVIIL 
■VBOPaAN    BPAB. 

AlkaUM  Watert:  Vichy,  Ems,  Fachlngen-^SoMn«  Wat«rt:  Hombnrg,  Klssingen,  Wies- 
baden, Bade:a-Badon,  Boorbonne,  Solten—Bfine-Batht:  Kreoznach,  Naoheim— iS^/- 
phur-  WaUra:  Alx-la-Ohapello,  Alx-los-Bains,  Barfiges,  Bandres-de-Luohon,  Nenndori; 
Melnberg— C/iia?y&«ate  Waters:  Schwalbach,  Pyrmont,  Spa,  Bt.-MoTlt^—Purffativ4 
Watert:  Pfiitoa,  Friedriohshall,  SedUtz,  Carlsbad,  Marienbad,  Franzensbad  —  CbMo 
Watert:  Contrexrille,  Bagntoes-de-Blgorre,  Leuk,  Wlldungen— rA«rmoZ  Watert: 
Oastein,  TSplitz,  Sohlangenbad,  Plombidres 841 


I  I 


OHAPTEB  XIX. 

BKA-SIDB    BXBOBTB. 


The  Sea— Bea-Aii^Analysis  of  Sea-Water— Phosphorescence— Temperature— Sea-Bath— 
Besnscitatlon  from  Drowning— JSMorfs ;  Oushing's  Island,  Bye,  Hampton,  Swampscott, 
Kahant,  Chelsea,  Newport,  Narragansett  Pier,  Long  Branch,  Coney  Isknd,  Bockaway, 
Cape  May,  Atlantlo  City 878 


Apnuncc,  . 
Gbhxbai,  Indbx, 


•      •,     • 


•      •      • 


.   40T 


MIKERAL    SPRINGS. 


CHAPTER   I. 

HISTOBIOAL, 

Of  medicinal  founttLT  l^"*^^  '.^f  ^  T"  "'  """"' 
pius  were  frequently  erected  nl?  *  ^"P'^'  "'  ^''^^■ 
curative  p„  Jr.  The7„dentTher°^.""?"**^  *°  ^'^^ 
months,8oughtthethemr  Tl'''^'^  «■«  »™»" 
iu  the  iriand  of  Eub-.  atr^^T''!^P'""''»""°^^dipsu8 

They  have  b^Lt^J"  ^f '"'^  ^'^^  ^^  ««'' ^"-m  Athens. 

favorite  resort  at  fteTretnT  d'""°**n    """'"'"y'  "-"»  "-«  » 
,  W",  Sylla  Bought  Them    and  st^v   °^"»  *>■«  Mithridatio 

appeared  for  three  days  and  1.       ^  ",  *'  **'*  ^"^^^  ^i" 

points.     On  the  oppS  tl  ofTT'  "*  ''™'^  ^"'^'^^ 

on  the  main-laud,"^  C  :.e;«te  "ptr'^r  ^^"^ 

named  from  the  hot  sulDhup.<,nri„     ^      ,     Thermopyte,  so 

Now  from  the  base  or&^f  »*«  vicinity.     They 

"Springs  formedafevoritfZ  f     .1'  '""^  ^  "*"  *«  ««^ 

^les.    Near  the  Tempk  ofTnfr  A*  «^'«''«^''°'«»' of  tern- 

M  spring  (HerodoZlvasirMT?^  "''  »*«™*t- 
,Dasotis  (Pausanins  x.,  24  8  7)  and  *t''  "^  '"^  ^°™'»'°  "^ 
*s  St.  Nicholas,  rise  ^JJ'^u^  ™*^">  °°«'  k°own 
temple  of  Apollo.  ^""'^'  ""^  «<>«'  beneatl.  the 

In  the  nacres  «*  t  - 1.'_       . . 

^  ®  ^®  ^®<1"^      7  meet  with  aUu- 


2  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

sions  to  medicinal  springs,  testifying  the  esteem  in  which  they 
were  held  by  the  Romans.  Horace,  in  describing  the  ficti- 
tious fame  that  the  cold-water  cure  obtained  at  Rome,  under 
the  influence  of  a  charlatan  named  Musa,  speaks  thus : 

••  Of  VoUa  and  Salemum  tell  me,  pray, 
The  climate  and  the  natives,  and  the  way ; 
For  Baiso  now  is  lost  on  me,  and  I, 
Once  its  stanch  friend,  am  now  ita  enemy, 
Through  Musa's  fault,  who  makes  me  undergo 
His  cold-bath  treatment,  spite  of  frost  and  snow 
Qood  sooth,  the  town  is  filled  with  spleen  to  see 
Its  steamy  baths  attract  no  company ; 
To  find  its  sulphur-wells,  which  found  out  pain 
From  joint  and  sinew,  treated  with  disdain 
By  chests  and  heads,  now  grown  so  bold 
They  brave  cold  water  in  the  depth  of  cold ; 
And  finding  down  at  Clusium  what  they  want,  , 

Or  Gabbi,  say,  make  that  their  wmter  haunt." 

(Epist.  i.,  18.    Conington's  Translation  of  Horace.) 


Sii' 


Unfortunately  for  Musa,  the  ill  success  of  his  mode  of  treat- 
ment soon  caused  a  return  to  the  mineral  waters  of  Baiae, 
which  continued  to  be  sought  by  multitudes,  and  are  resorted 
to  at  the  present  day. 

Pliny  tells  us  in  his  Natural  History  (book  xxxi.,  §  1)  that 
all  waters  are  gifts  of  the  earth.  He  says :  "  They  spring 
wholesome  from  the  earth  on  every  side  and  in  a  thousand 
lands ;  the  cold,  the  hot,  the  hot  and  cold  together,  as  at 
Tarbellum  (Dax)  in  Aquitania,  or  in  the  Pyrenees,  where  they 
are  separated  only  by  a  small  interval,  or  yet  the*  warm  and 
tepid,  announcing  relief  to  the  sick,  and  flowing  from  the 
earth  only  for  man,  of  all  living  things.  Under  various  names 
they  add  to  the  number  of  divinities,  and  establish  villages." 
He  also  names  the  diseases  for  which  certain  waters  were 
considered  beneficial — the  springs  of  Sineusa  for  sterility ; 
those  of  -<Enaria  (Ischia,  of  to-day)  for  calculous  afiFections. 
Of  the  latter,  it  is  said  by  a  late  writer :  "  The  attractions  of 
this  country  and  its  waters  are  sufficient  to  merit  with  us  the 


niSTORICAL.  , 

poHarity  they  enjoyed  with  the  ancients,  and  whieh  is  testi- 
fied  by  numerous  Latin  inscriptions." 

the  f!?!^"  °'n  ,°'  "■"  ""■"""  ^"P'™  "^  transferred  to 
fte  East  the  well-known  bath,  of  Brusa.  about  si^ty  miles 
from  Constantinople,  were  developed ;  and  at  this  day  they  are 
the  most  celebrated  baths  in  the  Orient.    Wherever  the  Ro- 
mans penetrated  the  then  Western  wilds  of  Europe,  they 
souRht  out  the  mineral  springs  of  the  country,  and  we  find  r^. 
mams  of  the.r  baths  at  Aix  in  Savoy,  Aii  in  P^vence ;  Ba- 
gndres  de  B.gorre  and  Bagn«res  de  Luchon  in  the  Pyrenees, 
Alhama  and  Caldas  m  Spain,  Wiesbaden,  Baden  in  Switzer! 
hnd^  and  at  Bath,  or  Aqua  Solis,  in  England.    The  Latin 
word  «e««  changed  into  Acqui,  Aigues,  Ai,,  A:,,  and  Daz, 
as  applied  to  modem  towns,  remains  to  teU  of  iheir  early 
celebrity  as  watering-places.  ■' 

If  there  were  historic  records  of  the  barbarous  tribes  of 
Germania,  Galha,  and  Hispania,  we  would  doubtless  learn  that 
the  same  fountams  were  held  in  esteem  by  them  which  were 
subsequently  resorted  to  by  (he  Romans.  ^-^  «•«« 

In  the  brilliant  days  of  imperial  Rome,  bathing  formed  . 
chief  enjoyment  of  patrician  and  plebeian.  The  luxury  of 
warm  bathmg  was  indulged  in  to  such  excess  that  at  one  Ume 
erght  hundred  therma,  could  be  counted  within  the  city  ^d 
several  of  these  would  accommodate  three  thousand  bllhT™  ' 
at  one  t.me  Many  of  these  structures  covered  entire  squa.r 
and  were  adorned  with  every  architectural  beauty.  An  1' 
proach  to  them  showed  beautiful  marble  porticos  support^ 
bymany-fluted  columns,  and  entering  and  passing  out  mtu 
be  seen  orators,  poets,  senators,  and  'sometimes  the  emperor 

I^^lZl^"''"^.'"  ■""*  """^  *""'  colonnaderdet 
rated  with  statuary  and  mosaics  by  the  masters,  and  in  vari- 

audita^.    Other  apartments  were  devoted  to  athletic  exer- 

re\t't™  rf^  "'=■'  '^''^^  -*«™8  *he  bath  SZ 
the  bath  hose  who  had  leisure  might  pass  m  hour  in  the  wel 
aminged  library,  or  saunter  in  the  garfens  of  rare  flowers  and 
exotic  nianfa  «,ui,;«  *u i  ^.  c  iiuwers  ana 


exotic  plants  within  the  enclosure.    The 


p^randeur  of  these 


4  MINERAL  fiPRINGS. 

itruotures  may  be  imagined  when  we  are  told  that  the  bathi 
of  Diocletian  were  the  repository  of  the  famous  Ulpian  Libra- 
ry; that  one  of  the  halls  of  these  baths  forms  the  present 
magnificent  Church  of  the  Carthusians ;  and  that  the  baths  of 
Agrippa  had  for  a  vestibule  that  relic  of  antiquity  so  well  de- 
scribed by  Byron : 

"  Simple,  erect,  severe,  austere,  sublime- 
Shrine  of  all  saints  and  temple  of  all  gods,  ^ 
From  Jove  to  Jesus— spared  and  blest  by  time. 
Looking  tranquiiUty,  whUe  falls  or  nods, 
Arch,  empire,  each  thing  round  thee,  and  man  plods 
His  way  through  thorns  to  ashes — glorious  dome ! 

•    Shalt  thou  not  last  f    Time's  scythe  and  tyrants'  rods 
Shiver  upon  thee— sanctuary  and  home 

Of  art  and  piety— Pantheon  I  pride  of  Rome  I  " 

Many  traces  of  the  Roman  baths  still  remain,  but  the  most 
.  familiar  ruins  are  those  of  the  baths  of  Caracalla.  They  were 
commenced  by  Antoninus  Caracalla  about  the  year  a.  d.  313. 
Subsequently  they  were  enlarged  by  Elagabulus,  and  com- 
pleted by  Alexander  Severus.  They  occupy  an  area  nearly  a 
mile  in  circuit,  including  the  enclosure,  and  the  bath-structure 
covered  a  space  seven  hundred  and  tw  ty  feet  long  and  three 
hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  wide.  Within  the  enclosure 
were  porticos,  gardens,  a  stadium,  and  a  large  reservoir  into 
which  the  Antonine  Aqueduct  emptied,  and  in  front  ran  the 
Via  Novo,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  streets  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  time  of  the  Antonines. 

On  page  5  we  insert  one-half  of  tho  ^wund-plan  take-  €t  o^ 
Bell's  work  on  baths,  Dr.  Bell  having  borrowed  it  fro^  Oai^ 
eron's  "  Baths  of  the  Romans."  The  other  half  of  the  build- 
mg  corresponds  to  this  in  every  particular. 

Outside  the  bath-bmlding,  and  within  the  enclosure,  was  a 
paviUon  for  spe-tetors,  whence  they  could  see  the  exercises 
in  the  open  idi,  .parfments  for  those  who  had  care  of  the 
baths,  exedra^  wtxue  gymnastic  exercises  were  taught,  retir- 
mg-chambers  for  those  who  exercised  in  the  stadium,  atrias  to 


!('J1I«H.I  !'S.LI..Tr~ 


HISTORIOAL. 


HAtf  0»  Tin  PLA»  or  THI  BATHS  OV  OABAOAII  A   ™- 

-  -  Kovo;  THB  o.,oe„?r^^^;r'<rAHrJ  ^  """« 
D  P«riS^i«"  k'*?"  "»«"^«''  «>'  swlmS"'     ^  "^^^  '"*"  bathing. 

j^   Aystum,  or  portico  for  the  athletl  to  ptLm""®  "^5**  ft^quented  the  hatha 
K.  Exedrta  or  large  receBses  fc^ie  Me  oS'^  °1*'^'  *^^  weather. 
L.  Rooms  for  conversation  *'  PWlosophers. 

N  r JK!^M'™«  Of  nndrosslng-room. 
■    Sh?fo?aa^"Sar 'sol^'"  '^^  »»  ^'""^t^r-  in  which  were  the  l.h      . .. 

O  xltt"'  "'■  bot-vapor  bath. 
§■  Ftt"?""'  "^  tepW-water  toth. 


^i  [ 


If  > 


m    I 


6 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  aoademies,  temples,  piazzas  for  the  masters  to  walk  in, 
and  covered  baths  for  those  who  did  not  choose  to  exercise 
in  the  xystus. 

It  would  appear  from  this  description  that  the  baths  were 
divided  into  the  warm-water  baths — those  apartments  "in  which 
the  piscinae  are  located — and  the  hot-air  and  vapor-baths  com- 
prising the  laconicum  and  the  caldarium,  which  were  heated 
to  from  110°  to  160°  Fahr.     Many  bathers  seldom  entered 
these  apartments.     Those  who  frequented  the  baths  disrobed 
in  the  contiguous  vestibules,  and  placed  their  clothing  in 
charge  of  servants,  who  received  small  sums  of  money  for 
keeping  guard.    They  then  went  to  the  elaeosthesium  and 
anointed  the  entire  body  with  a  cheap  kind  of  oil,  and  after- 
ward repaired  to  one  of  the  many  spaces  devoted  to  gymnas- 
tic exercises.    After  exercising  a  sufficient  time,  they  entered 
an  adjoining  warm-bath.    Here  numbers  might  be  seen  seated 
on  the  marble  steps  of  the  bath,  which  were  just  below  the 
surface  of  the  water.     After  ablution,  they  seated  themselves 
on  these  steps  and  scraped  the  entire  body  with  the  strigil^  a 
blunt  instrument  similar  in  shape  to  a  small  sickle,  and  made 
of  bone,  iron,  bronze,  or  silver — most  frequently  of  bronze. 
The  wealthy  had  the  operation  performed  by  an  attendant 
slave.     It  is  said  that  it  was  not  an  agreeable  proceeding,  and 
that  the  Emperor  Augustus  was  a  suflFerer  by  having  it  per- 
formed too  roughly.     Afterward  the  bather  was  washed  by 
vases  of  water  poured  over  him,  and  then  thoroughly  dried 
with  cotton  and  linen  cloths,  and  covered  with  a  light  shaggy 
mantle  called  gausape.     Fastidious  persons  of  wealth,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  process  described,  had  slaves  go  over  their  bodies 
with  tweezers  and  pluck  out  every  hair ;  the  nails  of  feet  and 
hands  were  then  trimmed ;  and,  finally,  highly-perfumed  oils  in 
vases  of  alabaster  or  bronze  were  brought  from  the  elaeosthe- 
sium, and  the  entire  body,  not  omitting  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
was  anointed.     The   clothing  was  then  resumed,  and  they 
passed  into  the  tepidarium,  where  they  remained  some  time, 
so  as  not  to  be  too  suddenly  chilled  on  going  from  the  warm 
bath  into  the  external  air.    The  tepidarium  in  these  baths,  it 


HISTORICAL.  H 

seems,  was  only  used  for  this  purpose;  water  being  employed 
only  as  a  convenient  method  of  regulating  the  tempemture 
of  the  chamber.  In  smaller  thermae,  however,  and  in  provin- 
cial cities,  this  apartment  was  undoubtedly  used  for  bathing 
In  this  description  of  bathing  the  laconicum  and  caldariuni 
are  omitted.  They  were  sought  by  those  who  desired,  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  excessive  perspiration  in  a  similar 
way  to  the  Turkish  and  Russian  baths. 

A  word  may  be  said  concerning  the  oils  and  perfumes 
They  were  of  great  variety,  and  universally  employed,  both 
by  men  and  women.     The  rhodinium,  extracted  from  roses, 
hrinium  from  the  lily,  myrrhinum  from  myrrh,  baccarinum 
from  foxglove,  and  cyprinum  from  the  flowers  of  the  privet- 
tree,  were  favorites.     Also,  cinnamomium,  very  costly,  made 
from  cinnamon,  irinum,  an  oil  made  from  the  iris,  balaninum 
the  oil  of  the  nuts  of  the  ben-tree  found  in  India  and  Arabia' 
seipyillinum  from  wild-thyme,  sysymbrium  from  water-mint! 
amaracmum  from  sweet-marjoram,  nardinum  from  lavender. 
These  scents  and  oils  were  used  by  preference  for  diflFerent 
parts  of  the  body,  some  being  considered  best  adapted  to  the 
head,  face,  and  neck,  others  to  the  muscles  and  extremities 

A  story  of  Hadrian,  quoted  by  most  writers  on  ancient 
baths,  IS  told  by  Spartianus:    "The  Emperor  Hadrian,  who 
went  to  the  public  baths  and  bathed  with  the  common  peo- 
pie,  seeing  one  day  a  veteran,  whom  he  had  known  among 
the  Roman  troops,  rubbing  his  back  and  other  parts  of  his 
body  against  the  marble,  asked  him  why  he  did  so     The 
veteran  answered  that  he  had  no  slave  to  rub  him,  whereupon 
the  emperor  gave  him  two  slaves  and  wherewithal  to  maintain 
them.    Another  day,  several  old  men,  enticed  by  the  good  for- 
tune  of  the  veteran,  rubbed  themselves  also  against  the  mar- 
ble before  the  emperor,  believing  by  this  means  to  excite  the 
iberahty  of  Hadrian,  who,  perceiving  their  drift,  caused  them 
to  be  told  to  rub  each  other." 

In  addition  to  the  large  number  of  public  baths,  there  were 
many  pnvate  baths  in  the  residences  of  wealthy  citizens, 
^neca,  when  contrasting  the  luxuries  of  his  own  day  with 


8 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


p  ■<. 


the  simplicity  of  the  republic,  describes  them  thus:  "That 
person  is  now  held  to  be  poor  and  sordid  whose  walls  shine 
not  with  a  profusion  of  the  most  costly  materials,  the  marbles 
of  Egypt  inlaid  with  those  of  Numidia ;  unless  the  walls  are 
set  with  mosaics  in  imitation  of  painting ;  unless  the  cham- 
bers are  covered  with  glass ;  unless  the  Thracian  stone,  for- 
merly a  rare  sight  even  in  te  nples,  surrounds  those  capacious 
basins  into  which  we  cast  our  bodies,  weakened  by  immodeiv 
ate  sweats.  And  the  water  is  conveyed  through  silver  pipes. 
As  yet,  I  speak  only  of  plebeian  baths ;  what  shall  I  say  when 
I  come  to  those  of  freedmen  ?  What  a  profusion  of  columns 
do  I  see  supporting  nothing,  but  placed  as  an  ornament, 
merely  on  account  of  the  expense  1  What  quantities  of 
water  murmuring  down  steps  1  We  are  come  to  that  pitch 
of  luxury  that  we  disdain  to  tread  on  any  thing  but  precious 
stones." 

When  the  thermae  first  became  public  institutions,  laws 
were  passed  regulating  their  use.    They  were  placed  in  charge 
of  the  officials,  called  aediles,  whose  duty  it  was  to  see  that 
the  rules  concerning  the  baths  were  enforced.    The  hours  of 
bathing  were  from  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  till  dusk,  be- 
tween two  and  three  being  the  hour  most  favorable.    Notice 
was  given  that  the  baths  were  ready  by  ringing  a  bell,  the 
warm  water  being  then  drawn  into   the  various  piscinae. 
Hadrian  forbade  that  any  should  bathe  before  two  o'clock, 
and  any  who  bathed  after  four  o'clock  were  charged  a  hun- 
dred quadrantes,  about  equivalent  to  thirty  cents  of  our  ciu> 
rency.    The  usual  price  of  a  bath  was  one-third  of  a  cent. 
Subsequently,  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the  populace,  the 
emperors  permitted  the  baths  to  be  opened  earlier  and  closed 
later ;  and,  under  Alexander  Severus,  they  were  not  only  per- 
mitted to  be  opened  before  daybreak,  but  oil  was  furnished 
for  lighting  at  the  public  expense.    The  baths  were  a  place 
of  general  resort,  and  on  public  holidays  it  was  customary  to 
keep  them  open  the  entire  day.    They  were  then  thronged 
by  the  lower  classes.    The  emperors  amused  the  people  with 
baths,  that  their  own  derelictions  mio-ht  be  foromttfin. 


HISTORICAL. 


9 


There  were  separate  thermae  for  females,  those  most  cele- 
brated  being  the  baths  of  Agrippina.  However,  with  the  de- 
generacy of  public  morals,  it  became  necessary  to  pass  most 
stringent  laws  forbidding  women,  under  the  severest  penal- 
ties, from  bathing  with  men,  and,  on  the  contrary,  punishing 
those  men  with  death  who  should  be  found  in  baths  devoted 
to  females. 

It  is  difficult  for  us,  living  in  this  busy  age,  to  understand 
how  the  people  of  Rome  found  time  every  day  to  frequent  the 
baths.  A  bath,  with  aU  the  accessories,  must  have  occupied 
from  one  to  two  hours ;  and  yet  we  read  of  citizens  of  distinc- 
tion who  bathed  four  and  five  times  each  day.  Can  we  won- 
der that  the  degeneracy  of  public  morals  which  permitted  such 
excesses,  was  followed  by  effeminacy  of  the  people,  and  finally 
by  the  downfall  of  Rome? 

During  the  summer  months  the  Romans  resorted  to  Baise 
ten  miles  from  Naples,  on  the  gulf.    It  was  not  only  the  won- 
derful mineral  springs  of  hot  and  cold  water,  and  the  phe- 
nomena of  extinct  volcanoes,  that  were  attractive.    The  sur- 
rounding country  was  charmingly  beautiful,  and  was  asso- 
ciated  with  the  earliest  epoch  of  Roman  history.     Near  by 
[was  the  most  ancient  city  of  Cumae,  with  its  sibyl;  the  Lake 
of  Avemus,  with  its  entrance  to  hell;  the  Forum  Vulcani 
J  the  promontory  of  Misenum,  the  Phlegr^an  fields,  and  the 
jEIysian  plains.    Amid   these  scenes  the  wealthy  Romans 
erected  elaborate  villas  and  pursued  the  luxurious  pleasures 
I  of  the  capital.     A  lively  description  of  those  baths  is  given 
I  ^Seneca  m  Epistles  51  and  66  :  «  He  tells  us  that,  vrUle  at 
Bai»,  he  lived  near  the  great  bath-house,  and  was  continually 
annoyed  by  the  noise.     Early  in  the  morning  the  splashing  of 
bathers  greeted  his  ears,  for  they  bathed  at  all  hours.    He 
Iwas  disturbed  by  the  excited  cries  of  those  playing  at  ball, 
land  by  the  deep-drawn  sighs  of  those  who  swung  heavy 
iveights.    Here  one  was  trying  his  voice  in  song,  there  an- 
3ther  was  engaged  in  loud  dispute,  or  perhaps  a  cry  was 

'Zt  lX:^^r^^T' '-'''''  '"'-'^^ '''''- ^^ 

Da......„,  „„  uuusual  occurrence.     Then  there  were 


10 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  shrill  cries  of  the  venders  of  eatables,  especially  the  libum, 
or  sweet-cake,  long  popular  with  bathers,  and  a  remnant  of 
which  is  still  found  in  some  of  the  German  baths.  He  also  tells 
us  that  it  was  common  to  see  tipsy  people  wandering  along 
the  sea-shore,  and  to  hear  the  shores  of  the  Lucrine  Lake  re- 
sounding with  the  songs  of  pleasure-parties  of  men  and  women 
who  skimmed  about  in  gayly-painted  boats  of  every  variety 
of  shape  and  color,  decked  out  with  crowns  and  chaplets  of 
roses.  All  ancient  writers  describe  these  aquatic  excursions 
as  scenes  of  voluptuous  pleasure;  there  was  also  abundance 
of  gambling;  and,  on  the  whole,  Seneca  described  Baise  as  a 
sort  of  vortex  of  luxury  and  harbor  of  vice."  * 

Passing  over  a  period  of  a  thousand  years,  during  which 
we  have  no  record  of  bathing-resorts,  we  come  to  the  follow- 
ing description  of  Baden,  in  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  by 
Poggio  Bracciolini,  1420  :  "  Baden,  though  offering  no  great 
natural  beauty,  and  nothing  in  the  way  of  agreeable  relaxa- 
tion, presented  such  other  pleasures  that  you  might  imagine 
Venus  with  her  troop  had  deserted  Cyprus  and  come  to  live 
at  the  baths.     There  were  two  public  and  about  twenty-eight 
private  baths  attached  to  the  hotels.     In  the  public  bath  men 
and  women  bathe  together  in  a  state  of  entire  nudity.    In  the 
private  baths  the  men  and  women  used  at  least  partial  cloth- 
ing, and  there  was  a  partition  between  the  men's  and  women's 
baths,  with  openings,  however,  which  made  it  easy  for  them 
to  talk  to  each  other.    People  used  often  to  bathe  three  or 
four  times  a  day ;  indeed,  to  spend  a  great  part  of  their  time 
in  the  baths,  to  ask  their  friends  to  come  and  spend  the  day 
with  them ;  they  played  at  cards,  and  had  their  meals  sup- 
plied to  them  on  floating  tables,  and  there  was  no  lack  of  good 
eating  and  drinking." 

The  description  of  the  same  baths  by  Montaigne,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  later,  shows  a  decided  change.  He  says : 
"  Those  who  have  ladies  under  their  charge  will  do  well  to 
bring  them  here,  where  every  lady  has  a  bath  to  herself  hand- 
somely fitted  up  with  a  dressing-room,  light  and  airy,  with 

'  London  Quarterly,  July,  1870.    "  Baths." 


HISTORICAL. 

rich  windows,  painted  wainscoting  and  ceiling,  and  polished 
floors,  and  provided  with  small  tables  on  which  you  may  read 
or  play  while  in  the  bath.  ...  The  people  of  this  part  of  the 
country  when  they  bathe  usually  have  themselves  so  unme,^ 
cfuUy  cupped  and  bled  that  I  have  sometimes  seen  the  two 
pubhc  bath,  almost  full  of  blood.  The  houses  are  very  hand- 
some, and  kept  up  on  a  grand  scale.  In  that  where  we  lodged 
there  have  been  in  one  day  three  hundred  mouths  to  provide. 

t!onlT*t  ""^  ^"flt  ^"'™  '"'"•'  "  ^^*8'  "^  '«'™  o  descrip. 
t^n  of  the  round  of  hfe  at  Bath,  England,  by  the  quaint  court 

gossip  Pepys.    It  runs  thus:  "Up  at  four  o'clock,  being  by 

appomtmen  called  up  to  the  Cross  bath,  where  w^  were  ca^ 

^d  one  after  another,  myself  and  wife,  and  Betty  Turner 

Wdle,  and  W.  Hewer.     And  by-and-by,  though  we  de! 

signed  to  have  done  before  company  came,  much  compat 

came;  very  fine  ladies;  and  the  manners  pre  ty  enough   only 

m^hinks  It  cannot  be  clean  to  go  so  many  bodies  togetwt 

the  same  water.    Good  conversation  among  those  that  a^e 

.acquainted  here  and  stay  togetier;  but  strafge  to  see  then 
women  and  men  here  that  live  all  the  season  fn  these  water^ 

H-ot  but  be  parboiled  and  look  hke  creatures  of  thlbath' 

teamed  away-wrapped  in  a  sheet  and  in  a  chair,  horne  •  and 
then,  one  after  another  thus  carried,  I  staying  aW  two 

hou«  in  the  water,  home  to  bed,  swe'ating  fC  !n  h^u    Zl 

t llrrn  T'l  *"  P"^^  *°  »«•  -t-°«iinary  good  as 
lever  I  heard  at  London  almost,   or  anywhere    J    J°  ,u 

afternoon  I  went  to  make  boys  di™  in  the' En^^  fa ^  ^s  " 
li  tfe'mTdl  ^''^  "'  \'"^'''''  "^y  -''-<>  -e-W^  ttose 

E'ass.     Here  several  hot  sprino-s  of  U.^^      ^  •      ^emmi 

Ihe  earth,  the  waters  of  Xl  f  ''''^"™^'  ^'^"^  ^^«"^ 


12 


MINERAL  SPBINGS. 


pool  are  dressing-rooms.  From  the  "Guide  Pratique"  of 
Constantin  James  we  translate  as  follows :  « It  is  between  four 
and  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  that  they  repair  to  the  bath. 
Ihe  patients  first  dress  in  a  long  woollen  tunic,  then  descend 
into  the  pool  by  a  sort  of  inclined  plane,  in  a  stooping  atti- 
tude, until  they  arrive  at  the  desired  depth.  The  basin  is 
thus  peopled  with  new  arrivals,  and  is  soon  full.    Let  us  pene- 

^if !  Kn  '"°™^''*  ^"  *  bath-building,  where  the  piscina  is 
filled.     What  a  singular  sight  1    Imagine  young  girls,  chil- 
dren,  old  men,  priests,  soldiers,  sisters— what  shall  I  say  ?— 
in  fine,  all  conditions  and  all  ages,  assembled  peU-meU  in  the 
same  pool.     Some  sing,  some  read,  others  work  or  read;  it  is 
a  crowded  house,  joyous  with  pleasantry  and  anecdote.    Each 
bather  has  a  floating  table,  a  kind  of  little  boat  where  he  places 
his  handkerchief,  his  snuff-box,  or  his  luncheon.    But  what  of 
the  shipwrecks  upon  this  little  ocean  ?    To  see  this  multitude 
of  heads  agitating  the  surface  of  the  water,  we  would  call  it  a 
reunion  of  Tritons." 

The  method  of  bathing  at  Leuk  is  only  tolerated  at  this 
day  because  of  the  number  of  hours  required  for  the  bath-cure 
Jt  IS  the  custom  to  pass  three  or  four  hours  of  the  morning 
and  one  or  two  of  the  afternoon,  in  the  water.     Such  a  long 
time,  alone,  m  a  bath  would  indeed  be  irksome. 

We  will  not  lengthen  this  chapter  by  describing  the  baths 

of  any  of  the  celebrated  spas  of  Europe;  they  are  such  a,  are 

met  with  at  our  American  resorts,  though  usually  far  more 

elegant  m  accessories.     In  addition  to  amusements  of  every 

type,  they  are  often  the  centre  of  gambling  establishments  of 

colossal  dimensions.    Those  of  Baden-Baden  are  weU  known  to 

travellers.    The  Conversation-House,  as  it  is  politely  termed, 

IS  of  beautiful  proportions,  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architect^ 

ure,  and  built  of  solid  stone.     Within  is  a  magnificent  con- 

cert-room,  ornate  with  frescoes  and  glittering  with  mldintt 

whence  float  strains  of  delicious  music  enticing  the  passei^by 

Opening  out  from  this  saloon,  on  either  side,  are  grand  saloons; 

replete  with  elegant  and  luxurious  appointments.     These 

saloons  are  devoted  to  the  fascinations  of  roulette  and  rouffe- 


HISTORICAL.  J- 

eirnoir  Around  the  tables  may  be  seen  the  young,  the  beau- 
tiful,  the  middle-aged,  and  the  gray-haired,  the  peasant  and 
the  nobleman,  the  countess  and  the  count,  the  thoughtless  and 
the  statesman,  each  casting  his  five-franc  piece  or  his  thous- 
ands  upon  the  table,  and  watching  with  intense -interest  the 
deft  fingers  of  the  dealer,  as  he  rapidly  shuffles  the  cards  and 
throws  forth  the  numbers  that  tell  of  the  winning  and  losinir 
of  fortunes,  ® 


CHAPTER    II. 

MINBEAL  WATEES. 

A  MINERAL  water,  in  the  medical  acceptation  of  the  term 
IS  one  which  by  virtue  of  its  ingredients,  whether  mineral' 
organic,  gaseous,  or  the  principle  of  heat,  is  especially  appli- 
cable to  the  treatment  of  disease. 

Water,  as  found  in  Nature,  is  never  an  unalloyed  combina- 
tion of  its  chemical  constituents,  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  Pure 
water  is  a  refinement  of  the  laboratory,  produced  and  retained 
with  considerable  difficulty.  It  is  a  colorless,  inodorous,  and 
tasteless  fluid,  nauseous  when  drank.  Its  solvent  powers  are 
unequalled  by  any  known  fluid. 

As  water  falls  from  the  clouds  in  the  form  of  rain,  it  ab- 
sorbs various  gases,  so  that  when  obtained  m  this  purest  nat- 
ural form  it  contains  nitrogen,  oxygen,  carbonic  acid,  and 
sometimes  traces  of  carburetted  hydrogen,  nitric  acid,  or  am- 
monia.    Having  faUen  upon  the  earth,  its  solvent  power  causes 
It  to  take  up  various  salts  and  organic  substances  from  the 
soil,  so  that  when  taken  from  rivers  it  frequently  contains  sev- 
eral grains  of  solid  constituents  to  the  gallon,  or  as  much  as 
a  grain  in  a  pint.     The  table  (p.  15)  shows  the  amount  and 
number  of  these  constituents  to  the  pmt  in  four  riven  of  this 
continent,  and  is  interesting  when  compared  with  the  analyses 
of  mineral  springs. 

The  origin  of  springs  has  been  a  subject  of  inquiry  by 
philosophers  of  all  ages.  Aristotle  taught  that  large  caverns 
in  the  interior  of  the  earth  were  fiUed  with  air  which  at  the 
roofs  was  condensed  to  water  by  the  cold,  and  thence  made 
way  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  by  various  outlets.  Through 
the  middle  ages  this  was  the  received  explanation,  thougli 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


15 


On«  Pint  conUInt— 


Souos. 


Carbonate  of  Boda 

"         magnesia  ....*... 

"  manganese 

"  lime 

Chloride  of  potosslum , 

"       sodium 

"       magnesium 

"       alumiumn 

"       calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

"       magnesia 

"        lime 

Phosphate  of  alumina 

Billca 

Oxides  of  iron  and  manganese  . . 

Alumina— i)ho8i)horic  acid 

Bolts  of  soaa  with  the  nitric  and 
organic  acids 


SchuylklU. 
b.  SUltmon,  Jr. 


Croton. 
B.  SUlimu,  Jr. 


Total. 


0A8. 


Carbonic  acid . 


Graini. 

'o'oii 

'6.018 
0.001 


O.OOT 

'6.010 

0.206 


Oroiiii. 

"0.088 

traces. 

0.267 

"o'.62i 

"0.621 
0.047 
0.019 

"0.629 
0.104 
0.009 


0.288 


ChmrlM. 
B.  SlUIman,  Jr. 


St.  LawTtnc*. 
T.  Sterry  Hunt. 


0.620 


.06  cubic  in. 


0.883 


2.18  cubic  In. 


tiralnt. 
"0.606 
'  '6.626 

"o'.6i9 


0.006 
0.048 

"6.633 

0.012 

traces. 


Gnlni. 

0.007 
0.026 

'6.684 
0.002 
0.008 


0.066 


0.208 


0.006  cub.  in. 


0.018 


0.038 
traces, 
traces. 


0.178 


not  estimated. 


Vitruvius  believed  springs  to  be  due  to  rain  and  snow  which 
penetrated  the  earth  and  accumulated  in  subterranean  reser- 
voirs. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Descartes, 
who  always  impugned  theories  that  possessed  only  the  merit 
of  being  old,  proposed  a  new  explanation  of  the  phenomena 
of  springs.  He  imagined  caverns  to  exist  in  the  depths  of 
the  earth,  into  which  water  flowed  from  the  sea.  There  the 
interior  fires  of  the  earth  converted  the  water  into  vapor, 
which  ascended  to  the  upper  part  of  the  cavern,  and  by  the 
low  temperature  was  condensed  to  water;  thence  the  water 
was  forced  upward  through  crevices  in  the  rocks  and  escaped 
as  springs. 

Subsequently  Mariotte  and  Halley  demonstrated  that  the 
rainfall,  including  snow  and  dew,  is  sufficient  to  supply  all 
the  water  that  flows  from  rivers  and  springs.  This  view  was 
promulgated  by  each  of  these  philosophers  about  the  same 
time  neither  being  aware  of  the  observations  and  conclusions 
of  the  other.  Mariotte  estimated  the  mean  fall  of  rain  in  the 
vicmity  of  Paris.  He  then  compared  this  total  with  the  quan- 
tity of  water  flowing  away  by  the  river  Seine,  and  found  it  to 


16 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


be  8,x  times  greater.  From  his  experiments  he  concluded  that 
all  Ppnngs  are  due  to  meteoric  water  falling  in  the  form  of 
ram,  snow,  and  dew,  which  permeates  the  earth  till  an  impas- 
sable  layer  is  met;  it  then  courses  along  this  layer  till  it  es- 
capes from  a  convenient  outlet,  or  is  forced  upward  by  hydro- 
static  pressure.  j    j^aisj- 

Halley's  conclusions  were  the  same,  though  obtained  in  an 
altogether  different  manner.     When  making  astronomical  ob- 
servations  on  the  hills  of  St.  Helena,  2,400  feet  above  the  sea, 
his  instruments  became  so  wet  with  moistm-e,  even  under  a 
clear  sky,  that  he  could  use  them  with  difficulty,  and  paper 
became  so  damp  that  the  ink  would  blot.     This  phenomenon 
led  him  to  experiment  on  the  quantity  of  moisture  exhaled 
trom  the  sea     He  procured  a  pan  eight  inches  in  diameter  and 
four  mches  deep,  which  he  filled  with  water  salted  to  the  same 
degree  of  sahnity  as  sea-water.     It  was  also  heated  to  the 
temperature  of  the  sea  in  summer.    Having  exposed  the  wa- 

W  OQQ^  ''^^''  ^'"'  ^^  ^°"°^  *^**  ^°  °°«  ^°"^'«  *i°»e  the  vessel 
lost  233  grains  in  weight,  and  at  this  rate  there  would  be 

a  loss  of  twelve  ounces  in  twenty-four  hours.     He  then  esti- 
mated the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  found  it  to  be 
160  degrees.     If  evaporation  proceeded  in  the  same  manner 
over  this  entire  surface  as  in  the  salted  water  of  the  pan,  the 
loss  in  one  day  would  be  6,280,000,000  tons.    He  next  com- 
pared  ^is  quantity  with  the  discharge  of  the  rivers  into  the 
sea.     The  pnncipal  ones  are  the  Ebro,  the  Rhone,  the  Dnies- 
ter, the  Danube,  the    Tiber,  the   Po,  the  Borysthenes,  the 
Tanais  and  the  Nile,  the  remainder  being  small.     He  esti- 
mated  that  each  of  these  rivers  discharges  ten  times  as  much 
water  into  the  sea  in  a  day  as  the  Thames,  and  the  discharge 
of  this  river  at  Kingston  Bridge  he  found  to  be  20,300,000 
tons,     len  times  this  amount  would  give  203,000,000  tons  as 

000,000  tons  as  the  total  discharge  of  them  all.    But  this 
enormous  amount  is  only  about  one-third  the  quantity  evapo- 
rated  from  the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  in  a  single  day 
leaving  a  remainder  of  3,453,000,000  tons  unaccounted  for- 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


17 


amply  sufficient  to  supply  all  the  springs  for  many  miles  from 
the  coast. 

It  is,  then,  clearly  established  that  the  fall  of  water  in  the 
form  of  rain,  snow,  and  dew,  is  large  enough  to  supply  all 
rivers  and  springs.  We  cannot,  however,  resist  the  impres- 
sion that  there  is  some  truth  in  the  theory  of  Descartes,  and 
that  certain  springs  derive  their  flow  from  the  waters  of  the 
ocean.  We  know  that  volcanoes  and  earthquakes  occur  in  its 
depths,  and  if  large  volumes  of  water  are  thus  suddenly  en- 
chasmed,  or  if  they  slowly  pass  to  the  interior  of  the  earth 
by  devious  channels,  it  is  certainly  probable  that  when  super- 
heated they  may  be  forced  to  the  earth's  surface  in  the  form 
of  thermal  waters  or  saline  springs.* 

But  many  of  these  springs  contain  ingredients  in  large 
quantities  not  found  in  rain-water  or  sea-water.  V/hence  and 
how  do  they  obtain  these  constituents  ? 

It  has  already  been  stated-  that  pure  water  possesses  a 
solvent  power  unequalled  by  other  fluids.  No  rocks,  however 
dense,  can  resist  its  continued  action.  Even  the  glass  vessels 
which  we  use  are  dissolved  by  it  in  minute  proportions.  And 
when,  in  addition,  water  contains  large  quantities  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas,  its  solvent  power  on  many  substances  is  exceedingly 
increased.  Every  fissure  of  the  earth  is  permeated  by  this 
solvent.  It  collects  in  the  depths  of  mines,  or  drips  from  the 
roofs  of  caves.  The  railroad-tunnel  through  Mont  Cenis— a 
mass  of  solid  rock  so  dense  that  it  soon  turned  the  hardest 
steel— was  so  filled  with  water  that  a  canal  was  dug  through 
the  centre  to  drain  it  away.  When  water  has  thus  passed 
through  thousands  of  feet  of  dense  rock,  and  in  the  passage 
occupied  years  or  centuries,  it  is  not  surprising  that  it  fre- 
quently contains  a  large  amount  of  ingredients.  And  when 
a  stream  of  water  thus  impregnated  becomes  imprisoned  be- 
tween almost  impermeable  strata,  it  flows  onward  till  a  fissure 

»  Humboldt  tells  us:  "When  In  September,  175D,  JoruUo  was  suddenly  elevated  into  a 
mountain  1,183  feet  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  plain,  two  small  rivers,  the  Eio  do 
Cuitimba  and  Kio  de  San  Pedro,  disappeared,  and  some  time  afterward  burst  forth  again, 
during  violent  shocks  of  an  earthquake,  as  hot  springs,  whose  temperature  I  found  in  is«a 
10  be  186'.4  Fahr."    (»  Cosmos,"  Bohn's  English  edition,  vol.  1.,  p.  219 ) 


18 


IlrNERAl  SPRWnS. 


in  the  ovorlying  strata  is  encountered,  when  bv  hvdm.t„*' 
pressure  U    s  Weed  upward  and  bursts'  ton  the  f^U.  a,, 
.nmeral  spnng.     Or,  if  an  artesian  well  bo  1,1^        .       . 
stream  is  penetrated,  there  is  an  ouUlow  of  w  """''  " 

so  strong  as  to  be  p™jeeted  severa^tr  bt  .I:  rZh'™*'" 
An  exe61Ie„t  illustration  of  the  conditions  under  which 
n^^^neral  spnngs  occur  is  fou„,I  i„  Saratoga  Countv,  New  York 

as  io  lows      1.  Hudson  Kivcr  and  Utiea  shales  and  slates      > 
Trenton  limestone.     3.  Calciferous  sand-roek      4    pTi 
sandstone.    5.  Lau^ntian  for,„ation.  of  unltwnMtr 

/Saratoga 
Valley. 


QKOLOOrCAL  8KCTI0N  AT  8ABAT00A  SPKINOB, 


tl.e Pitsdam  sandstone  n:t„Mf  "™"  ^i"'"™''^  ""'' 
Trenton  limestone;  a^d  htHv  t  w"' ^,"'"71'  "■""'"■« 
son  K.er  and  Uti<;  slftes  ^nd  s,    les    toT        '  I'T.'''^- 


I 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


19 


through ;  tho  southern  section  being  considerably  elevated,  and 
the  Potsdam  sandstone  on  one  side  of  the  fissure  correspond- 
ing with  the  calciferous  sand-rock  on  the  opposite.  This  con- 
dition is  technically  termed  a  fault.  It  is  well  illustrated  by 
the  accompanying  plate,*  on  page  18, 

The  Lauren  tian  rocks  are  composed  of  bighly-crystallino 
gneiss,  granite,  and  syenite,  and  are  almost  impervious  to 
water,  while  tho  Potsdam  sandstone   and  calciferous  sand- 
rook,  immediately  overlying,  permit  it  to  pass  freely.      All 
the  rain  falling  in  the  county  north  of  tho  fissure,  or  fault,  ex- 
cept that  which  passes  ofl:*  as  surface-water,  permeates  the 
diflFerent  strata  till  it  meets  the  Laurentian  rocks ;  thence  it 
passes  over  the  surface  of  these  rocks  till  the  fissure  is  reached, 
where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  uplifted  ledge  of  rocks  and 
accumulates.    From  the  fissure  in  the  Laurentian  rocks,  which 
penetrates   to  an   unknown  depth,  carbonic  acid  doubtless 
arises,  and  thus,  in  addition  to  its  mineral  ingredients,  the 
water  becomes  highly  charged  with  this  gas.     The  continual 
accessions  of  water  and  the  pressure  of  the  gas,  together,  force 
the  water  to  the  surface,  where  it  breaks  forth  in  the  various 
springs  of  the  Saratoga  Valley.     In  one  instance— the  geyser 
spring  or  artesian  well— the  imprisoned  water  has  been  artifi- 
cially liberated  at  a  point  where  it  is  under  great  hydrostatic 
pressure,  and  it  escapes  with  such  force  as  to  be  projected 
twenty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  earth.     The  slightly  dif- 
ferent composition  of  the  springs  depends  on  accidental  varia- 
tions in  the  composition  of  the  strata  through  which  the  wa- 
ter of  each  spring  passes.     These  springs  are  a  well-marked 
example  of  asce7iding  sprinys,  or  those  in  which  the  water  is 
elevated  from  a  point  below  by  hydrostatic  pressure. 

The  Tuscan  springs  of  California  are  another  example  of 
ascending  springs,  the  water  issuing  from  an  interval  between 
strata  that  have  been  upheaved  by  volcanic  action.  The  dia- 
gi-am  below  illustrates  the  position  of  the  strata  on  either  side 

1  The  plate  Is  kjdly  loaned  by  Prof.  0.  F.  Chandler,  New  York,  fcom  whose  article 
\n^i\BAmcr^an  Chemtat,  December,  18n,  the  geological  facts  concerning  Saratoga  are 


20 


MINERAL  SPBINGS. 


water  of  the  steam-baths.  ®^  ^"^^  ^^**"^«  *^e 


o,a.  Basaltic  lava. 
0)  o.  Volcanic  ashes, 


SECTION  OF  TUSCAN  8PEING8,  CALIFOENIA. 


c,  c.  Conglomerate. 
S.  Springs.  '    •  ^"^taceous  sandstone. 


Descending  springs  occur  at  the  base  of  hills  nn^ 

but  are  almost  impe«>eptible  at  other  times  ^' 

teet  high,  with  a  southeastern  din     Thi«  «i,oi«  ,    ^ 

J^elds  co„stU„ents  .Mar  to  thost^n't  hetpH:;:^;! 

du^ot  o„g,„  of  these  spnngs,  from  the  descent  of  rain-water 

■  From  »  0,.ol,^  ,f  CjlilbmlV  vol.  t.,  p.  S08. 


MINERAL   WATERS. 


21 


through  the  shale,  is  further  shown  by  the  variable  flow.  In 
rainy  weather  there  is  an  abundant  supply,  but  during  a  dry 
season  it  is  much  reduced. 

Intermittent  springs  form  a  curious  feature  in  the  phe- 
nomena of  springs.     There  are  springs  that  flow  at  regular  in- 
tervals, once  or  twice  a  year,  for  a  period  of  two  or  three 
months,  or,  it  may  be,  once  or  twice  a  day,  or  even  every  hour. 
The  cause  of  the  first— those  that  flow  at  certain  seasons  of 
the  year— has  been  mentioned  in  the  description  of  descend- 
ing springs.     It  is  due  to  the  irregularity  of  the  fall  of  rain,  or 
melting  of  snow  and  ice  which  supplies  them.     Many  glacier^ 
springs  flow  only  in  summer,  while  others  emit  water  only 
during  the  middle  of  the  day,  while  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  suf- 
ficient to  melt  the  ice  from  which  they  are  supplied.     The 
Engstlebrunnen,  in  the  Haslithal,  canton  of  Berne,  s'witzer- 
land,  is  of  this  kind.     It  flows  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the 
middle  of  August,  and,  during  this  time,  only  from  four  o'clock 
P.  M.  to  eight  o'clock  A.  M.     But,  if  the  season  is  cold,  it  does 
not  flow  at  all. 

Other  springs  owe  their  intermittent  character  to  their  con- 
nection with  the  sea.     Such  springs  are  not  far  distant  from 
the  coast,  and  have  several  outlets,  one  of  which  empties  into 
the  sea.     When  the  tide  rises  the  outlet  to  the  sea  is  closed, 
the  water  accumulates  in  the  reservoir  and  finally  overflows! 
Again,  some  of  the  intermittent  springs  are  the  discharges  of 
a  siphon.     The  spring  is  connected  with  a  hidden  reservoir  by 
a  siphon-like  canal  in  the  rock.     When  the  reservoir  fills,  the 
siphon  becomes  charged  till  the  water  begins  to  flow;  then  it 
continues  till  the  reservoir  is  emptied,  and  the  process  is  to 
be  repeated.    The  spring  of  the  villa  Pliniana,  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Como,  is  of  this  kind.   It  is  thus  described  by  Pliny : » 
**The  nature  of  this  spring,  which  falls  into  the  Larian  Lake, 
is  extremely  surprising;   it  ebbs  and  flows  regularly  three 
times  a  day.     This  increase  and  decrease  is  plainly  visible,  and 
very  interesting  to  observe.     You  sit  down  by  the  side  of  the 
fountain,  and,  while  you  are  taking  a  repast  nnri  /Irmtir,^.  Uo 

>  Letter  to  Sura,  Epist.  Iv.,  80. 


ss 


MINERAL  SPBINGa 


water,  which  U  very  cool,  you  seo  it  gradually  rise  and  foil 

Id  «„^  fh  ■'"'°''"'  "  '•^  •'''ff"'^^  «"  i'  i^  cntiU  "ov 

Zltao&rZ  ^"'""  ^"'"^  "'""^  '"""  ''■'  -0  *"«  you  Z 
see  u  do  three  times  success  volv  "    Nnnr  r^i™.      •    ,,      ^ 

is  another  spring  of  this  kind  I,  „  f  ""^  ^''''"^■^^> "'  J^'^-oe, 
After  the  earthquake  ol!l  'n^^^TlT-'"'  """"'«'• 
but  it  ,™s  rcstoL  by  tl.  ttil^alfo'/n;?  ""^  '""''"'"'^• 

whii":;:\r  :ir:fte':  "'"■"^t'"  ^''--^^  -  *•- 

wonderful  of  these  are  tfer'"""  1  i"'  ^P"'"    'T'"'  "o^' 
Wyoming  Ten -t:^.  "^f  :„^:f:r  °  /"^'-<''  -V""^"'  °^ 

column  of  water  to  t^^Zj^^^Z:,   :SjS:  r"^    - 
much  of  the  water  throno-Tinnf  +i  .      "°"^"ff  PO"»*)  when 

-es  steam,  and  ^^^XJtZZJ;^::^'^^ 

rect  one  has  been  demonstrated  hv  Pr„f  t     i'  i,      , 
structed  an  iron  tube    ,vitli TL    1  ^]"'''"'  ''''"'  «"'" 

oi>eningandan  iron  bulb  .^  *^  ?  '""■"'""^'''S  «■«  "Pper 
conditions  name"'L  Ied\l7::  T  ;™  ''f''  ""  "'^ 
the  bulb  he  obtained  the  uU  Miled  ?  *^-  *  "  ™'"  " 
jetted  steam  and  water  into  the  at  "'"'""  ^'^'"" 

The  physical  characteristics  of  mineral  wif,.r»  Jiff     • 
respects  from  ordinary  water  " '"  """"y 

</*n-Mi„eral  waters,  when  examined  in  a  gbss,  are  usu- 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


23 


ally  clear  and  transparent.     But  when  we  look  down  upon 
them  in  the  spring,  or  as  they  are  accumulated  in  reservoirs, 
they  frequently  present  a  green  hue,  an  optical  effect  depend- 
ing on  their  density.     In  some  instances,  however,  they  pre- 
sent other  colors,  due  to  substances  which  they  contain  in 
impalpable  division.     The  whitish  color  frequently  observed 
in  sulphur-water  is  caused  by  the  precipitation  of  sulphur,  the 
yellow  by  the  change  of  a  monosulphuret  into  a  polysulphuret. 
A  pure  white  color  is  often  due  to  precipitation  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  while  a  blue  color  arises  from  the  suspension  of  slate 
or  clay  in  the  water  in  minute  subdivision.     A  red  color  is 
frequently  seen  in  chalybeate  waters,  and  results  from  the  pre- 
cipitation of  the  red  oxide  of  iron.     In  some  instances,  how- 
ever, a  red  color  may  be  due  to  microscopic  algse  of  that  color. 
Odor,— Mineral  waters,  as  a  rule,  possess  a  more  or  less 
marked  odor. 

In  sulphur-waters  a  characteristic  odor  is  always  present, 
that  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  When  waters  are  highly 
charged  with  this  gas,  the  odor  is  perceptible  for  a  consider- 
able distance  from  the  spring.  However,  in  sulphur-waters 
containing  the  monosulphuret  of  sodium,  the  odor  is  but  feeble. 
•  Calcic  waters,  containing  a  large  proportion  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  frequently  disengage  sulphuretted  hydrogen  by  decora- 
position  of  the  sulphate  in  presence  of  organic  compounds. 

Other  waters  emit  odors  depending  on  the  soil  through 
which  they  have  passed. 

2hste.~The  character  of  a  mineral  water  can  seldom  be 
determined  by  its  taste,  for  this  frequently  depends  on  con- 
ditions which  bear  no  relation  to-its  medical  properties. 

Of  the  various  waters,  sulphur-waters  possess  a  more  decid- 
ed taste  than  any  others,  depending  on  the  presence  of  sulphu- 
retted-hydrogen gas.  This  taste,  however,  is  more  properly 
an  odor,  rendered  more  perceptible  in  swallowing  the  gas.  In 
addition,  these  waters  are  frequently  bitter  to  the  taste,  due 
to  sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia,  or  chloride  of  magnesium ; 
or  they  are  salty,  due  to  chloride  of  sodium. 

/ilkaliue  waters,  when  containing  the  alkaline  carbonates 


\ 


24 


MINERAL  SPRIN&a 


m  large  proportion,  possess  a  peculiar  taste  which  cannot  be 
more  definitely  designated  than  by  terming  it  alkaline.  Waters 
of  this  class,  however,  frequently  evolve  large  quantities  of 
carbonic-acid  gas,  giving  to  them  a  pungent  and  agreeable 
taste,  and  entirely  disguising  the  alkaline  savor. 

Saline  waters  necessarily  possess  the  taste  of  table-salt, 
though  this  is  sometimes  entirely  masked  by  large  propor- 
tions of  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Chalybeate  waters  usually  present  an  inky  or  styptic  taste, 
decided  in  proportion  to  the  absence  of  other  constituents. 

Calcic  waters  are  often  sweet  to  the  taste,  especially  if 
they  contain  considerable  carbonate  of  lime.  This  taste  is 
very  marked  in  the  Old  Sweet  Springs  of  Virginia. 

Texture.— This  word,  as  applied  to  water,  is  intended  to 
represent  the  sensation  of  harshness,  or  smoothness,  which  it 
imparts  when  in  contact  with  the  skin.  It  is  only  when  the 
feeling  is  peculiarly  bland  and  soft  that  it  has  been  noticed. 

Certain  waters  possess  a  smooth  texture  in  a  remarkable 
degree.  While  immersed  in  them  the  entire  surface  of  the 
body  seems  as  though  covered  with  a  bland  oil ;  the  fingers 
when  rubbed  together,  are  unctuous,  as  though  they  had  been 
anointed,  and  this  peculiar  sensation  of  smoothness  frequently 
remains  for  some  time  after  leaving  the  bath.  The  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia  are  notably  possessed  of  this  quality. 

The  cause  of  this  unctuosity  is  unknown.  It  has  been  air 
tnbuted  to  the  presence  of  silicates  in  large  proportion,  to  the 
monosulphuret  of  sodium,  and  to  organic  matter.  Durand- 
Fardel  thinks  it  is  due  to  organic  matter.  He  says :  "It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  it  is  precisely  those  waters  of  the  Pyr- 
enees,^^  richest  in  organic  matter,  which  are  the  most  unc- 
tuous." •  Some  authors  suppose  it  arises  from  a  combination 
between  the  acid  secretions  of  the  skin  and  the  bases  of  the 
water,  forming  a  kind  of  soap. 

Temperature.— Many  theories  have  been  proposed  at  dif- 
ferent ages,  explaining  the  elevated  temperature  possessed 
by  many  mineral  springs.     In  the  early  part  of  this  century, 

»  "  Dictioniiaire  des  Eanx  Mln^rales,"  t,  1^  p.  691. 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


2ft 


the  chemical  theory  had  many  adherents,  Philosopaers  who 
embraced  this  theory  believed  that  within  the  interior  of  the 
earth,  beneath  each  thermal  spring,  was  a  sort  of  chemical 
laboratory  in  which  alkaline  metals  were  being  oxidized  by 
water,  and  large  volumes  of  heat  thereby  generated.  Bischof, 
who  persistently  combated  the  chemical  theory  till  it  fell, 
showed  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  such  chemical  action 
to  continue,  with  perfect  regularity,  for  thousands  of  years. 

The  theory  uniformly  received  at  the  present  day  attributes 
the  heat  of  springs  to  the  interior  heat  of  the  earth,  which 
pervades  every  portion  of  the  globe.  Springs  proceeding  from 
great  depths  partake  of  the  heat  of  the  point  from  which  they 
arise;  passing  thence,  by  devious  fissures,  they  break  forth 
under  the  most  varied  circumstances— at  the  summits  of  moun- 
tains or  in  the  depths  of  valleys,  under  a  tropical  sun  or  in 
the  frigid  zone.  The  borings  of  artesian  wells  supply  indu- 
bitable proof  of  the  correctness  of  this  theory. 

It  has  been  found  that  at  a  certain  point  below  the  siirface 
of  the  earth— varying  according  to  the  zone  and  constitution 
of  the  soil— the  temperature  is  invariable  throughout  the  year. 
At  Paris  this  point  is  thirty  feet  deep;  but,  after  this  point  is 
passed,  the  temperature  of  the  earth  steadily  increases  with 
the  descent.  The  rate  of  increase  is  1°  Fahr.  for  every  fifty 
or  fifty-five  feet.  The  artesian  well  of  Grenelle,  near  Paris, 
is  1,600  feet  deep,  and  the  temperature  of  the  water  flowing 
from  it  81.8"  I  ahr. ;  that  of  Passy  is  1,731  feet  deep,  and  the 
temperature  of  the  water  83°  Fahr. ;  that  of  Neusalzwerk,  near 
Minden,  in  Prussia,  is  3,094  feet,  and  the  temperature  89° 
Fahr. ;  that  of  Mondorf,  in  Luxemburg,  3,378  feet,  and  the 
temperature  108.5°  Fahr.  In  the  United  States,  the  artesian 
well  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  3,086  feet  deep,  and  the  temperature 
at  the  bottom  of  the  well  is  86.5°  Fahr. ;  the  artesian  well  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  is  1,350  feet  deep,  and  the  temperature  of  the 
water  is  87°  Fahr. 

It  will  be  seen,  from  the  figures  given,  that  the  temperature 
of  water  flowing  from  great  depths  is  uniformly  elevated.  The 
temperature,  however,  is  not  always  in  proportion  to  the  depth 


86 


MINERAL  SPBINQS 


of  the  well  This  arises  from  the  fact  that  water  flowluff  from 
the  bottom  of  the  well  may  intermingle  with  colder  water  from 
the  strata  above,  producing  a  lower  temperatm-e  than  would 
be  expected;  or  therein  of  water  supplying  the  well  may 
arise  from  a  much  greater  depth,  giving  an  unusually  high 
temperature,  as  is  probably  the  case  in  the  Charleston  well 

It  IS  worthy  of  note  that  the  theory  of  hot  springs  now 
accepted  was  advanced  as  early  as  the  third  century  bv  St 
Patncus,  probably  Bishop  of  Pertusa.    He  was  asked  the  cause 
of  boihng  water  flowing  from  the  earth,  and  replied:  "Fire  is 
nourished  in  the  clouds  and  in  the  interior  of  the  earth,  as 
Mna  and  other  mountains  near  Naples  may  teach  you.     The 
subterranean  waters  rise  as  if  through  siphons.     The  cause  of 
hot  springs  is  this:  waters  which  are  more  remote  from  the 
subterranean  fires  are  polder,  while  those  which  rise  nearer  the 
fire  are  heated  by  it,  and  bring  with  them  to  the  surface  which 
we  inhabit  an  insupportable  degree  of  heat."  * 

Having  explained  the  origin  of  springs  from  meteoric  water, 
It  IS  needless  to  consider  minutely  the  slight  variations  in  the 
temperature  of  cold  springs.  They  depend  on  the  source  oi 
the  water,  whether  from  melting  glaciers  or  summer  showers, 
whether  flowing  superficially  through  alluvial  earth,  or  deeply 
through  ledges  of  limestone  or  masses  of  granite.  * 

Mectrioity.—ln  seeking  for  an  explanation  of  the  remedial 
action  of  thermal  mineral  waters,  it  has  been  claimed  that  their 
efficacy  is  due  to  some  mysterious  electrical  action.     That  hot 
water,  and  water  containing  a  large  proportion  of  saline  in- 
gredients, conducts  electricity  more  readily  than  pure  water 
has  been  clearly  demonstrated  by  Prof.  Kastner.     According 
to  KeUer  and  Baumgartner,  the  mineral  water  of  Gastein  acts 
more  powerfully  on  the  magnetized  needle  of  a  multiplier  than 
distilled  or  ordinary  water.'    Baumgartner  and  Roller  state 
that  the  decomposition  of  Gastein  water  by  the  electrical  cur- 
rent  gives  unusual  results :  while  ordinary  water  separates  into 
two  volumes  of  hydrogen  and  one  volume  of  oxygen,  this 

>  Humboldt's  "Cosmos,"  Bohn's  edition,  vol.  1.,  p.  221. 
'  Althaua'a  "Spas  of  Europe,"  London.  1fi62  ->.  §5. 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


27 


water  yields  three  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  one  of  oxygen.' 
This  result,  however,  is  probably  due  to  the  salts  contained  in 
the  water,  and  not  to  any  peculiarity  of  the  water  itself.     Per- 
fectly pure  water,  in  a  vessel  of  pure  gold,  suffers  hardly  any 
decomposition  under  the  action  of  a  powerful  battery ;  but,  if 
a  salt  or  acid  be  introduced,  the  separation  takes  place  imme- 
diately.    GriflSn  thinks  that  the  salt  forms  the  decomposing 
agent,  not  by  increasing  the  conducting  power  of  the  water, 
but  by  being  acted  upon.'    He  further  states  that,  "  in  certain 
cases,  depending  on  the  kind  of  salt  that  is  submitted  to  elec- 
trolysis, and  upon  the  concentration  of  the  solution,  there  is 
found  to  be  a  deficiency  in  the  quantity  of  oxygen.    The  rea- 
son of  this  deficiency  is,  that  part  of  the  water  escapes  com- 
plete decomposition.      H,HO  is  converted  into  H  and  HO. 
The  latter  is  the  peroxide  of  hydrogen." '    It  is  probable  that 
this  is  the  explanation  of  the  peculiar  decomposition  of  Gas- 
tein  water  (if  any  such  peculiarity  there  be),  and  that,  in- 
stead of  an  excess  of  hydrogen,  there  is  really  a  deficiency  of 
oxygen.* 

Electricity  in  excessively  minute  proportions  may  be  de- 
veloped by  the  falling  of  a  spout  of  hot-springs  water  on  the 
surface  of  the  body;  but  only  to  be  detected  by  a  wonderfully 
sensitive  multiplier,  one  which  would  show  electncity  to  be 
developed,  by  every  vito-chemical  change  that  occurs  in  the 
human  organism.  Until  something  more  definite  can  be  dis- 
covered, it  is  necessary  to  reject  all  hypotheses  attributing 
cures  to  the  electrical  action  of  waters. 

Magnetism, — Within  the  past  three  years  a  number  of  ar- 
tesian wells  have  been  bored  in  Michigan,  which  are  claimed 
by  the  proprietors  to  be  magnetic,  that  is,  the  water  is  sup- 
posed to  be  impregnated  with  magnetism.  A  careful  inves- 
tigation of  the  question,  however,  reveals  the  fact  that  there 

»  Durand-Fnrdel's  »  DicttonnaJre  des  Eanx  Mln^rales,"  Paris,  1860, 1 1.,  p.  691. 

«  "Chemistry  of  Non-MetalUo  Elements,"  London,  1860,  p.  234. 

3  Op.  cit,  p.  236. 

*  Althaus's  "Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  85,  says:  "The  assertion  of  Messra.  Baumgartiier  and 
Ilessler  has  been  showDj  by  numerous  subsequent  analyse."!,  to  be  without  nny  foundatloa 
whatever." 


28 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


18  no  fixed  magnetism  in  the  water,  but  that  the  iron  tubinir 
of  the  well  is  highly  magnetic.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
iron  placed  in  a  perpendicular  position  becomes  more  readily 
magnetic  m  Michigan  than  in  many  other  portions  of  the 
earth,  and  the  fact  is  worthy  of  investigation.  An  observation 
made  by  the  author  in  August,  1871,  at  the  Geyser  Spring. 
Saratoga,  an  artesian  well,  140  feet  deep,  showed  no  such  evi- 
dence of  magnetism  as  was  found  at  St.  Louis,  Michigan. 

The  wells  which  first  attracted  attention  as  magnetic' were 
St.  Loms,  Eaton  Rapids,  Alpena,  and  Spring  Lake.  The 
claim  of  magnetism  for  these  waters  was  received  with  mingled 
credulity  and  incredulity.  Thousands  suffering  with  paralytic 
complaints  journeyed  hundreds  of  miles  at  great  inconvenience 
frequently  to  be  disappointed.  Some,  however,  improved  and 
readi  y  gave  certificates  of  cure  by  the  waters,  the  result  be- 
ing  always  attributed  to  magnetism. 

During  September,  1871,  the  author  visited  the  famed  St 
Louis  well  When  thirty  miles  away,  persons  were  readii; 
found  who  would  testify  to  the  magnetism  of  the  water,  for 
they  had  magnetized  knife-blades  in  their  pockets  that  would 
pick  up  a  pin,  caused  by  holding  the  knife-blade  for  fifteen 
minutes  in  the  flowing  magnetic  water.  Arrived  at  the  well 
there  were  large  numbers  who  would  swear  to  the  magnetism* 
of  the  water.     The  following  experiments  were  made : 

Observation  L-I  took  my  penknife  and  tested  a  blade 
with  a  compass,  to  discover  whether  it  was  magnetic.  Placed 
on  either  side  the  north  or  south  pole  of  a  compass,  it  attracted 
the  needle  U  ;  it  would  not  attract  a  needle.  I  then  held  it 
one-half  hour,  by  the  watch,  in  the  water,  as  it  flows  from  a 
honzontal  tube  attached  to  the  main  tube  of  the  well.  At  the 
expiration  of  the  time  I  tested  it  with  the  compass  and  needle, 
but  found  no  perceptible  change  in  its  conditions.  Result  of 
.  tbis  experiment,  negative. 

0BSEBY4TI0N  IL-Descended  a  flight  of  steps,  about  six 
feet,  to  the  point  where  the  main  tube  of  the  weU  emerges 
from  the  ground.  Here  the  joining  of  the  tube  is  not  perfect, 
and  there  is  an  overflow  of  water  between  the  lower  or  en- 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


29 


casing  portion  and  the  upper.  Placed  the  same  blade  in  this 
overflowing  water,  at  a  distance  of  four  inches  from  the  main 
tube,  and  let  it  remain  for  half  an  hour,  the  blade  being  in  a 
horizontal  position.  At  the  end  of  that  time  tested  it  with 
the  compass.  It  slightly  repelled  the  north  end  of  the  com- 
pass-needle, and  attracted  the  south  end — moved  it  about  3°. 
Result  favors  magnetism  of  the  water,  if  the  tube  itself  is  not 
magnetic;  but,  the  tube  being  magnetic,  the  result  is  still 
negative^  as  it  is  well  known  that  a  strongly-magnetic  body 
will  cause  magnetism  by  induction  in  steel,  when  placed  in 
close  proximity  for  that  length  of  time. 

Observation  IIL — ^Rubbed  the  same  knife-blade  on  the 
main  tubing  for  ten  minutes.  It  was  then  powerfully  mag- 
netic, repelling  the  north  end  of  the  compass-needle,  driving 
it  half-way  around  the  dial,  and  attracting  the  south  end  so 
that  by  a  slight  manoeuvre  the  compass-needle  would  rotate 
in  a  circle.  The  conclusion  is,  that  the  tube  is  magnetic  in  a 
high  degree. 

Observation  IV.— Took  a  quart-bottle  of  water  fresh  from 
the  spring ;  removed  it  beyond  the  influence  of  the  tube,  where 
the  compass-needle  settled  to  the  north.  Then  tested  it  with 
the  compass  on  every  side,  but  the  needle  was  not  perceptibly 
affected — I  should  have  had  a  very  sensitive  needle.  The  in- 
ference, nevertheless,  is  that  the  water  is  not  magnetic. 

Observation  V. — Placed  the  compass  in  different  positions 
about  the  well,  at  the  distance  of  seven  feet,  and  foxmd  the 
north  end  sensibly  deflected  to  the  well ;  while,  at  a  radius  of 
three  feet,  the  north  end  is  powerfully  deflected  to  the  well  in 
whatever  position  it  is  placed.  "When  elevated  above  it,  the 
north  end  of  the  needle  dips  downward.  The  inference  is,  that 
this  effect  is  due  to  the  magnetism  of  the  tube. 

The  above  experiments  are  not  of  themselves  conclusive, 
but  a  report  on  the  mineral  springs  of  Michigan,  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  State  Medical  Society,  is  exceedingly  satisfactory. 
The  committee  consisted  of  Dr.  H.  O.  Hitchcock,  Prof.  S.  C. 
Duffield,  and  Prof.  R.  0.  Kedzie.  The  duty  of  investigating 
the  magnetism  of  the  wells  was  assigned  to  Prof.  Kedzie.    In 


80 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


his  report  he  first  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  water  is  a 
diamagnetic  body.  All  substances  have  been  divided  by  in- 
vestigatofs  into  magnetic,  or  those  susceptible  of  magnetism 
and  diamagnetio,  or  those  possessed  of  a  resistance  to  ma^r! 
netism.  Edraond  Becquerel  has  found  that  if  we  represent 
the  magnetic  power  of  iron  as  1,000,000,  the  diamagnetio 
power  of  water  is  3 ;  that  is,  it  has  a  force  300,000  times  less 
than  iron,  and  thus  one  of  resistance  to  magnetism. 

To  determine  whether  water  flowing  through  a  magnetic 
tube  may  carry  magnetic  force  with  it.  Prof.  Kedzie  made  the 
followmg  experiment :  He  first  magnetized  an  iron  tube,  by 
applying  it  to  a  strong  horseshoe  magnet.  Through  this  tube 
he  caused  a  stream  of  water  to  flow,  and  thence  through  a 
porcelain  tube  in  which  a  steel  bar  was  placed."  The  water 
flowed  in  this  way,  through  a  magnetized  tube  over  a  steel 
bar,  for  one  hour,  without  developing  any  magnetic  condition 
m  the  bar. 

It  was,  however,  objected  that  the  water  of  these  springs 
contams  iron  in  solution,  which  may  have  an  influence  in  pro- 
ducing a  magnetic  condition  of  the  water,  while  the  water  in 
the  test  made,  contained  no  iron.     To  obviate  this  objection 
Prof.  Kedzie  repeated  the  experiment,  substituting  water  con- 
taining four  ounces  of  sulphate  of  iron  to  the  gallon,  and,  in- 
stead of  a  single  horseshoe  magnet,  he  used  a  combination  of 
horseshoe  magnets  known  as  a  magnetic  battery.    In  this  way 
the  iron  tube  was  so  strongly  magnetized  that  iron  filings, 
sifted  over  it,  arranged  themselves  over  the  surface,  standing 
out  like  stiflf  bristles;  "yet,  on  passmg  the  solution  of  sul- 
phate of  ironHhrough  a  tube  thus  magnetized,  and  over  a  steel 
bar  in  a  glass  tube,  for  an  hour,  no  development  of  magnetism 
in  the  steel  bar  could  be  detected." 

Having  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  magnetism  of  the 
Michigan  wells  is  confined  to  the  iron  tubing,  Prof.  Kedzie 
sums  up  the  matter  as  follows : 

"  The  question  now  arises,  Does  this  magnetic  property  of 
these  tubes  arise  from  any  magnetic  quality  or  other  pecu- 
harity  in  the  water  flowing  through  these  tubes  ?    I  answer 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


81 


No  1  Iron  tubes  of  tho  same  dimension,  placed  in  a  vertical 
position,  whether  sunk  in  the  ground,  or  erected  in  the  air, 
or  suspended  in  water,  would  exhibit  the  same  phenomena. 
Water,  flowing  through  them  or  not,  would  have  no  appre- 
ciable influence  in  this  magnetism.  This  is  well  shown  hy  the 
attempted  artesian  well  at  Charlotte,  which  has  not  reached 
flowing  water,  hut  is  only  a  vertical  tube  sunk  in  the  soil; 
yet,  it  is  magnetic  just  the  same  as  the  flowing  wells"  * 

The  latter  portion  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  combating 
the  statements  in  favor  of  magnetism  of  the  waters  made  by 
other  writers.  The  conclusion  is,  that  these  waters  are  not 
magnetic,  are  not  susceptible  of  magnetism,  and  cannot  pro- 
duce magnetism.  The  phenomena  of  magnetism  observed  at 
the  wells  are  entirely  due  to  induction,  caused  by  the  highly- 
magnetic  condition  of  the  tube ;  and  the  magnetism  of  the  tube 
is  only  a  usual  result  of  terrestrial  magnetism. 

These  conclusions  should  not,  however,  detract  from  the 
actual  value  of  the  wells  of  Michigan.  Many  of  the  waters  are 
strongly  impregnated  with  active  medicinal  salts,  and  are  ex- 
ceedingly valuable  therapeutic  agents. 

1  "Transactions  of  tb«  State  Medical  Society  of  Michigan,**  1871,  p.  40. 


CHAPTER   III. 


CLASSIFICATION. 

In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  a  classification  becomes 
necessary,  m  order  that  their  application  to  the  treatment  of 
disease  may  be  systematically  considered.    Several  methods 
have  been  proposed.     They  have  been  classified  according 
to  their  geological  origin,  their  geographical  location,  their 
therapeutic  action,  and  their  chemical  constitution.     For  med- 
ical purposes  the  geological  or  geographical  classification  is 
almost  valueless,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  action  of  mineral 
waters   IS  not  so  far  advanced  that  they  can  be  reliably 
grouped  accordmg  to  their  therapeutic  action.    The  chemical 
classification  has  met  with  most  favor.     Of  this  system  there 
are  two  promment  ones,  the  German  and  the  French.    We 
give  them  below : 

The  German  Classification,^ 


I.  Alkaline  . . . . 

II.  Glauber  salt. 

m  Iron 


IV.  Common  salt 


(3. 

(3. 

[  1.  Sim] 
•  •  •  •  ■)  *•  Com 
(  3.  Witl 


1.  Simple  carbonated. 
Alkaline. 
Alkali  and  common  salt. 

1.  Pure. 

Alkaline  and  saline. 
Earthy  and  saline. 

1.  Simple. 
Concentrated. 
With  bromine,  or  iodine. 


V.  Epsom  salt. 

>  Macpherson'B  «Bath.  md  Welb  of  Europe,"  LondoB,  1869,  p.  94 


I'i^SJ^US!^ 


CLASSIFICATION. 


VI.  Sulphur. 

VII.  Earthy  and  calcareous. 
VIIL  Indiflferent. 


88 


The  French  Class^cation.^ 

Sulphur  waters \  ^^^^  ^*^*»  ^^  sodium. 

(  With  salts  of  lime. 

(  Simple. 
Chloride  of  sodium  waters.  <  With  bicarbonates. 

(  Sulphuretted. 

f  Bicarbonate  of  soda. 

Bicarbonated  waters <  Bicarbonate  of  lime. 

(  Mixed  bicarbonates. 

(Sulphate  of  soda. 
Sulphate  of  lime. 
Sulphate  of  magnesia. 
Mixed  sulphates. 

5  Bicarbonated. 
Sulphated. 
With  salts  of  manganese. 

A  chemical  classification,  however,  does  not  convey  a  def- 
inite idea  of  the  medical  action  of  a  water.  In  the  French 
classification,  under  sulphated  waters,  the  sulphate  of  soda, 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  sulphate  of  lime  waters,  are  grouped 
together,  the  first  two  being  purgative  in  action,  while  the 
latter  is  not.  The  thermal  waters,  as  a  class,  are  ignored.  In 
the  German  classification  therapeutic  requirements  are  more 
perfectly  fulfilled,  though  there  is  the  objection  that  the  Glau- 
ber suit  and  Epsom  salt  waters  are  separated  into  distinct 
classes,  whereas  their  action  is  almost  identical— they  are  both 
purgative  waters.    The  indiflferent  waters  are  all  thermal. 

In  the  classification  arranged  for  this  work  I  have  endeav- 
ored to  obviate  these  objections.     It  partakes  both  of  the 

'  "Dictioniiaire  d«s  E«ux  Min6ralea,"  Paris,  1860,  t.  i.,  p.  46S. 


34 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


chemical  sy.  lem  and  the  therapeutic  system.    The  waters  of 
each  class  have  a  similar  action,  varied  however  by  minor  dif- 
ferences, which  are  to  a  considerable  degree  indicated  by  the 
subdivisions.    In  the  application  of  this  or  any,  other  classi- 
fication, it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  determine  to  which  class  a 
spring  should  be  assigned,  from  the  fact  that  none  of  its  in- 
gredients may  especially  predominate.  Waters  included  under 
the  subdivision  Pure  are  only  comparatively  so,  the  ingre- 
dients, other  than  those  distinctive  of  the  class,  existing  in 
mmute  proportions.    Thus  a  pure  alkaline  water  may  contain 
large  quantities  of  the  alkaline  carbonates,  but  it  can  contain 
only  very  small  proportions  of  chloride  of  sodium  or  other 
salts.    The  class  Thermal  waters  may  embrace  waters  which, 
as  to  then:  chemical  constituents,  belong  to  one  of  the  other 
classes.     The  action  of  such  waters,  aside  from  their  ther- 
mality,  is  indicated  by  the  subdivisions  to  which  they  belong. 
It  is  rare,  however,  for  thermal  waters  to  contain  a  large  pro^ 
portion  of  mineral  ingredients. 


* 

Classijication. 

rl.  Pure." 
L  Alkaline  waters. .  j  2.  Acidulous  (carbonic  acid). 

'  3.  Muriated  (chloride  of  sodium). 

II.  Saline  waters  (      ^"re. 

(chloride  of  sodium)  j  ^'  ^^kaline. 

(  3.  lodo-bromated. 

(  1.  Alkaline. 
m  Sulphur  waters.  .,U.  SaHne  (chloride  of  sodium). 


IV.  Chalybeate  waters 


3.  Calcic. 

1.  Pure. 
3,  Alkaline. 

3.  Saline  (chloride  of  sodium). 

4.  Calcic. 

5.  Aluminous, 


CLA8SIFI0ATION. 


86 


I J  2. 
(3. 


1.  Epsom  salt  (sulphate-of  magnesia). 


V.  Purgative  waters.  -J  2.  Glauber  salt  (sulphate  of  soda). 


Alkaline. 


VI  Calcic  waters. . . .  •!  ^*  Limestone  (carbonate  of  lime). 

( 2.  Gy 


VII.  Thermal  waters. . 


Gypsum  (sulphate  of  lime). 

'1.  Pure. 

2.  Alkaline. 

3.  Saline  (chloride  of  sodium). 

4.  Sulphur. 
6.  Calcic. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

ACnoir  OF  MINBBAL  WATBBS. 

Many,  and,  in  this  country,  perhaps  the  majority  of  vis- 
itors at  springs  journey  thither,  not  because  of  any  specific 
malady  with  which  they  are  afflicted,  but  to  obtain  relief  and 
rest  from  the  harassing  cares  of  business^  or  the  not  less  ex- 
acting demands  of  society.    They  go  there  for  diversion ;  they 
wish  to  leave  for  a  time  the  dusty  and  travelled  highway  of 
life,  and  wander  in  the  shaded  by-paths.     After  a  month  or 
two  passed  at  the  springs  they  return  home  refreshed  and  re- 
cuperated, possessed  of  a  vigor  they  may  not  have  known  for 
years.    Have  the  mineral  waters  produced  this  effect  ?    No. 
The  same  renewal  of  life  would  have  resulted  had  they  so^ 
journed  anywhere  amid  pure  air,  beautiful  scenery,  and  cheei^ 
ful  society. 

The  influences  which  thus  prove  restorative  to  those  who 
are  not  the  subject  of  disease,  also  contribute  to  the  cure  of 
those  who  are  really  sick.  But,  from  acknowledging  that 
change  of  air,  scene,  and  exercise,  take  part  in  the  salutary 
result  in  disease,  we  are  apt  to  overleap  this  legitimate  con- 
clusion, and  deny  that  spring-water  has  had  any  agency  in 
benefits  that  have  accrued.  Nothing  could  be  more  unwise, 
and  nothing  more  inconsistent  with  facts  and  the  testimony  of 
those  who  are  regarded  as  the  best  authority  in  the  practice 
of  medicine. 

The  history  of  bathing-resorts,  in  the  first  chapter  of  this 
book,  shows  that  mineral  waters  have  been  held  in  high  esteem 
as  remedies  both  by  the  civilized  and  uncivilized  of  every  age. 
Are  we  to  regard  this  as  a  mere  whim  of  humanity,  and  affirm 
that  in  all  past  time  they  have  but  pursued  a  phantom  ?    No. 


A.OTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


37 


y  of  vis- 
■  specific 
(lief  and 
less  ex- 
>n;  they 
away  of 
lonth  or 
and  re- 
own  for 
;?  No. 
they  so- 
3  cheer- 

)se  who 
Qure  of 
ig  that 
alutary 
te  con- 
ency  in 
unwise, 
lony  of 
)ractice 

of  this 
esteem 
ry  age. 
I  affirm 
?    No. 


It  is  our  duty  to  investigate  the  question.  Undoubtedly  there 
is  an  atmosphere  of  quackery  surrounding  springs  in  this  coun- 
try, which  is  exceedingly  repulsive  to  the  scientific  physician. 
The  "  cure-all "  style  of  advertisement,  pursued  by  many  pro- 
prietors of  springs,  has  contributed  largely  to  bring  odium 
upon  mineral  waters.  Hopeless  invalids  have  been  induced 
to  take  long  journeys  to  springs  in  no  way  adapted  to  their 
disease.  Our  obligations,  however,  are  only  increased  by  these 
abuses,  and  we  should  be  prepared  to  give  the  sick  reliable 
information. 

In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  it  is  difficult  to  eliminate 
the  causes  which  contribute  to  the  cure  of  the  patient.  Change 
of  air  has  a  most  remarkable  eflfect  in  many  diseases.  The 
well-known  disease,  asthma,  is  an  illustration  of  this  fact.  A 
physician,  who  is  the  subject  of  this  harassing  complaint,  tells 
us  that  when  he  leaves  the  city  he  is  relieved  of  the  oppres- 
sion which  he  continually  experiences,  but,  on  his  return,  it 
again  fixes  itself  upon  him.  If  atmospheric  conditions  have 
so  great  an  influence  in  a  disease  which  forms  so  clear  an  index, 
how  many  diseases  are  there,  not  so  manifestly  affected  by 
these  changes,  but  which  are  nevertheless  in  a  great  degree 
under  their  influence  I  We  do  not  speak  of  pm-e  and  impure 
air  as  usually  considered,  but  also  of  the  many  shades  of  dif- 
ference produced  by  various  kinds  of  vegetation,  by  exhala- 
tions from  forests,  by  vapors  from  rivers  and  seas,  and  by  the 
tenuity  of  the  atmosphere  at  different  heights  above  the  surface 
of  the  earth.  The  extent  to  which  vegetative  exhalations  per- 
vade the  atmosphere  are  clearly  appreciated  as  we  near  the 
shores  of  America,  in  spring-time,  after  a  transatlantic  voyage. 
Long  before  land  is  in  sight,  the  fragrance  of  woods  and  flowers 
is  so  strong  that  we  can  imagine  ourselves  within  the  precinct 
of  a  well-kept  garden  in  full  bloom.  On  the  other  hand,  as 
we  approach  the  sea-shore  from  inland,  we  can  plainly  detect 
the  odor  of  salt-water  long  before  the  ocean  is  in  view.  The 
influence  of  mountain  air  in  disease  has  never  been  closely 
studied.  That  it  is  peculiarly  tonic  and  bracing,  and  purer 
than  the  air  at  lower  levels,  is  undoubted ;  but,  at  the  limited 


S8 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


elevation  of  resorts  in  this  country,  the  difference  in  density 
can  have  no  appreciable  effect.    In  Europe  there  is  a  tendency 
to  regard  great  altitudes  as  favorable  for  consumptives,  and 
persons  affected  with  this  disease  are  recommended  to  chooso 
winter  residences  at  elevations  from  two  to  five  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  care  being  taken,  however,  that  the 
climate  of  such  places  is  dry,  and  the  sky  bright  and  cheerful. 
They  doubtless  attain  in  this  way  the  same  object  which  we 
do  m  sending  consumptives,  in  the  early  stages,  to  Minnesota. 
Change  of  scene  is  another  agency  in  the  cure  of  certain 
diseases,  which  renders  it  difficult  to  estimate  the  actual  in- 
lluence  of  mineral  waters. 

Those  who  are  well  experience  a  lightness  and  buoyancy  of 
spirit  a  positive  rest  and  recreation,  when  they  exchan<re  the 
monotonous  routine  of  business  for  the  always  varying  views  of 
a  pleasure-tour.    How  far  the  diseases  of  the  hypochondriacal, 
the  melanchohc,  and  the  overtasked,  are  favorably  influenced 
by  the  journey  to  a  summer  resort,  and  the  mirthful  society 
congregated  there,  it  is  impossible  to  determine.     But  these 
auxiliaries  of  mineral-water  treatment  will  never  modify  or 
eradicate  the  gouty  or  rheumatic  diathesis,  they  will  not  ar- 
rest  the  formation  of  gall-stones,  they  will  not  cure  catarrh  of 
the  bladder  or  reheve  diabetes,  all  of  which  the  waters  them- 
selves  will  do. 

^    It  is  objected  by  some  that,  when  a  mineral  water  is  ad- 
vised,  we  do  not  know  exactly  what  was  prescribed.    In  renl  v 
It  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  fact  that  all  our  remedies- 
of  organic  origin-are  compound  drugs  of  multiple  ingredients 
many  of  the  constituents  being  unknown.     Especially  is  this 
true,  at  the  present  day,  of  assafoetida,  castor,  and  valerian  • 
and  yet  we  employ  these  medicines  without  hesitation     Pre! 
vious  to  the  present  century  the  active  principle  of  no  vco-e- 
table  drug  was  known,  and  yet  many  of  them  were  used  "as 
skxlfu  ly  as  to-day     Opium  was  introduced  into  practice,  and 
Its  value  defined,  by  men  who  knew  nothing  of  morphia  nar- 
cotino,  codeia,  thebaine,  narceine,  meconine,  and  meconic  acid 
Its  principal  chemical  constituents.     Far  be  it  from  me  to 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


30 


decry  the  value  of  these  discoveries ;  let  it  only  be  remembered 
that  there  was  a  time  when  medical  men  knew  nothing  of 
tliem,  and  yet  the  virtue  of  the  drug  was  the  same  as  to-day. 
So,  in  the  case  of  mineral  waters,  we  may  not  be  able  to  dis- 
cover their  exact  ingredients,  or  decide  the  action  of  so  many 
chemicals  in  one  solution ;  but  we  should  not,  on  this  account, 
refuse  to  employ  them  if  reliable  evidence  of  their  eflScacy  can 
be  adduced. 

In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  artificial  preparations  will 
not  be  considered.  They  may  serve  a  good  purpose  in  some 
instances,  but,  as  a  rule,  they  bear  little  resemblance  to  the 
natural  waters.  They  are  usually  pleasant  carbonated  drinks, 
with  a  proportion  of  alkalies,  iron,  or  Epsom  salts,  according  as 
these  ingredients  may  predominate  in  the  water  of  the  spring 
which  they  are  supposed  to  represent.  Chemists  do  not  claim 
absolute  accuracy  for  their  analyses  of  waters ;  the  combina- 
tion of  the  elements  is  always  empirical.  How,  then,  even 
when  the  most  scrupulous  adhesion  to  details  is  observed 
(which  seldom  or  never  occurs),  can  manufacturers  of  these 
preparations  produce  an  imitation  identical  in  action  with  the 
spring- water  ? 

Water  is  the  most  important  inorganic  constituent  of  the 
body.*  It  forms  two-thirds  of  its  substance,  and  is  in  more  or 
less  intimate  combination  with  every  organ,  bone,  or  tissue. 
Cliemically  speaking,  we  are  only  so  much  water  in  combina- 
tion with  varied  proportions  of  carbon,  oxygen,  hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  chloride  of  sodium,  phosphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  soda,  etc.  It  is,  however,  an  exceedingly 
mobile  constituent  j  it  is  continually  discharged  from  the  body, 
and  continually  renewed,  so  that,  while  any  given  tissue  or 
organ  of  the  body  maintains  about  the  same  proportion,  it 
does  not  for  any  length  of  time  retain  the  same  particles  of 
water. 

When  water  is  taken  into  the  stomach  it  enters  the  circu- 
lation immediately.  It  is  first  absorbed  by  the  gastric  veins, 
and  thence  passes  directly  to  the  portal  vein,  and  this  blood- 

»  FUnt'B  "Physiology  of  Man,"  p.  80. 


40 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


vessel  usually  contains  more  water  than  any  other.     Certain 
conditions  of  the  water,  however,  regulate  the  rapidity  of  this 
absorption.    If  an  immoderate  quantity  is  taken  at  once   a 
sensation  of  weight  is  produced,  the  absorbents  are  gorged  by 
the  excess  of  water,  endosmosis  is  almost  prevented,  and  the 
process  proceeds  but  slowly.    Again,  the  temperature  of  water 
influences  its  digestion.     Water  much  warmer,  or  consider- 
ably  cooler,  than  the  blood  readily  penetrates  the  absorbents, 
while,  If  exactly  the  same  teraperatiu-e,  it  produces  nausea  and 
IS  frequently  rejected.    If,  however,  the  temperature  verges 
on  the  extreme  in  either  direction,  the  water  is  not  tolerated  ~ 
for  then  the  vitality  of  the  mucous  membrane  is  imperilled! 
When  water  entering  the  stomach  is  highly  charged  with  min- 
eral  salts,  it  is  absorbed  but  slowly. 

When  ordinary  drinking-water  is  taken  in  large  quantities, 
.  It  acts  principally  as  a  diuretic.      It  largely  increases  the 
amount  of  urine  discharged,  and  the  quantity  of  urea,  phos- 
phates,  sulphates,  and  chlorides,  is  also  augmented.^    If  the 
temperature  of  the  air  is  somewhat  elevated,  the  water  also 
acts  as  a  diaphoretic.     It  seldom  passes  off  by  the  intes- 
tines.     These  effects  pertain  to  all  kinds  of  water  taken  in 
large  quantities,  and  are  not  peculiar  to  mineral  waters,  as  is 
often  imagmed.     Prof.  Liebig  teUs  us :  « If  a  tumbler  of  about 
four  ounces  of  ordinary  water,  which  is  pooler  in  salines  than 
the  blood  IS  taken  every  ten  minutes  before  breakfast,  a  quan- 
tity  of  colored  urine  will  be  discharged  after  the  second  tum- 
bler, which  near^  corresponds  to  the  quantity  of  water  taken 
mthe  first  tumbler;  and,  if  twenty  tumblers  are  taken  one 
after  another,  there  may  be  nineteen  discharges  of  urine,  which 
at  last,  beconies  almost-  colorless,  and  then  contains  hardly' 
-  more  salines  than  the  water  which  was  drunk  » 

A  familiar  illustration  of  the  rapidity  of  the  absorption  and 
eaimination  of  water  is  found  in  the  tippler's  ready  method  of 
sobering  himself,  after  taking  too  much  wine.  He  goes  to  the 
nearest  fountain  and  drinks  one  or  two  quarts  of  later!  It 
enters  the  blood  immediately,  dilutes  the  alcohol  there,  and 

1  Althaua's  "Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  m. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


41 


passes  ofif  freely  by  the  kidneys,  removing  the  alcohol  with  it, 
so  that  in  ten  minutes  the  man  is  perfectly  sober. 

It  has  been  observed  by  Dr.  Genth  that,  if  large  quantities 
of  water  are  taken  in  twenty-four  hours  (four  thousand  cubic 
centimetres),  the  temperature  of  the  body  falls,  the  pulse  be- 
comes slower,  and  the  number  of  inspirations  per  minute  are 
diminished.* 

The  temperature  of  water  drank  also  bears  a  relation  to  its 
action  on  the  system  as  well  as  its  absorption;  thus,  cold 
water  increases  the  peristaltic  motion  of  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines, while  hot  water  does  not  produce  this  effect.  For 
this  reason  certain  mineral  waters  may  purge  when  taken  cold, 
but  will  not  do  so  when  hot. 

Hosier,"  who  instituted  a  series  of  experiments  relative  to 
the  action  of  water,  found  a  difference  of  action  at  different 
ages.  The  effects  were  more  decided  and  lasting  in  children 
than  in  adults.  If  water  was  administered  for  a  considerable 
time,  the  metamorphosis  of  tissue  proceeded  much  more  rap- 
idly in  persons  of  feeble  constitution  than  in  the  vigorous. 
He  also  found  that  in  those  instances  in  which  the  appetite 
was  indulged  (for  it  was  usually  increased),  the  waste  of  tissue 
was  compensated,  and  the  person  did  not  lose  in  weight.  In 
some  cases  the  action  of  the  water  was  more  diaphoretic  than 
diuretic. 

The  action  of  mineral  waters  may  be  divided  into  the  imr 
mediate  and  the  remote. 

The  immediate  action  is  that  which  results  within  twenty- 
four  hours  after  it  is  taken.  It  may  present  as  a  stimulant^ 
sedative,  or  eliminant,  according  to  the  constitution  of  the 
water.  The  first  impression  of  a  mineral  water  is  that  which  is 
exercised  upon  the  stomach.  Waters  cold  in  temperature, 
containing  considerable  carbonic-acid  gas  and  alkaline  in  con- 
stitution, will  prove  sedative,  both  to  that  organ  and  the  arte- 
rial system,  while  hot  waters  and  those  highly  charged  with 


» Althaus^s  "Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  161. 

>  ^^Untersnchmigen  fiber  den  Elnfloss  des  innerlichen  Gebrauches,"  etc 
ISDt.    Quoted  from  Althsus. 


Gotttngoia 


42 


MINERAl,  SPKINGa 


sulphuretted  hydrogen  will  prove  stimulant    Certain  sulohm. 

waters,  containing  eonsiderable  organic  matter,  ^deddX 

sedative  .n  action,  reducing  the  frequency  of  the  pulse  The 
el  mmant  action  results  from  the  effect  of  the  wrters  on  th! 

ntesfnes,  kidneys,  and  skin.  Wate«  containing  cu'ride  of 
sodium,  sulphate  of  soda,  or  sulphate  of  magnfs'aT  W 
proportion,  act  readUy  on  the  intestines.  ^ImZeZ 
oalcc  waters  prove  diuretic,  some  of  them  stimldng  h«  ^^■ 
neys  m  a  marked  manner.  Certain  waters  are  cafharL  or 
diurefe,  according  to  the  mode  of  «dministra«on     Tl™  a 

:Z':TT'  "  --P-«™'y  ™aU  amount  of  pu^^ve 
salts,  wUh  other  constituento,  such  as  sulphate  of  lime  and 
carbonates,  wiU  prove  actively  cathartic  if  Le„  in  doses  "f 
two  or  three  glasses  before  breakfast;  but,  if  the  same  ouan-  ' 

ty  be  equally  disthbuted  through  the  da;  in  smaU  portas 
It  wJl  produce  a  copious  flow  of  urine,  while  the  intesdnes 

alt  v'f "f '•  ^*'""'S''  P""  ™*«'  ^"en  takentwe 
quantxhes  tends  to  produce  diaphoresis,  yet  there  are  some 

mXd  r  '"  *«  T"'  *■'"'  "'^g""'-^  excrctoriLTn  : 
~edTtt  f  ""  *"'  ^'Ptar-waters.  This  action  is 
promoted  .f  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere 
IS  high,  and  retarded  if  it  is  low.  mospnere 

Mineral  waters  also  produce  stimulation  or  sedation  when 
applied  externaUy.  The  results  obtained  in  this  way  de~nd 
more  on  the  temperature  of  the  water  than  any  acZK 

water  contaming  a  large  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas  is 
thereby  rendered  directly  stimulant  to  the  skin,  and  w^  s 
highly  impregnated  with  organic  constituents-those  thit  are 
unctuous  or  oleaginous  in  texture-prove  sedative. 

The  ».,^<,fe  action  of  a  mineral  water  is  its  alterative  effect 

tt  t  qtii;;. ""'  ""'^°*^  °^  ^--='  '=  'y  ^-  *«  -t  im;::: 

ifv  tt!.*?fT  ^-^  medicines  which,  in  appropriate  doses,  mod- 
ify the  nutntion  of  the  body  without  producing  any  antece- 
dent phenomena.-    This  is  precisely  the'^result  obtained  ty^^ 

Stmt's  "Theranentina  nnd  \r«t^^~^r-^'—  ^'  f-"      •  22 

.  ,.^^3  jicmua,'  iooa,  TOJ.  U.,  p.  629. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


43 


long-continued  use  of  mineral  waters  in  moderate  doses.     How 
this  occurs  is  readily  understood  when  we  consider  the  consti- 
tution of  the  body.    As  has  been  before  stated,  we  are  only 
so  much  water  in  combination  with  varied  proportions  of  car- 
bon, oxygen,  hydrogen,-  nitrogen,  chloride  of  sodium,  phos- 
phate of  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  soda,  etc.    The 
water  thus  combined  may  be  termed  the  water  of  constitution^ 
answering  the  same  purpose  in  maintaining  the'  body  in  form 
that  the  water  of  crystallization  does  in  continuing  a  crystal 
in  its  integrity.     But,  although  the  amount  of  water  in  the 
body  is  about  the  same,  it  is  continually  being  replaced,  a  por- 
tion being  discharged  and  a  corresponding  portion  received. 
For  the  ordinary  purposes  of  quenching  thirst  we  imbibe  waters 
containing  a  very  minute  quantity  of  mineral  ingredients ;  but 
when  we  repair  to  a  mineral  fountain  for  the  cure  of  disease 
we  drink  freely  of  water  containing  double,  treble,  quadruple, 
and  even  a  hundred  times,  the  quantity  and  number  of  chemi- 
cal constituents.     The  water  thus  introduced,  slowly  and  regu- 
larly, penetrates  every  blood-vessel,  capillary,  and  tissue  of 
the  bodily  structure,  gradually  replacing  the  water  of  consti- 
tution, and  by  its  diflFerent  chemical  affinities  changing  the 
molecular  organism.     It  is  not  maintained  that  all  of  the  con- 
stituents of  the  mineral  water  are  retained ;  doubtless  an  al- 
most infinitesimal  quantity  is  incorporated  each  day ;  but  in 
the  course  of  weeks  there  is  a  decided  and  radical  result — an 
alterative  effect — manifested  by  increased  metamorphosis  of 
tissue,  by  elimination  of  poisonous  elements,  by  the  cure  of 
disease.    If  too  long  continued,  however,  a  cachectic  state  will 
result  similar  to  that  produced  by  the  prolonged  administra- 
tion of  other  alterative  agents  after  the  full  effect  has  been 
produced. 

All  mineral  waters  produce  an  alterative  action.  Is  there 
any  difference  in  this  action  as  it  results  from  various  waters  ? 
We  answer,  unhesitatingly.  Yes.  The  alterative  effect  of  dif- 
ferent classes  of  waters  varies,  just  as  the  alterative  action  of 
iodine,  arsenic,  or  mercury.  Each  acts  on  diverse  portions  of 
the  blood  and  tissues.    The  alterative  effect  of  alkaline  waters 


44 


MINEBAL  SPRINOa 


exhibits  itself  in  a  reduction  of  the  fibrinous  element  of  the  blood 
—in  a  modification  of  the  processes  which  produce  lithio  acid. 
Saline  waters  exert  their  influence  most  decidedly  on  the  glan- 
dular system.  Sulphur-waters  tend  to  the  skin.  Chalybeate 
waters  aflfect  the  red  globules  of  the  blood.  In  like  manner 
we  may  expect  variations  in  the  alterative  action  of  the  sub- 
divisions of  the  different  classes.  And,  although  our  knowl- 
edge in  this  durection  is  not  as  specific  as  desirable,  still  there 
is  sufficient  to  amply  establish  the  varied  alterative  action  of 
mineral  waters. 

When  mineral  waters  are  taken  in  excessive  quantities  for 
some  time,  there  is  a  kind  of  revolt  of  the  system  known  as 
the  bad  sturm,  or  bath-fever.    There  is  diminished  appetite,  a 
sense  of  excessive  fatigue,  excitement  of  the  pulse,  heat  of  the 
skin,  and  sometimes  giddiness.     While  this  feverish  condition 
testifies  the  constitutional  action  of  the  water,  it  is  in  no  way 
necessary  or  desirable  in  the  treatment  of  disease.    It  corre- 
sponds to  the  ptyalism  produced  by  hydrargyrum;  the  nausea 
dryness  of  the  throat,  and  irritation  of  the  eyelids,  caused  by 
arsenious  acid,  and  the  pustular  eruption  resulting  from  iodine. 
When  this  irritant  action  of  a  mineral  water  shows  itself,  it  is 
necessary  to  diminish  the  quantity  taken,  or  entirely  suspend  it 
for  several  days. 

The  action  of  thermal  waters  containing  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  mineral  constituents  is  undoubtedly  due  to  stimulation 
of  the  excretory  function  of  the  skin.     A  consideration  of  the 
process  followed  at  these  establishments  enables  us  to  under- 
stand how  cures  are  produced  in  this  way.     In  many  of  them 
the  following  or  a  similar  routine  is  followed :  The  patient  first 
enters  a  warm  or  hot  bath,  where  he  remains  for  some  minutes 
until  the  capillaries  of  the  skin  are  thoroughly  congested. 
While  there  he  places  any  painful  or  contracted  joint  or  neu- 
ralgic portion  of  the  body  under  a  spout  of  hot  water.     From 
the  warm  bath  he  proceeds  to  the  vapor-room,  where  he  is 
surrounded  with  hot  vapor  of  high  temperature.     During  his 
stay  in  this  apartment  he  drinks  freely  of  hot  water,  and  per- 
spiration •noiirs  frnm  iha  infomiivi<>Tif       Ti ,_  i , . 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


40 


retiring-room,  where  he  reclines  on  a  cot  well  wrapped  in  a 
blanket.  There  he  remains  for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes, 
most  of  the  time  in  a  bath  of  perspiration,  and  the  process  is 
complete.  A  bath  of  this  kind  is  repeated  every  day  or  every 
other  day  for  weeks.  Is  it  surprising  that  under  these  condi- 
tions the  metamorphosis  of  tissue  proceeds  with  excessive 
rapidity ;  that  changes  are  wrought  in  a  few  weeks  which  in 
the  ordinary  course  would  occupy  years  ?  The  entire  system 
is  drenched  with  warm  water ;  it  is  thoroughly  washed  out, 
and  in  these  copious  sweats  uric  acid,  syphilitic  poison,  and 
other  materials  of  disease,  are  expelled. 

Profuse  warm  and  hot  bathing  is  sometimes  followed  by 
an  eruption  on  the  surface  of  the  skin  known  as  psydracia 
thermalis,  the  bad  friesel^  or  la  poussSe.  It  is  accompanied 
with  slight  feverishness,  fulness  of  the  head,  and  other  symp- 
toms similar  to  those  described  above  in  bath-fever.  These 
eruptions  also  occur  in  some  instances  as  a  result  of  the  inter- 
nal use  of  mineral  waters.  They  were  at  one  time  thought 
necessary  to  the  curative  action  of  thermal  waters*  Experi- 
ence, however,  has  proved  the  fallacy  of  this  idea,  unless  it 
be  in  some  instances  of  inveterate  skin-disease,  when  these 
bath  eruptions  seem  to  cure  the  original  malady  by  suhatUvr 
Hon. 

We  cannot  close  this  chapter  more  appropriately  than  by 
quoting  the  words  of  the  lamented  Trousseau— a  man  pos- 
sessed of  a  calm,  judicial  and  philosophic  mind — distinguished 
for  accurate  knowledge  in  every  department  of  medicine — the 
most  brilliant  practitioner  of  this  century : 

"  Whatever  may  be  said  of  them,  mineral  waters  are  not 
simple  medicaments ;  whatever  may  be  the  predominant  min- 
eralizing agent  as  demonstrated  by  analysis,  it  acts  not  alone. 
Nature,  in  combining,  with  the  more  or  less  notable  elements 
which  chemistry  may  isolate,  other  exceedingly  variable  ingre- 
dients, and  principles  which  have  not  yet  been  discovered,  has 
done  for  this  mineralized  agent  that  which  we  seek  to  imitate 
each  day  in  our  prescriptions  when  we  endeavor  to  reinforce 
or  diminish  the  effect  of  a  medicinal  substance  by  associating 


46 


IIINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Others  with  it.    In  making  dm  allowance  always  for  the  par- 
ticular phenomena  which  may  result  from  the  action  of  such 
or  such  dements  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  a  mineral 
water,  we  should  not  attribute  to  a  single  pnnciple,  however 
dominant  it  appears  in  the  chemical  analysis,  all  the  proper- 
ties of  the  water,  and  clinical  experience  only  can  permit  us 
to  judge.'    This  is  so  exceedingly  true  that  dyspepsias  allied 
to  a  grave  cachectic  state— I  do  not  now  speak  of  paludal 
cachexia— are  admirably  modified  by  very  different  waters,  by 
those  of  Vichy  or  Pougues ;  by  those  waters  in  which  the 
mmeralizmg  principle  escapes,  so  to  speak,  chemical  analysis  • 
such  as  the  waters  of  Plombi^res  and  Bagn6res-de-BIgorre 
Although  we  range  Plombidres  in  the  class  of  sulphated  soda- 
waters  and  Bigorre  in  that  of  sulphated  calcic,  they  have  a 
mineralization  so  feeble  in  appearance  that  the  predominance 
of  such  or  such  of  their  elements  is  lost,  and  renders  their 
classification,  so  to  spc^k,  artificial.    In  comparing  them  with 
the  waters  of  the  Seine  taken  at  different  points  near  Paris, 
with  those  of  Arcueil  or  those  of  the  artesian  wells  of  Gre- 
nelle,  we  find  the  advantage  with  the  latter,  relatively  at  least 
to  the  waters  of  PlombiSres.     But,  considering  the  results  of 
medical  experience,  we  know  that  the  waters  of  the  Seine 
have  no  other  effect  than  to  occasion  a  slight  diarrhoea  in 
tsome  individuals  not  habituated   to  their  use,  and  which  we 
know  not  how  else  to  attribute  than  to  the  salts  of  soda,  to 
the  chlorides  which  they  contain  in  very  small  quantity.  They 
have  never  been,  that  I  know  of,  inscribed  in  the  very  volumi- 
nous catalogue  of  mineral  waters.     In  placing  them  thus  in 
parallel  with  the  waters  of  Plombidres,  of  Bagri^res-de-Bi- 
gorre— I  will  add,  with  the  waters  of  Neris  or  of  Mont  Dore 
which  are  hardly  more  mineralized  than  they— far  be  it  from 
my  thought  of  forgetting  for  an  instant  the  efficacy  of  these 
justly-celebrated  thermals."      PlombiSres    and    Bagn^res-de- 
Bigorre,  in  the  particular  disease  which  occupies  us,  in  virtue 
of  an  action  which  escapes  us  and  which  I  know  not  how  to 

•  The  Italics  are  not  In  the  original 

•  Tlieso  waters  are  used  intomaUyin  dvsDenslM, 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERa 


47 


explain,  triumph  over  rebellious  .-dyspepsias.  Under  their 
salutary  influence  the  appetite  revives,  the  constitution  is  re- 
organized; patients  aflFected  with  dropsy,  with  visceral  en- 
gorgement, arrive  at  Plombidres  or  at  Bigorre  in  a  deplorable 
state,  and  depart,  after  a  single  seaoon,  in  a  condition  notably 
ameliorated,  and  are  often  cured  in  a  manner  altogether  un, 
expected."  * 

I  "OHnlque  Medlcale,"  Paris,  1868^  t  IIL,  pp.  68,  W. 


CHAPTER   V. 

CHBMIOAI.  CONSTITUENTS. 

Some  wntcrs  on  mineral  waters  almost  entirely  ignore  their 
chemical  constituents,  finding  in  the  fact  that,  when  analyzed, 
we  cannot  explain  all  of  their  effects— an  argument  against 
any  consideration  of  this  portion  of  the  subject.     Fortunately, 
those  who  would  thus  place  a  seal  on  investigation  are  but  a 
small  minority.     Although  it  will  readily  be  conceded  that  an 
analysis,  however  accurate,  in  the  present  state  of  science,  will 
not  always  indicate  the  diseases  to  which  the  water  is  applica- 
ble, still,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  it  forms  an  exceedingly 
valuable  guide— one  which  cannot  be  overlooked.    And,  if  we 
are  ever  thoroughly  to  comprehend  the  action  of  mineral 
waters,  the  discovery  lies  in  this  direction.     Since  the  dis- 
covery of  iodine  and  its  vu:tue  in  scrofula,  its  salts  have  been 
detected  in  many  mineral  waters  which  had  long  been  consid- 
ered valuable  in  that  disease. 

It  is  nevertheless  true  that  the  combinations  of  the  ele- 
ments, as  shown  in  analyses,  are  altogether  empirical.     The 
chemist  first  determines  the  bases — ^the  amount  of  magnesia, 
soda,  potassa,  lime,  alumina ;  then  the  acids  and  gases— the 
carbonic  acid,  sulphuric  acid,  silicic  acid,  chlorine,  iodine ;  and, 
after  each  of  these  elements  is  separated,  he  combines  them 
according  to  approved  formuljB,  giving  the  result  in  so  many 
grains  of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  potassa,  chloride 
of  sodium,  iodide  of  sodium,  etc.     Yet,  although  the  chemist 
may  have  performed  his  work  most  faithfully,  still  there  are 
unknown  quantities  that  elude  his  search,  appearing  iu  the 
analysis  under  the  designations  loss,  organic  matter,  or  extrac- 
tive matter.     These  facts,  however,  only  show  that  chemical 
science  is  not  perfect. 

"  MP  nfor^fSS  ^V  XJdViiP.Vi    pain-Tr-ofpr  (liccrklTroc    onlfo   A.^»^    _^«1,™ 
^ -T u   ^j     ., „  •_-_    ,,  a,^,^,    v!iOu\^iTvo  uuxla  xiOiii    xv/tji\a 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


40 


in  passing  through  the  earth,  was  alluded  to  in  a  previous 
chapter.     Sulphates  and  chlorides,  which  form  a  large  part  of 
many  rocks,  are  readily  dissolved  by  pure  water.     When  water 
becomes  largely  impregnated  with  carbonic  acid  and  oxygen, 
its  solvent  power  is  exceedingly  increased ;  so  much  so  that 
there  are  no  rocks  that  can  altogether  resist  its  action.  Quartz, 
granite,  and  basalt,  are  decomposed  by  carbonated  water.     It 
has  been  shown  by  M.  Struve  that  carbonated  water,  by  driv- 
ing out  silicious  acid,  decomposes  silicates  under  a  moderate 
pressure.     He  eflfected  a  decomposition  of  silicates  of  soda  and 
potash  by  treating  Bohemian  basalt,  phonolite  and  felspar 
with  carbonated  water.*     Although  iron  and  lii    ;  are  insolu- 
ble as  carbonates,  they  are  soluble  as  bicarbonates ;  and,  if  the 
water  contain  a  sufficient  quantity  of  carbonic  acid,  these  in- 
gredients are  dissolved.    If  water  containing  sulphate  of  lime 
meets  carbonate  of  magnesia,  the  carbonic  acid  combines  with 
the  lime  and  the  sulphuric  acid  with  the  magnesia,  and  thus  a 
soluble  sulphate  of  magnesia  is  formed.    From  such  facts  we 
readily  comprehend  how  waters  originally  pure  become  im- 
pregnated with  many  foreign  ingredients  in  passing  through  the 
earth.     A  most  conclusive  experiment,  showing  that  the  con- 
stituents of  mineral  waters  depend  on  the  strata  through  which 
they  pass,  was  made  by  M.  Struve.     At  Bilin,  in  Bohemia, 
there  is  an  alkaline  mineral  spring,  the  composition  of  which 
is  given  below.     Struve  took  a  quantity  of  clink-stone  from 
the  same  locality,  pulverized  it,  and  subjected  it  to  the  action 
of  carbonated  water,  under  a  pressure  of  two  atmospheres, 
with  the  following  result : ' 


Billn  (Bohemia), 
One  pint  cental  ds— 

Natural  Water. 

Artificial  Water. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Gralnik 
22.T 
1.1 
8.0 
2.8 
l.T 
6.1 
0.8 

Grains. 

21.9 
1.1 
4.4 
1.9 

1.6 
4.8 
0.5 

"          ma(rno8la 

"          limo 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

"        soda 

BUlca. 

Total 

87.  T 

86.3 

Althaus's  "  Spas  of  Europe,"  p. 


9  Ibid,  p.  69. 


60 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


As  a  rule,  the  quantity  of  ingredients  in  mineral  waters 
continues  the  same  from  year  to  year.*    An  illustration  of  this 
fact  IS  found  in  our  own  country  in  the  Congress  Spring    of 
Saratoga.     The  analysis  of  that  water,  given  under  Saratoga 
Spnngs,  was  made  by  Prof.  Chandler,  in  1871,  and  it  en- 
tirely agrees  in  the  essential  points  with  an  analysis  of  the 
same  water  made  in  1832  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Steel-thirty-nine  years 
ago.     However,  there  are  a  few  instances  on  record  of  remark- 
able variation.     This  is  the  case  with  the  springs  of  Saxan,  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland.     These  waters  were  ana- 
lyzed  in  1844  by  M.  Morin,  who  then  reported  that  they  con- 
tamed  no  iodine.     In  1853,  however,  they  were  analyzed  by 
Baron  Cesati  and  Dr.  Pigaut,  who  found  considerable  iodine 
M.  Pyr-Morin  then  gave  them  closer  investigation,  and  has 
discovered  that,  in  regard  to  this  constituent,  they  change  not 
only  from  year  to  year,  but  from  day  to  day,  and  from  hour  to 
hour.     Thus,  within  the  same  day  the  amount  of  iodine  was 
found  at  one  time  to  be  0;  at  another,  0.17;  and  at  another 
0.31  to  10,000  parts  of  water.    On  another  occasion  four  dif' 
ferent  examinations  were  made  in  the  same  day,  and  the  record 
was  thus :  0.61,  0.57,  0.17,  and  0 ;  and  at  another  day  the  rec- 
ord ran  thus:  0.98,  0.47,  0.67,  and  0.    The  largest  amount 
ever  found  was  3.25  in  10,000  parts  of  water.     And  this  same 
spring  also  varies  in  other  constituents.     Such  a  result  as  here 
described  is,  however,  altogether  exceptional. 
^      Sudden  changes  are  sometimes  due  to  earthquakes,  show- 
mg  the  immediate  connection  of  springs  with  fissures  in  the 
earth.     During  the  earthquake  of  Lisbon  the  water  of  TOp- 
htz,  in  Bohemia,  assumed  a  reddish-yellow  appearance,  which 
lasted  for  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  at  the  same  time  the  springs 
of  Clifton,  in  Gloucestershire,  England,  became  turbid.     At 
the  time  of  the  earthquake  in  1690,  the  water  of  Gastein  be- 

wfal  ^„7^''** '"''^  =  ""^^  ^^^'^  Of  ""  permanent  springs  (between  203'  and 209') are  Pke- 
wise    n  a  most  remarkable  degree,  the  purest,  and  such  as  hold  In  solution  the  smJll^st 

stant  than  that  of  springs  between  122'  and  165',  whleh,  In  Europe  at  kast,  have  mX 

ing  the  last  fifty  or  sixty  7ear8."-(Co8mo8.Bohn'8En«rU8h«HiHnn  v^^i  i    .,^.0.0  n,„x 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS.  51 

came  white  and  clayey.    In  1765,  after  an  earthquake,  the 
fresh-water  well  of  Castel  Alfieri,  in  Piedmont,  became  charged 
with  sulphurous  vapors  and  salines,  and  so  remained  till  1808 
when,  afier  another  earthquake,  its  former  freshness  retunied! 
Many  mineral  waters  precipitate  a  portion  of  theix-  constit- 
uents when  they  issue  from  the  earth,  thus  forming  deposits. 
This  result  is  due  to  the  escape  of  gases  from  the  water,  to  the 
cooling  of  hot  waters,  and  to  other  chemical  changes  arising 
from  contact  with  the  air.    Prominent  examples  of  such  de- 
posits are  seen  in  the  cones  about  the  orifices  of  the  recently, 
discovered  geysers  in  Wyoming  Territory;  at  the  Peubla  Hot 
Spnngs,  Humboldt  County,  Nevada;  at  the  High  Rock  Spring 
Saratoga,  and  the  Red  Sweet  Springs,  Virginia.     They  almost 
invariably  consist  of  carbonates,  sulphates,  or  silicates  of 
earthy  bases. 

CARBONATES  AND  BICARBONATES. 

Nearly  all  mineral  springs  contain  a  proportion  of  carbon- 
ates; and  in  some  springs  they  are  found  in  large  quantity. 
In  such  instances  they  give  to  the  water  its  characteristic 
properties.    Thus,  if  the  carbonates  are  those  of  potassa,  soda 
magnesia,  or  lithia,  the  water  is  alkaline;  if  the  base  of  the 
carbonate  is  lime,  the  waters  are  calcareous,  and  frequently 
form  large  deposits  of  tufa  on  the  rocks  and  material  with 
which  they  come  in  contact.    A  remarkable  example  of  the 
presence  of  this  carbonate  is  found  in  the  spring  of  the  Alabas- 
ter  Cave,  near  Sacramento,  California.     The  alkaline  carbon- 
ates  are  formed  when  carbonated  waters  pass  over  or  through 
rocks  pontaining  alkaline  silicates,  as  granite,  syenite,  basalt, 
etc.     Many  of  the  carbonates  are  but  slightly  soluble  in  the 
form  of  simple  carbonates;  but,  when  by  the  presence  of  a 
large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  bicarbonates  are  formed,  tliey 
dissolve  readily.     However,  in  the  analyses  published  in  this 
work,  the  result  is  always  given  as  carbonates,  in  order  that 
uniformity  may  be  secured  for  the  purpose  of  comparison. 

Carbonate  of  Boda.-^x^  salt  is  in  the  form  of  transpar- 
ont  and  colorless  prismatic  crystals,  having  a  strongly  alkaline 


52 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


taste.     The  i«-carbonate  exists  in  the  fonn  of  a  white  powder. 
They  both  render  water  alkaline  in  reaction.     In  medicinal 
doses  the  carbonate  of  soda  first  diminishes  the  secretions,  but 
subsequently  increases  them,  the  urine  being  most  susceptible 
to  its  influence.     It  appears  that  the  action  on  the  discharge 
of  urine  is  to  augment  the  watery  portion  without  increasing 
the  amount  of  urea.     Under  its  use  the  uric  acid  almost  dis- 
appears, subsequently  to  reappear,  although  the  medicine  be 
continued.     The  free  acids  of  the  urine,  however,  are  replaced 
by  earthy  phosphates.     This  carbonate  also  increases  the  alka- 
linity of  the  blood.    It  should  be  remembered  that  the  blood, 
the  saliva,  the  bile,  the  milk,  and  the  secretions  from  the  mu- 
cous membrane,  are  normally  alkaline.    In  some  diseases,  how- 
ever, they  become  acid,  and  the  alkaline  carbonates  are  prob- 
ably efficient  in  the  treatment  of  these  diseases  by  the  tendency 
to  neutralize  this  cou  Jition.   It  is  also  asserted  that  a  continued 
use  of  the  alkalies  reduces  the  quantity  of  fibrine  in  the  blood. 
The  diseases  in  which  this  medicine  has  been  found  useful 
are  as  follows :  In  dyspepsia  accompanied  with  acidity  of  the 
stomach  and  intestinal  secretions ;  in  diabetes,  bicarbonate  of 
soda  has  in  some  instances  caused  sugar  to  entirely  disappear 
from  the  urine,  and  has  reestablished  the  general  health;  in 
lithiasis,  that  condition  which  tends  to  the  formation  of  uric 
acid,  gravel,  and  calculus,  the  administration  of  the  bicarbon- 
ate in  highly-carbonated  water  has  given  good  results. 

Carbonate  of  potassa  is  white,  inodorous,  and  crystallizes 
with  difficulty;  it  is  usually  met  with  in  a  granular  state,  and 
has  great  affinity  for  water.  In  mineral  waters  it  occurs  in 
the  form  of  a  *^-carbonate.  This  salt  forms  colorless,,  trans- 
parent, octahedral  crystals,  of  a  saline  and  caustic  taste, 
readily  soluble  in  water.  It  is  not  found  in  mineral  waters  in 
large  quantity,  though  there  is  reason  to  believe  it  is  more 
frequently  present  than  is  usually  reported. 

In  its  action  on  the  system  the  bicarbonate  of  potassa  is 
antacid  and  diuretic,  and  is  used  in  the  same  diseases  as  the 
carbonate  of  soda.  It  has  most  frequently  been  employed  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  lithio-aoid  deposits  in  the  urine. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


53 


Carbonate  of  magnesia  is  a  fine  white  powder,  possessing 
a  slight  earthy  taste  and  no  odor.  It  is  more  frequently  found 
hi  waters  originating  in  secondary  and  tertiary  formations  than 
in  primitive.  It  is  a  mild  laxative,  and  a  good  palliative  in 
acid  or  sour  stomach,  heart-burn,  and  sick-headache,  especially 
if  the  person  is  constipated.  It  has  been  used  successfully  to 
check  the  formation  of  acid  gravel,  and  has  been  considered 
superior  to  the  alkaline  salts  of  soda  and  potassa. 

Carbonate  of  Lime.— The  most  familiar  form  of  this  sub- 
stance is  chalk.  It  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  south 
of  England  and  nOrth  of  France.  As  an  ingredient  in  mineral 
waters  it  occurs  most  frequently  in  those  having  their  source 
in  the  secondary  and  tertiary  formations. 

The  action  of  the  carbonate  of  lime  is  altogether  diflferent 
from  the  carbonates  above  described.     They    are    evacuant, 
diuretic,  and  promotive  of  secretion ;  while  the  latter  dimin- 
ishes the  secretions  and  causes  constipation,  though  at  the 
same  time  being  alkaline  in  action.     It  is  analogous  in  its 
effects  to  lime-water.    This  preparation  has  powers  useful  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  chronic  diarrhoea.     It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  over  a  hundred  years  ago  lime-water  was  vaunted  as 
a  remedy  in  calculous  affections,  and,  according  to  the  best 
testimony,  with  good  reason.*     Though  not  a  curative,  it  is  a 
valuable  palliative  in  these  disorders.     Many  springs  in  this 
country  which  have  long  possessed  a  merited  reputation  for 
the  relief  of  calculous  diseases  are  chiefly  impregnated  with 
carbonate  of  lime,  associated  with  a  large  quantity  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

Carbonate  of  lithia  is  deposited  from  a  solution  in  the 
form  of  small  prisms.  It  dissolves  in  one  hundred  parts  of 
cold  water,  but  more  readily  when  the  water  is  charged  with 
carbonic  acid.  The  solution  is  alkaline.  This  salt  comports 
itself  in  most  respects  like  the  carbonate  of  soda.     It  has 


Stlll6'8  " Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica,"  vol.  1.,  pp.  80.3, 304,  says:  "There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  it  is  a  remedy  too  much  neglected  at  the  present  time  as  a  palliative  for  stone 
•  •  •  There  is  some  reason  to  beUsve  that  uric-acid  gravel  may  be  dissolved  aad  cUmiaated 
nnder  ita  use." 


64 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


been  especially  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  uric-acid 
gravel  and  gout.  It  was  brought  to  notice  by  Alexander  Ure 
who  found  that  it  united  with  uric  acid  much  more  readily 
than  carbonate  of  soda  or  potassa,  and  that  the  urate  of  lithia 
is  the  most  soluble  of  all  the  uratos;  hence,  when  the  excess 
of  uno  acid  in  the  body  forms  this  salt  with  lithia,  it  passes 
off  readily  by  the  urine.  It  is  not  usually  found  in  mineral 
waters  in  large  quantities. 

Carbonate  of  Strontia.—ThiB  salt  is  found  in  mineral  wa- 
ters  only  in  small  quantities,  and  in  the  form  of  bicarbonate. 
In  action  it  is  similar  to  the  corresponding  salt  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron  is  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  possessing 
a  ferruginous  taste.   It  is  without  smell.     Iron  is  not  found  in 
this  form  in  mineral  waters,  but  as  a  protocarbonate  or  bicar 
bonate. 

The  salts  of  iron  administered  internally  in  small  quanti- 
ties are  dissolved  by  the  gastric  juice  and  enter  the  blood. 
They  increase  the  appetite,  promote  digestion,  impart  redness 
to  the  blood-globules  and  augment  their  number.  The  person 
who  may  have  been  depressed  and  languid  recovers  strength 
and  spirit  under  theu-  influence.  In  large  quantities,  and  con- 
tinued  for  a  long  time,  digestion  is  impaired,  constipation  en- 
sues, and  the  faeces  are  blackened. 

If  iron  is  diminished  in  the  blood,  the  lips  are  pale,  the 
face  is  white  and  anemic,  the  mind  is  depressed,  and  energy 
fails.  From  this  fact  we  can  appreciate  the  value  of  chalyb- 
eate mineral  waters  in  treating  anaemic  conditions.  Owing 
to  the  minute  subdivision  of  the  iron  in  mineral  water  it 
readily  enters  the  blood.  * 

Carbonate  of  manganese  is  of  a  rose-red  or  brownish 
color.  In  mineral  waters  it  is  found  as  a  bicarbonate.  It  is 
not  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  exists  in  but  small  proportion. 
Medicinally  it  comports  itself  much  like  the  salts  of  iron. 

CHLOLMDES. 

Nearly  all  mineral  waters  contain  chlorides  in  greater  or 
less  proportion.     The  fact  that  they  enter  so  largely  into  iLc 


fr< 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS  Ktc 

oomposition  of  soil,  rooks,  and  vegetable  and  animal  Ufe,  read- 
Uy  explains  their  almost  universal  presence  in  mineral  waters. 
CAlorideof  sodium,  or  table^alt,  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  chlorides.    It  exists  in  the  blood,  the  bones, 
and  the  muscles,  in  largo  quantity,  and  is  essential  for  their 
mtegrity;  and  there  is  no  solid  or  fluid  in  the  body,  except 
the  enamel  of  the  teeth,  that  does  not  contain  this  chloride  in 
some  proportion.     From  this  fact  we  readily  appreciate  why 
salt  .s  such  a  universal  condiment.     It  is  consumed  in  large 
quantities,  each  person  taking  from  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  to 
an  ounce  each  day,  though  there  is  considerable  variation  in 
this  regard  in  different  nations.     Russians  are  said  to  consume 
two  oun^s  and  more  per  day.    This  large  amount,  which  is 
contmually  introduced  into  the  system,  is  voided  with  the 
urine,  leaving  thf  absolute  quantity  the  same 
of  W  ^  T''t^  of  table-salt,  is  illustrated  by  the  experiments 
of  Wundt.    After  having  eaten  food  for  three  days  unsea- 
soned with  salt,  he  found  the  urine  had  become  neutral,  and 
contoined  albumen.    On  returning  to  salted  food,  the  urine  re- 
gamed  its  normal  condition  in  two  days.     Salt  is  an  important 
t^rli:  -'"oration;  it  is  found  in  all  exudatio'l.s ;  so 
much  so  that  in  pneumonia,  when  exudation  is  active,  chloride 
of  sodium  disappears  entirely  from  the  urine,  to  reappear  when 
the  process  ceases.    It  is  also  known  to  exercise  a  dLt  effect 
on  the  growth  of  the  hair.    When  an  animal  does  not  recede 
a  proper  quantity  of  salt,  the  hair  becomes  rough  and  wiry,  and 
the  beast  be  rays  signs  of  feebleness  and  ill-condition      So 

%aU lil"  ;'  V    *'"•'  y  '"  ''"'  ^"  ^'^^  *cy  frequent 
salt-licks     (saline  springs)  to  obtain  a  sufKcient  supply 

flo«  of  the  gastric  juice  and  the  bile ;  and,  by  its  antiseptic 

SZS  ^7-T  """f"'"'  """'"^^  ■"  *>"-  intestina'al 
tion  of  the  intestines,  producing  fluid  motions;  it  is  anerient 
but  not  cathartic.     The  quantity  of  urea  in  the  uleTaTso 

thTus  f    T!  '"""'  *■'"*  "■>''"  '"^s-  -""-t^  °  -  t 

fro  "  Z    '"'"'  '"''"''  *''^  ^"'S""  »f  "«=»  excreted  increased 
from  a.84  grammes  to  8.03,  and  even  9.43  gimmes,  in  tvven- 


66 


MINERAL  SPRINGS, 


! 


ty-four  hours,  from  which  we  may  conclude  that  salt  in  large 
quantities  hastens  the  disintegration  of  tissue.  The  result  of 
the  use  of  salt  in  large  quantities  is  to  cause  considerable  irri- 
tation of  the  stomach  and  intestines;  to  increase  the  flow  of 
urine,  which  is  accompanied  with  burning  along  the  course  of 
the  ureters ;  and  to  excite  the  generative  organs.  The  secre- 
tion of  the  raucous  membrane  of  the  bronchial  tubes  is  also  de- 
cidedly increased. 

Chloride  of  potassium  is  analogous  to  chloride  of  sodium, 
both  in  its  properties  and  medical  quaHties,  but  is  found  only 
in  small  quantities  either  in  the  body  or  in  springs. 

Chloride  of  magnesium  occurs  in  many  mineral  waters. 
It  forms  one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  the  waters  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  It  is  the  bittern  of  salt-works.  Medicinally,  it  has  been 
used  as  a  cholagogue  cathartic. 

Chloride  of  calcium  is  exceedingly  soluble,  and  occurs 
principally  in  saline  waters.  In  medicine,  it  has  been  used 
in  scrofulous  humors,  glandular  obstructions,  and  general  de- 
bility. 

Chloride  of  iron  is  a  comparatively  rare  ingredient  of 
mineral  waters.     It  is  astringent  and  tonic. 

Chloride  of  ccBsium  is  a  chemical  curiosity,  detected  in 
1860,  in  the  saline  mineral  waters  of  DUrckheim,  by  Kirchhoff 
and  Bunsen.  The  discovery  of  this  unknown  compound  was 
made  by  spectrum  analysis.  Having  determined  in  this  way 
the  presence  of  an  unknown  element  in  these  waters,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  isolate  it  by  direct  experiment.  For  this  purpose 
they  evaporated  over  105,000  pounds  of  the  water,  and  were 
enabled  to  procure  a  small  quantity  of  the  chloride.  From 
this  chloride  they  determined  the  physical  character  of  cesium. 
Cffisium  is  the  most  electro-positive  element  at  present  known ; 
its  atomic  weight  is  123.4.  In  the  spectrum  it  is  recognized 
by  two  sky-blue  lines— hence  the  name. 

Since  its  discovery  it  has  been  found  in  comparatively  large 
quantities  in  the  mineral  waters  of  Baden-Baden  and  Bour- 
bonne-les-Bains;  also,  in  the  mineral  known  as  lepidolite 
found  at  Hebron,  Maine.  ' 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS  .* 

57 

in  ,i!f  "^^  "{"'I'ifnm  is  a  rimflar  chemical  curiosity  found 

SULPHATES. 

The  sulphates  are  frequently  found  in  mineral  waters 

Epsom  and  G  auber  salts  are  familiar  to  every  one.  Occu" 
rmg  m  mmeral  waters  in  considerable  quantity^  th^y  g^rto 
them  a  bitter  taste  and  purgative  action;  ^  ^ 

found  ma  number  of  mineral  waters.  Next  to  chloride  of 
s^ium,  ,4.3  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  native  salto     ul 

tXTlalt  ^f  T^  °^  preparation.  It  is  a  white  crys- 
talline salt,  bitter  and  nauseous  in  taste,  and,  taken  in  doses 
of  hatf  an  ounce,  produces  watery  purgation     It  is  derived 

&S  '  T'^'  '^'^P">  ■"'°^'  S'^""^.  ""'1  other  ^k 
««?pA«*.  o/»«,^»«>„,  usually  known  as  Epsom  salts  ta 

P„  I    ?V  .w  n^e-Epsom-is  derived  from  a  spring  in 
England  of  that  name,  from  which  it  was  originally  prepaid 

however,  m  a  large  quantity  of  water,  this  salt,  as  well  asThe 
su^hate  of  soda,  tends  to  act  on  the  kid„eys,'increa  Lg    he 
flow  of  urine.    As  a  mineral,  it  occurs  in  serpentine  marl 
day,  slate,  and  limestone.  penune,  marj, 

^lp>u,te  oflhne,  or  gypsum,  is  not  found  in  large  quan- 
taty  m  m„eral  waters,  from  the  fact  that  not  more  that  tvrt, 
grams  will  dissolve  in  a  pound  of  pure  water.  It  doelnot 
occur  m  crystalline  rocks,  but  is  found  in  red  sandstone  and 
the  fissures  of  porphyry,  basalt,  and  granite.  It  is  not  employed 

Tolw^^;  "^"f  """"  ^P""rwaters,  it  forms  i  h'a  d 
coating  on  foreign  substances;  and  twigs  and  leaves  thus  cov- 
ered are  popularly  termed  petrifactions-an  error,  however,  .1 
the  mternal  substance  is  not  changed  into  stone. 

,Si.7^A«fe  o/potassa  is  a  bitter,  purging  salt,  similar  to  the 


68 


MINERAL  SPRmGS. 


sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia.    It  is  not  a  frequent  constit- 
uent of  mineral  waters. 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  fount'  h,  !'r  waters  of  springs  flowing 
through  rocks  containing  yiilphuret  of  iron.  It  is  a  greenish 
crystalline  salt,  exceedingly  astringent  in  action  ind  to  the 
taste.  It  is  seldom  present  in  mineral  waters.  Examples, 
however,  are  found  in  the  Alum  Springs  of  Viririnia,  and  the 
Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs  of  New  York. 

Sulphate  of  alumina  is  usually  found  associated  with  the 
sulphate  of  iron.  It  is  a  crystalline  salt,  exceedingly  soluble 
in  water,  and  of  a  styptic  taste.  In  medicine,  the  preparations 
of  alumina  are  i.rincipally  employed  as  astringents,  though 
testimony  is  not  wanting  of  their  remedial  value  in  diseases 
of  a  diflFerent  type,  such  as  chronic  bronchitis,  chronic  diar- 
rhoea, whooping-cough,  and  lead-colic. 

IODIDES. 

Although  the  iodides  occur  in  mineral  waters  only  in  small 
quantity,  they  undoubtedly  influence  their  curative  properties 
in  a  marked  degree.  Indeed,  certain  springs  were  long  cele- 
brated for  the  cure  of  scrofula,  goitre,  and  analogous"  aflFec- 
tions,  their  efficacy  being  unexplained  till  the  discovery  of 
iodine,  its  eflFects  in  these  diseases,  and  finafly  its  presence  in 
the  waters.  RiUiett,  of  Geneva,  has  described  the  effects  of 
iodine  in  small  and  long-continued  doses.  The  symptoms  are 
rapid  emaciation— the  appetite,  however,  continuing  good  and 
even  being  increased— nervous  palpitations  of  the  heart,  de- 
bility, depression  of  spirits,  and  sleeplessness.  In  this  ema- 
ciation the  various  glands  are  most  affected,  and  goitres  have 
disappeared  in  a  few  days  when  the  symptoms  were  fully 
developed.  Such  effects  have  resulted  even  from  a  sea-side 
residence  and  the  iodic  exhalations  of  salt-water,  but  more 
frequently  from  the  minute  proportions  of  iodine  in  certain 
mineral  waters.* 

Jof^/(?e  o/po^amww  usually  appears  in  semi-transparent 
cubical  crystals,  of  a   saline,  penetrating,  and  bitter  taste. 

>  8tlll6'8  "Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medlca,"  rol  il,,  p.  738. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITPENTa  .« 

laere  «  seldom  more  than  a  trace  to  be  found  in  mineral  wa- 
ters.  This  18  the  preparation  most  frequently  employed  for 
proounng  the  alterative  effects  of  iodine  in  various  diseases, 
etc.,  2         '^'  "''"'""'  ■••'eumatism,  tertiary  syphilis,  goitre, 

frr  «?.  T  '"."""""^  """""'■  '^^'"'  ^  »«'<•<"»  ««  much 
as  o„e.6fth  of  a  gram  of  the  salt  to  a  pint  of  water,  but  even 

effects  of  .odrne.  Th,s  salt  in  all  its  characteristics  resembles 
the  .od.de  of  potas8.um  above  described,  and  is  remedial  in 
the  same  d.sease3. 

BROMIDES. 

iodi^rTf '  """u^  ^".«°™^^h^*  l-^ger  proportion  than  the 
odides  The  combination  which  is  most  frequently  found  is 
that  of  bromide  of  magnesium.  This  salt  occurs  in  strong 
salme  waters  The  bromides,  when  given  in  small  doses  and 
long  continued,  are  alterative  in  their  effect,  and  in  some  cases 
reduce  enlargements  of  lymphatic  glands,  the  spleen,  liver, 
ovaries,  and  uterus,  but  are  not  equal  to  the  iodides  for  this 
purpose.       They  are  principally  used  to  allay  nervous  irita-  ' 

PHOSPHATES. 

These  occur  in  minute  proportion  in  many  springs:  The 
minera  8  from  which  they  are  derived  are  basalt,  mica,  granite, 
dolomite,  slate,  chalk,  and  many  other  formations.  The  phos^ 
phates  vary  m  action  according  to  the  base  with  which  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined:  thus  the  phosphate  of  soda  is  a 
mild  cathartic,  possessing  but  little  taste;  the  phosphate  of 
iron  IS  a  tonic,  and  the  phosphate  of  lime  is  recommended  in 
scrofulous  aflfections. 

SILICATES. 

Sffica  is  found  in  some  proportion  in  almost  all  springs, 
but  .n  much  larger  quantity  in  thermal  than  in  cold  sprinfs 
aUcates  have  been  supposed  to  impart  to  certain  waters  the 

^ SUM'.  "aTmnipeutloi  ood  Malerl.  Medloa,"  toI.  IL,  p.  lt». 


60 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


peculiar  unctuous  texture  which  they  possess.    The  niedical 
action  of  these  salts  has  never  been  investigated. 

BOBACIC   ACID. 

This  acid  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  quantity  in 
springs  rising  in  volcanic  districts.  In  Southern  California 
there  is  a  lake  from  which  borax — borate  of  soda — may  bo 
obtained  in  unlimited  quantity.  Borate  of  soda  is  an  alka- 
line salt  used  externally  as  a  cosmetic ;  internally  it  has  proved 
decidedly?  emmenagogue  and  ecbolic.  It  has  also  been  recom- 
mended for  the  purpose  of  dissolving  lithic-acid  gravel. 

FLUOEIDES. 

Salts  of  fluohydric  acid  have  been  found  in  mineral  springs 
in  minute  quantities.  They  are  derived  from  mica,  lepidolite, 
and  hornblende.     Their  medicinal  action  is  unknown. 

NITRATES. 

Occasionally,  salts  formed  by  nitric  acid  are  found  in  min- 
eral waters.  The  nitrates  of  soda  and  potassa,  in  moderate 
doses,  are  diuretic  in  action ;  in  large  doses,  purgative. 

AESENIC. 

In  a  few  mineral  waters  minute  quantities  of  this  substance 
are  found.  It  may  also  be  mentioned  that  traces  of  antimony^ 
zinc,  copper,  tin,  lead,  etc.,  are  sometimes  detected.  Arsenic, 
in  very  minute  doses,  is  an  alterative  medicine  of  decided  value. 
It  is  efficacious  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  rheumatism,  inter- 
mittent fever,  and  scaly  diseases  pf  the  skin. 

OEGANIC   ACIDS. 

In  a  number  of  mineral  waters  crenic  and  apocrenic  acids 
are  found.  They  contain  no  nitrogen,  and  are  the  product  of 
the  decomposition  of  humus.  In  some  instances  they  form 
soluble  compounds  with  soda,  potassa,  and  iron.  Their  medici- 
nal action  has  not  been  studied. 


1 
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( 

E 
1 
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i 


ni 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTa 


61 


ORQANIO   SUBSTANCES. 

In  the  sulphur-waters  of  the  Pyrenees,  in  France,  three 
peculiar  organic  substances  have  been  discovered.  They  are 
interesting  to  us,  from  the  fact  ihat  several  springs  in  this 
country  of  marked  properties  contain  similar  ingredients. 
They  are  described  as  follows :  ' 

Bar'egim,  or  Hydrosin,  of  Zambron.—U  certain  sulphur- 
waters  be  evaporated  to  dryness,  a  brownish-yellow  residue  is 
left  which  is  blackened  on  the  application  of  heat,  and  at  the 
same  time  disengages  a  small  quantity  of  ammonia.    This 
substance  is  found  to  be  an  organic  azotized  matter,  and  is 
called  bar^ffine  from  the  springs  of  Bareges,  in  which  it  was 
first  detected.     The  name  hi/drosin  is  more  appropriate,  as 
disconnecting  it  from  any  particular  spring  or  supposed  qual- 
ity.   A  solution  of  it  precipitates  the  salts  of  lead  abundantly, 
and  gives  a  white  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver,  which  al- 
most immediately  assumes  a  reddish  tint.     This  substance 
corresponds  to  the  sulfurhydrine  of  Cazin  and  the  pyrenHne 
of  Fontan." 

Glairine.^This  is  an  amorphous  deposit,  sometimes  trans- 
parent and  sometimes  opaque.  It  is  soft  and  unctuous  to  the 
touch,  and  is  deposited  in  the  reservoirs  where  the  water  accu- 
mulates. It  is  insoluble.  Anglada  thought  it  to  be  identical 
with  bar^gine;  but  the  solubility  of  the  latter  and  the  insolu- 
bility of  the  former  is  of  itself  distinctive.  Glairine,  though 
containing  nitrogen,  is  not  one  of  those  neutral  nitrogenized 
substances  termed  albuminoids.  It  contains  more  carbon  and 
hydrogen,  but  less  oxygen  and  nitrogen.  Bouis,  in  burning 
certain  specimens  of  glairine,  has  found  as  much  as  eighty 
parts  of  silicious  residue  in  a  hundred. 

^M//wmna.— This  is  a  confervoid  growth  formed  in  sul- 
phur-waters the  temperature  of   which  is  below  123°  Fahr 
Examined  under  the  microscope,  it  presents  the  appearance  of 
smooth,  transparent,  cylindrical  tubes,  filled  with  rcundish 

««i«'2  M^^ii^l^"*'!  "^^^^^^  substances  Is  mostly  compiled  from  the  «  Nouveau  Dlcbon- 
naire  do  Modocine  ot  (l.>  Chirurfirle."    Puris,  1870,  tome  si!.,  p.  240  "'i-Hon 

«  Lefort's  "  Tralto  de  Chlmio  Hydrologique."'  Paris,  1S69,  p.  804. 


62 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


globules,  and  often  containing  animalcules.  Access  of  air  to 
the  V  ater  is  indispensable  to  the  formation  of  sulfuraria.  In 
composition  it  is  analogous  to  glairine,  and  when  burned  leaves 
a  large  amount  of  silicious  residue. 

Besides  the  above-named  organic  substances,  a  number  of 
microscopic  algae  have  been  described.^   The  monas  mlfuraria, 
elliptical  in  form,  from  ^  to  -^b  of  a  milhmetre  in  diameter, 
and  spotted  with  red,  are  supposed  to  pertain  especially  to 
calcic  sulphur-waters.      The  oscillaires  are  greenish  filiform 
bodies,  from  5  to  30  millimetres  in  breadth,  and  varying  in 
length  m  the  same  proportion.     Each  filament  is  composed  of 
a  diaphanous  and  almost  mucilaginous  tube,  enclosing  a  series 
of  minute  disks  covered  with  green  matter,  and  which  appear 
susceptible  of  contraction  and  dilatation  in  the  direction  of 
the  axis.     Thegallionella  ferruginea  are  of  rectilinear,  cylin- 
drical form,  varying  in  dimensions  from  -.^  to  -^^^  of  a 
line,  of  a  rusty  color,  almost  always  homogeneous,  though  oc- 
casionally presenting  at  intervals  cells  of  diverse  forms.    Some- 
times they  give  a  rusty  color  to  the  water  in  which  they  are 
found.  "^ 

That  the  presence  of  these  organic  constituents-especial- 
Jy  .aose  first  named,  hydrosin  and  glairine-exercise  en  influ- 
ence  in  the  action  of  the  mineral  waters  in  which  they  occur 
in  large  proportion,  we  cannot  well  doubt;  but  precisely  what 
this  influence  is,  has  not  yet  been  determined.     Dwand-Fardel 
says :  "It  is  probable  they  give  to  such  waters  a  sedative  ac- 
tion;  but  more  by  simple  contact  than  by  physiological  action. 
Indeed,  waters  which  contain  the  largest  proportion  of  organic 
matter  m  solution  are  generally  less  exciting  than  others,  and 
possess  even  sedative  properties  in  humid  and  pruriodnous 
dermatoses  and  in  neuropathic  conditions."  '    In  this  country 
the  Red  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia  have  long  been  reputed 
as  sedative  to  the  arterial  system,  when  taken  internally.  They 
contam  an  unusually  large  proportion  of  organic  matter. 

»"DictiomairoGon6ra1edosEaiixMln6rales"tomeH.  n  159 
9  Op.  cit.,  tome  il.,  p.  4:tf.  .  f     "• 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


63 


CABBONIC    ACID. 

Carbonic  acid  is  an  exceedingly  heavy  gas,  being  one  and 
a  half  times  heavier  than  air.  For  this  reason  it  accumulates 
in  wells  and  mines,  and  in  rooms  gravitates  to  the  floor.  It 
will  not  support  combustion.  A  light  is  immediately  extin- 
guished in  an  atmosphere  largely  impregnated  with  this  gas. 
Carbonic  acid,  in  some  proportion,  is  found  in  almost  all 
spring-water,  and  even  in  rain  and  river  water  it  is  present. 
The  bright  sparkle  of  certain  waters  and  wines,  and  the  pleas- 
ant acescent  taste,  is  due  to  this  gas.  Indeed,  water  entirely 
deprived  of  carbonic  acid  is  altogether  unpalatable.  Some 
spring-waters  are  so  strongly  charged  with  it  in  the  depths  of 
the  earth,  that  when  they  escape  they  are  projected  many  feet 
in  the  air.     The  Geyser  Spring,  of  Saratoga,  is  an  example. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  a  gas,  which,  taken  into  the  stom- 
ach in  moderate  quantities,  is  agreeable  and  healthful,  should 
prove  a  deadly  poison  when  inhaled.  A  mixture  of  forty  parts 
of  oxygen,  forty-five  parts  of  nitrogen,  and  only  fifteen  parts 
of  carbonic  acid,  is  sufficient  to  destroy  life.  The  symptoms 
are  as  follows :  First,  a  sensation  of  heat  pervades  the  entire 
body,  the  face  is  flushed,  and  the  forehead  covered  with  per- 
spiration. In  a  short  time  the  heat  becomes  excessive,  the 
face  is  intensely  red  or  of  a  deathly  pallor;  dizziness  follows, 
the  person  totters  in  movement,  and  falls  asphyxiated. 

The  pleasant  and  cooling  efi'ects  of  carbonated  water,  when 
drunk,  are  familiar  to  nearly  every  one  in  this  country,  where 
drinking  it  in  the  form  of  soda-water  is  so  universally  practised 
during  the  summer  months.  In  moderate  quantities,  it  stimu- 
lates the  flow  of  saliva,  aids  digestion,  slightly  accelerates  the 
pulse,  renders  the  mind  clear  and  the  person  cheerful.  The 
imbibition,  however,  of  large  quantities  causes  sickness,  vomit- 
ing, headache,  vertigo,  a  tottering  gait,  and  even  asphyxia. 
Liebig  tells  us  such  results  have  especially  followed  after 
drinking  large  quantities  of  fermenting  white  wine,  which  on 
being  introduced  into  the  stomach  evolves  large  quantities  of 
carbonic  acid,  which  enters  the  blood  immediately,  and  has 
prouuceu  ucElu  m  some  instunccs. 


64 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Bathing  111  water  highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  produces 
peculiar  effects.     The  first  sensation  observed,  if  the  water  is 
below  86°  Fahr.,  is,  that  the  water  is  colder  than  would  be  ex- 
pected from  feeling  it  with  the  hand  before  entering.     When 
in  the  bath,  millions  of  minute  gas-bubbles  cover  the  body 
producing  a  pricking  or  burning  sensation,  especially  noticed 
on  the  scrotum,  tiie  nipples,  and  the  labia.     Many  persons  feel 
this  burning  for  several  hours  after  the  bath.     During  the 
bath,  the  pulse  becomes  fuller,  but  not  accelerated.     The  gen- 
erative  organs  are  powerfully  stimulated.    A  bath  of  this  kind 
is  said  to  have  an  especial  effect  on  the  bladder.     Patients 
who  may  s;;;  m  an  ordinary  warm-water  bath  for  half  an  hour 
without  desire  to  pass  the  urine,  are  compelled  to  do  so  after 
a  few  minutes'  stay  in  the  carbonic-acid  water  bath.*    On  leav- 
mg  a  bath  of  this  kind,  persons  in  health  feel  excecdiro-ly 
exhilarated,  and  the  inclination  for  muscular  activity  is  deSd- 
edly  increased ;  those  who  are  semi-paralytic  are  said  to  walk 
more  briskly. 

SiTLPHURETrED  HYDEOGEN-. 

Next  to  carbonic  acid,  this  gas  is  most  frequently  found  in 
the  waters  of  mineral  springs.     It  is  an  exceedingly  important 
constituent,  and  possesses  decided  influence  over  the  action 
of  waters  in  which  it  exists  in  large  proportion.    It  frequently 
issues  from  the  earth  in  the  neighborhood  of  semi-active  vol- 
canoes, and  is  probably  evolved  through  the  decomposition 
of  sulphurets  by  hot  water.     In  some  springs  its  presence  is 
due  to  the  double  decomposition  of  sulphates,  in  the  presence 
of  organic  matter.     When  sulphuretted  hydrogen  comes  in 
contact  with  the  air,  it  is  readily  changed,  the  hydrogen  com- 
bmes  wita  oxygen,  and  sulphur  is  precipitated,  giving  to  the 
water  a  milky  appearance. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  an  irrespirable  gas,  quickly  pro- 
ducmg  death  if  inhaled  in  considerable  quantity.     Hovvever 
when  largely  diluted  with  air,  it  may  be  inhaled,  and  in  this 
way  has  been  used  medicinally.     The  first  symptom  of  the 

Althaus's  "Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  190. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


.65 


poisonous  action  of  the  gas  is  a  small  and  feeble  pulse,  indi- 
cating depression  of  the  heart's  action,  together  with  a  sen- 
sation of  excessive  feeblensss.  Taken  internally,  in  water,  in 
moderate  quantities,  it  increases  the  activity  of  the  intestines 
and  augments  the  perspiration.  If  the  water  is  highly  charged 
with  the  gas,  agitation,  sleeplessness,  and  nervous  excitement, 
are  produced  in  some  persons,  similar  to  that  resulting  from 
strong  coifee.  Small  quantities  of  the  gas,  applied  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes,  nose,  and  bronchial  tubes, 
stimulate  the  secretions. 


J    !^ 


CARBUEETTBD   HYDROGEN. 

This  is  the  ordinary  burning-gas  used  in  cities.  It  escapes 
from  some  springs  in  large  quantity,  and  is  utilized  for  lighting 
the  premises  and  heating  water  for  the  baths.  It  is  not  used 
medicinally. 

OXYGEN   AND    NITROGEN. 

These  gases  exist  in  small  quantities  in  nearly  all  springs, 
not,  however,  in  such  proportions  as  decidedly  to  aflfect  their 
medicinal  action. 

As  a  conclusion  to  this  chapter,  it  may  be  well  to  give  the 
following  rules  for  the  collection  of  mineral  waters  for  chemi- 
cal analysis : 

Collect  the  water  in  a  dry  time,  preferably  during  July, 
August,  September,  or  October. 

Place  it  in  new  demijohns  of  black  glass  that  have  been 
well  washed  with  ordinary  water  and  thoroughly  rinsed  with 
water  of  the  spring  before  filling. 

Close  the  demijohn  with  a  fine,  soft,  new  cork,  which  has 
previously  soaked  three  days  in  the  mineral  water. 

Leave  a  small  space  between  the  cork  and  the  water. 

Securely  seal  the  demijohn. 

The  filling  and  sealing  of  the  demijohns  should  be  done  in 
the  presence  of  a  magistrate,  who  should  stamp  each  cork 
with  his  official  seal,  and  certify  to  the  facts,  so  that  no  tam- 
pering with  the  water  may  be  suspected. 

Quantity  required  for  a  qualitative  examination,  five  gal- 
lons ;  for  a  quantitative,  from  twenty  to  thirty. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

In  pursuing  this  most  important  branch  of  our  subject  we 
will  treat  separately  of  each  disease  in  which  mineral  waters 
prove  beneficial,  and  refer  to  the  classes  of  water  adapted  to 
them.  A  large  number  of  maladies  are  immediately  elimi- 
nated from  consideration  when  we  state,  as  a  rule  always  to 
be  remembered,  that  mineral  waters  are  only  applicable  to  the 
treatment  of  chronic  diseases. 

In  the  course  of  many  chronic  diseases  there  are  times 
when  the  malady  is  in  abeyance,  and  the  patient  is  apparently 
well;  while  at  other  periods  it  manifests  itself  in  all  its  severity 
The  well-known  disease,  gout,  is  an  illustration.     During  the 
paroxysms,  it  presents  all  the  characteristics  of  an  acute  dis- 
ease; but  in  the  intervals  the  person  seems  to  enjov  good 
health,  though  liable  to  be  overwhelmed  at  any  time  with  an 
^tack.     These  intervals  may  be  termed  periods  of  inactivity 
The  appropriate  time  for  using  a  mineral  water  is  during  the 
inactivity  of  the  disease.    However,  this  rule  will  not  apply 
to  all  chronic  diseases,  for  some  of  them  present  no  intervals 
of  this  kind.     But  it  is  always  to  be  re-nembered  that  mineral 
waters  should  not  be  given  when  the  patient  is  feverish  and 
the  pulse  excited;  these  symptoms  should  first  be  allayed. 

CONSTITUTION-AL  AND   GENERAL  DISEASES. 

Under  this  title  are  embraced  cachectic  diseases,  depend- 
ing on  a  peculiar  vice  or  condition  of  the  fluids  and  solids  of 
the  body— diseases  which  are  frequently  hereditarv;  and  zy- 
motic diseases,  due  to  a  specific  poison  introduced  into  the 
blood  from  without,  either  by  direct  contact  or  bv  breathing 


( 

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fi 
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THERAPEUTICS. 


67 


an  atmosphere  charged  with  the  infecting  poison.  Although 
they  frequently  present  local  manifestations,  they  do  not  uni- 
formly aflfect  the  same  portions  of  the  body ;  and  the  person  is 
in  a  condition  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  part  of  the 
organism  will  testify  to  the  morbid  state. 

Hheumatism.— This  is  a  disease  so  familiar  to  every  one 
that  little  need  be  said  concerning  its  peculiarities.  It  is  well 
known  that  acute  may  eventuate  in  chronic  rheumatism,  and 
that  those  who  in  early  life  have  been  afflicted  with  the  former 
are  very  liable,  as  years  advance,  to  become  subjects  of  the 
•  latter. 

Of  chronic  rheumatism  there  are  three  varieties.  That 
ordinarily  met  with  is  known  as  chrotiic  articular  rheumatism. 
In  this  malady,  one  or  more  joints  are  the  seat  of  more  or  less 
intense  pain,  for  months  or  years ;  a  pain  which  is  increased 
by  motion  or  pressure.  The  joints  may  be  swollen,  but  there 
is  seldom  heat  or  redness.  After  the  disease  has  continued  a 
long  time,  the  joint  may  become  stifiFened— a  result  due  not 
only  to  thickening  of  the  adjoining  structures,  but  also  to 
want  of  motion. 

A  second  form  of  rheumatism  is  called  deforming  rheuma- 
tism^ the  rhumatisme  noueux  of  French  authors.    It  is  sel- 
dom a  result  of  acute  rheumatism,  and  is  more  frequently 
observed  in  females  than  males.     It  usually  attacks  the  joints 
of  the  hand  and  foot,  invading  them  one  by  one.     The  joint 
attacked  is  the  seat  of  almost  continuous  pain,  though  it  is 
not  often  severe.     It  becomes   gradually  enlarged,  and,  on 
close  examination,  it  will  be  found  that  the  extremity  of  the 
bone  is  increased  in  size,  and,  in  some  instances,  a  bony  for- 
mation has  occurred  within  the  joint,  uniting  the  opposite 
synovial  surfaces.     The  fingers  at  the  same  time  become  per- 
manently flexed,  aurl.  frequently  a  slight  dislocation  occurs, 
which,  when  the  hand  is  considerably  involved,  gives  a  dis- 
torted and  knotty  appearance.     The  joints  of  the  hand  most 
frequently  attacked  are  those  of  the  first,  middle,  and  ring 
finger,  while  the  thumb  and  little  finger  are  frequently  un- 
toiiehed.     In  the  foot,  the  great-toe  is  especially  the  seat  of 


68 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  disease.  The  disease  is  not,  however,  limited  entirely  to 
the  hand  and  foot.  Sometimes  the  hip-joint  is  aflFected  by 
preference.  A  peculiarity  of  the  disease  is,  that  it  almost  in- 
variably attacks  the  corresponding  joints  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  body  at  the  same  time. 

This  form  of  rheumatism  should  be  distinguished  from  the 
enlargement  of  gout,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded.  In 
malformation  of  the  joint  from  gout  there  are  chalky  deposits 
of  iirates,  while  in  this  disease  the  appearance  of  the  joint 
results  from  osseous  enlargement  of  the  extremity  of  the 
bone.  In  gout  the  lower  extremities  are  chieAy  affected,  while 
in  this  disease  it  is  the  upper.  Women  are  most  frequently 
the  subjects  of  this  malady,  while  gout  principally  occurs  in 
men. 

A  third  form  of  chronic  rheumatism  may  be  mentioned, 
termed  muscular  rheumatism.  This  form,  as  its  name  implies, 
affects  the  muscles  and  sheaths.  It  is  a  much  milder  form 
than  either  of  those  described,  and  seldom  occasions  perma- 
nent stiflhess  or  contractions. 

The  treatment  applicable  to  the  different  forms  of  chronic 
rheumatism  does  not  vary  materially.     In  all,  the  thermal 
waters  should  be  chosen.    These  waters  act  -^^ore  by  heat  than 
by  their  constituents.     The  temperature  of  the  baths  need  not 
be  high  ;  from  95°  to  100°  Fahr.  is  sufficiently  warm,  when  the 
rheumatism  is  of  the  ordinary  chronic  articular  kind.     The 
duration  of  the  bath  should  be  about  fifteen  minutes  at  first ; 
and  t^e  time  may  be  gradually  extended  till,  toward  the  ter- 
mination of  the  treatment,  the  patient  may  remain  an  hour  or 
more.     A  course  of  baths  usually  consists  of  thirty  in  succes- 
sion ;  and,  if  these  are  insufficient,  it  is  best  to  suspend  their 
use,  to  be  again  resumed  a  few  months  later.'     A  blanket- 
sweat  after  the  bath  is  an  exceedingly  valuable   auxiliary. 
Particular  care  is  necessary  that  cold  be  not  taken  after  the 
bath. 

In  cases  of  deforming  rheumatism  and  chronic  articular 
rheumatism,  complicated  with  stiffening  of  the  Joitits,  baths 

>  Nlemeyer'8  "  Text  Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  11 ,  ?.  489, 


THERAPEUTICS.  qq 

of  the  temperature  mentioned  should  be  used,  but  the  use  of 
the  hot  douche  should  be  added.     The  temperature  of  this 
may  vary  from  106°  to  130°  Fahr.,  according  to  the  case  and 
the  eflFect  produced.    In  deforming  rheumatism,  Trousseau 
also  recommends  douches  of  hot  sand  as  efficacious  in  promot- 
ing resolution  and  subduing  pain.     He  saysr    "We  should 
have  the  patient  plunge  the  affected  part  in  hot  sand,  or  let 
the  sand  fall  upon  it  at  as  high  a  temperature  as  possible. 
The  patients  complain  of  a  painful  sensation  of  burning;  nev- 
ertheless we  can  always,  by  the  aid  of  the  thermometer,  grad- 
uate the  temperature  according  to  the  degree  of  heat  tolerated 
by  each  patient.     This  temperature  may  be  from  140°  to  158° 
Fahr.    The  douches,  or  local  baths  of  hot  sand,  should  be  re- 
peated from,  two  to  three  times. per  day,  and  during  one  or 
two  hours.    It  is  important  that  the  sand  be  maintained  at  the 
same  degree  of  temperature— a  condition  easy  to  obtain,  as 
the  sand  cools  slowly,  and  is. always  easily  replaced  when  it 
commences  to  cool.     In  following  this  rule  in  the  usage  of  hot 
sand,  the  patient  soon  obtains  notable  relief,  and  it  is  easy  to 
perceive  a  rapid  diminution  in  the  articular  engorgements."  ' 
One  distinction  may  be  made  in  the  use  of  thermal  waters 
in  rheumatism.     It  is  this:   Rheumatics  are  divided  into  two 
classes— those  of  the  lymphatic  temperament  and  those  of  the 
nervous.     In  the  former,' waters  rich  in  the  sulphurets  have 
seemed  to  produce  the  best  results,  and  baths  of  the  higher 
temperature  are  usually  indicated;  while  in  the  lattei--the 
iiervous  temperament— waters  containing  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  constituents,  and  of  moderate  heat,  are  preferable. 

Gout  is  the  malady  of  bon-vivants,  those  who  indulge 
largely  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  and  inherit  a  tendency 
to  the  affection.  There  are  several  forms  of  the  disease.  In 
acnte  govt,  the  paroxysms  are  attended  with  excessive  pain. 
In  chro7iic  gout,  the  attacks  are  accompanied  with  iess  pain 
and  fever,  but  may  continue  for  weeks  and  months,  and  several 
joints  may  be  attacked  at  the  same  time.  This  form,  also,  is 
frequently  accompanied  with  chalky  deposits  of  urates  in  the 

*    'Cuuique  Hedioaie,"  lYousseau,  tome  iU.,  p.  881. 


70 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


joints.  The  anomalous  or  atonic  form  is  one  into  which 
persons,  previously  the  subjects  of  acute  gout,  fall ;  an  enfee- 
bled condition,  accompanied  by  muscular  weakness,  dyspepsia, 
excessive  perspirations,  and  increased  sensitiveness;  and  slight 
errors  in  diet,  excitement,  exposure  to  cold,  or  changes  of 
weather,  produce  severe  pains  in  one  or  more  joints,  resembling 
the  beginning  of  an  acute  attack  of  gout,  but  which  is  never 
fully  developed.  There  may  also  be  gout  in  the  stomach,  in 
the  heart,  in  the  brain,  and  other  internal  organs,  but  such 
complications  are  rare. 

An  attack  of  acute  gout  is  one  of  the  most  painful  aflFec- 
tions  which  the  human  body  endures.     «A  person  of  full 
habit  and  easy  circumstances,  a  free  liver,  complains  for  some 
days  of  diminished  appetite,  of  somnolence,  and  of  inaptitude 
of  the  mind ;  usually  of  jovial  disposition,  he  becomes  irasci- 
ble,  and  the  urine  is  found  to  deposit  a  red  or  brick-dust  sedi- 
ment.    On  the  day  of  the  attack,  however,  these  precursory 
symptoms  subside.     He  retires  at  night  and  sleeps  tranquilly  • 
but  toward  two  or  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  awakes 
with  a  sensation  of  pain  in  one  of  the  great-toes.    He  changes 
the  position  of  his  foot,  hoping  to  obtain  relief,  but  no  araeli- 
oration  follows ;  the  pain  increases  slowly  but  surely  in  se- 
verity, till,  finally,  the  touch  of  the  covering  is  unbearable,  and 
the  slightest  jar  of  the  room  or  bed  aggravates  the  pain,  which 
he  compares  to  a  nail  being  driven  into  the  joint,  to  tearing 
asunder  of  the  ligaments,  to  the  clinching  of  a  vice  at  the 
utmost  pressure— in  short,  exhausts  the  vocabulary  of  painful 
comparisons.     The  skin  is  hot,  the  pulse  bounding.     Toward 
morning  the  pain  moderates,  and  when  day  dawns  he  feels 
little  or  no  pain,  and  passes  a  comparatively  easy  day.     The 
seat  of  the  pain  is  red  and  swollen.     Toward  evening,  how- 
ever, the  pain  recommences,  and  during  the  night  the  previous 
tortures  ure  repeated,  again  to  subside  in  the  morning.     And 
each  night,  for  as  many  as  eight  nights  it  may  be,  these  pains 
recur." 

In  this  disease  there  is  always  a  condition  known  as  the 
"uric-acid  diathesis;"  the  blood  is  charged  with  uric  acid,  but 


THERAPEUTICS. 


11 


whether  it  is  the  primary  cause,  or  only  a  phenomenon  in  the 
course  of  the  disease,  is  unknown.  The  burden  of  testimony 
points  to  the  excess  of  uric  acid  as  the  cause,  this  excess, 
however,  depending  on  a  disturbance  in  the  processes  of  as- 
similation. The  patient  seems  to  do  well  as  long  as  the  uric 
acid  is  freely  excreted  by  the  kidneys;  but  when  the  urinif- 
erous  tubules  are  plugged  by  deposits  of  urates,  and  the  flow 
of  urine  is  impeded,  an  attack  of  gout  is  the  result. 

In  treating  this  malady  by  mineral  waters,  an  imperative 
rule  is,  that  waters  should  only  be  used  during  intervals  of  the 
attack,  and  as  far  distant  from  a  preceding  or  succeeding  at- 
tack as  we  can  determine. 

For  the  acute  or  regular  gout,  the  alkaline  waters  are  pref- 
erable to  all  others,  those  rich  in  carbonate  of  soda.     Former- 
ly, a  chemical  theory  obtained  that  the  alkalies  neutralized  the 
excess  of  uric  acid  present;  but  this  has  long  since  been  aban- 
(loned.    The  tendency  of  these  waters  is  to  lessen  the  severity 
of  the  attacks  and  lengthen  the  interval  between  them;  but' 
if  continued  too  long,  there  is  great  danger  that  regular  gout 
may  be  converted  into  the  chronic  form,  or  that  some  impor- 
tant mternal  organ  may  become  the  seat  of  the  disease.   Trous- 
seau tells  us :  "  I  know  of  no  medication  more  perilous  than 
that  of  these  waters"  (Carlsbad,  Vichy,  Vals,  etc.),  "adminis- 
tered without  reserve,  without  discernment,  without  regard  to 
mdividual  conditions  of  health,  of  the  form  of  the  gout  with- 
out attention  whether  the  paroxysm  has  been  long  enough 
past,  or  whether  a  new  attack  is  imminent.  ...  Are  you  to 
understand  by  this  that  I  proscribe  their  employment?     As- 
suredly, no;  and  I  believe,  with  M.  Durand-Fardel,  in  their 
efficacious  action,  but  within  a  restricted  limit.     As  a  general 
rule,  alkaline  waters  should. not  be  taken  more  than  ten  or 
twelve  days  in  succession,  and  in  very  small  quantities  at  a 
time      It  IS  a  good  plan  to  return  to  the  spring  each  month 
for  the  time  that  I  have  mentioned."  '    This  method  of  using 
waters  is,  however,  impracticable  for  most  persons.     It  shows, 
at  leaat,  with  how  great  circumspection  their  action  should 

>  "  CMnique  M6dlcale,"  tome  lil.,  p.  86T. 


79 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


be  guarded  in  this  diseaso      A„fk^  -x- 

two  seasons  of  these  waters  will  ran^        -frequently,  one  or 

parativel,  f«e  f„„  atS,;!     f,,'',*-*^'"'^"'  "T 
ingly  cautious  in  his  tablp  h^Wf.      •■  P^"°"  "  ""««''■ 

pens.o„  of  the  water  being  all  that  i.  Stej       ^     '^  =•* 

altogether  internal;  however  baths  r^lr^         T*'  ^°"*  '' 
absence  of  all  actual  »a^fes^t      sTgL'tri"^ .^ 

always  to  be  dreaded."  ■  "  "   "'"^"  °^  <'°'"=''«=   » 

In  chronic  gout  «a?e«e  «,„<«.,  ^re  indicatpd  tl,„o.    •  i.  • 

rehevmg  gout,  is  supposed  by  Niemever  to  11^        1  '    ° 

V  le  serum  oi  the  blood),  or  on  an  accompanyine  absoI„t»  in 
crease  of  the  amount  of  blood  contained^n  tte'^My     it  "    - 
very  mtereshng  to  note  that  the  beneficial  effect  oV  tLe  If 
-al  mineral  waters  on  plethora,  which  has  been  long  knol 
and  wh.ch  far  exceeds  that  of  ordinary  water,  agreefwithTe 
observahons  of  C.  Schmidt  and  Vogel,  according  ZlZl  the 

»  "Dlctionnalre  des  Eaux  Minfirates,"  tome  li.,  p.  89. 


IS 


THERAPEUTICS.  ^g 

amount  of  albumen  in  the  scrum  of  the  blood  is  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  amount  of  salt."  ' 

In  cases  of  anomalous  or  atonic  gout,  those  presenting 
general  cachexia,  the  reducing  course  of  treatment  should  be 
abandoned.     The  patient  may  take  more  freely  of  nutriment, 
and  a  little  wme  Laay  be  permitted.    The  waters  tiien  indi- 
cated  are  the  chalybeates,  or  the  chloride  of  sodium  waters, 
contammg  considerable  iron.     The  author  just  quoted  says: 
It  IS  always  better  to  let  the  patient  use  the  ferruginous  al- 
kahne-saline  and  alkaline-muriatic  mineral   waters,  such  as 
il^ger,  Kissmgen,  or  Homburg,  than  to  prescribe  simple  ferru- 
gmous  waters  or  preparations  of  iron."     He  adds-  "In  the 
later  stages  of  the  disease,  the  akrato-thermal  springs-Wild- 
bad  Gastein,  Pfaffers,  etc.  [hot  waters,  containing  but  a  very 
small  proportion  of  ingredients-W.],  are   very  serviceable. 
We  may  have  the  patient  drink  of  these  waters  and  bathe  in 
them ;  perhaps  the  infarctions  obstructing  the  tubules  may  be 
earned  away  by  the  former,  and  t^e  kidneys  washed  out,  as  it 
were ;  while  the  latter  have  the  most  beneficial  eflFect  on  the  in- 
flammation of  the  joints."  '    In  using  these  last-named  waters 
m  this  stage  of  the  disease,  we  should  remember  the  tendency 
of  the  malady,  when  too  much  interfered  with,  to  leave  the 
joints  and  attack  some  more  vital  part,  and  their  effects  should 
therefore  be  closely  scrutinized. 

With  the  precautions  mentioned,  thermal  waters  in  the 
form  of  baths  and  douches  may  be  employed  with  great  bene- 
fat  for  the  purpose  of  removing  gouty  deposits. 

Syphilis -For  this  frightful  disease,  the  ravages  of  which 
are  so  much  to  be  dreaded,  there  is  no  absolute  cure.  If  men 
knew  the  perils  of  the  disease,  they  would  perhaps  more  care- 
fully  guard  agamst  the  contraction  of  a  malady  which  often 
renders  old  age  a  burden,  and  manifests  its  effects  even  to 
children's  children.  We  have  said  there  is  no  absolute  cure- 
no  condition  m  which  we  can  say  the  patient  will  never  have 
symptoms  of  the  virus  which  has  penetrated  his  system;  nev- 
ertheless, under  the  use  of  proper  remedies,  the  patient  may, 


1  "  Text-Eook  of  Medicine,"  American  edlUon,  vol.  ii 


ii.,  p.  504.     a  Ibid,  vol. 


il.,  p.  505. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

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74 


MIM£RAL  SPRINGa 


to  all  external  appearance,  be  entirely  cured,  and  may  suflFer 
little  inconvenience  from  the  disease. 

What  is  the  value  of  mineral  waters  in  this  disease  ?    Ri- 
cord  has  affirmed  that  mineral  waters  are  insufficient  by  them- 
selves to  arrest  the  progress  of  the  syphiHtic  virus;  and  this 
view  is  sanctioned  by  the  most  competent  observers—Vidal, 
Sigmund,  Michaelis,  Constantin  James,  and  Durand-Fardel! 
AU,  however,  agree  that  in  many  instances  they  are  a  valuable 
auxiliary;  that  in  certain  cases  the  action  of  anti-syphilitic 
remedies  is  thereby  rendered  more  reliable;  that  while  usmg 
mineral  waters  the  system  is  much  more  tolerant  of  the  action 
of  these  medicines;  and  that  iU  eflfects  from  the  previous  im- 
proper use  of  them  are  obviated.     An  additional  value  of 
mineral  waters,  especially  the  sulphur-waters,  in  this  disease 
is  as  a  diagnostic  criterion.     While  using  them  it  frequently 
occurs  that  persons  \^ho  considered  themselves  free  from  the 
disease,  have  observed  with  alarm  the  appearance  of  the  old 
malady  in  the  form  of  skin-disease.    It  seems  that,  however 
latent  the  disease,  its  manifestation  is  developed  by  sulphur- 
waters;  and,  as  a  rule,  persons  suspected  of  syphilis,  who 
pursue  a  course  of  these  waters  without  any  symptoms  super- 
vening, may  be  considered  free  from  the  disease.     But  in  this, 
as  in  many  medical  problems,  we  do  not  arrive  at  mathemati- 
cal certainty.     Ricord  tells  us  there  are  instances  of  persons 
following  a  complete  course  of  mineral-water  treatment  with- 
out any  trace  of  the  disease  being  manifested,  and  yet  the 
foUowing  summer  there  has  been  a  reappearance  of  the  svmD- 
toms.  "^    *^ 

All  classes  of  mineral  waters  have  been  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  syphilis;  and,  doubtless,  they  have  proved  useful,  in 
greater  or  less  degree,  by  their  alterative  action,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  other  medicines.  Durand-Fardel  says :  "It  appears 
beyond  question  that  the  association  of  mineral  waters  with 
specific  medication  is  well  adapted  to  overcome  the  resistance 
which  the  morbid  constitution  of  some  individuals  oppose 
thereto.  Most  frequently  this  is  a  state  of  anseraia  and  gen- 
eral debility— a  mingled  consequence  of  the  disease  and  the 


1 


THERAPEUTICS. 


75 


treatment,  in  face  of  which  the  mercurials  and  iodide  of  potas- 
sium are  inactive  or  dangerous.  .  .  .  ^V©  will  with  diflSculty 
find  a  better  combination  of  agencies  capable  of  restoring  the 
organism  enfeebled  by  the  diathesis,  or  under  the  prolonged 
influence  of  alteratives.  The  adjoining  circumstances  of  alti- 
tude—air and  sunlighl^add  to  the  remedial  efficacy  of  the 
sulphurous  and  chloride  of  sodium  waters,  already  indicated. 
We  exclude  neither  the  marine  treatment;  neither  mother- 
waters  (concentrated  saline  waters) ;  neither  the  processes  of 
hydrotherapy.  The  internal  use  of  chalybeate  waters,  and  < 
of  those  which,  as  Challes,  Saxon,  or  Wildegg,  are  sensibly 
iodurated,  recommends  itself  in  certain  conditions."  * 

The  method  of  treatment  which  has  received  most  favor  in 
this  country,  when  springs  are  resorted  to,  is  that  by  hot  baths. 
This  manner  of  elimination,  by  exciting  all  the  emunctories  of 
the  system  in  an  unusual  degree,  highly  commends  itself.  In 
this  way  changes  of  tissue  are  wrought  in  a  few  weeks  that 
would  otherwise  require  years;  and,  along  with  the  dibris, 
the  syphilitic  poison  is  expelled.  And,  when  sulphur  and  sa- 
line waters  are  employed,  the  hot  bath  cannot  well  be  dis- 
pensed with;  indeed,  at  all  springs  where  this  disease  is 
treated,  it  is  an  important  auxiliary.  The  various  highly-min- 
eralized waters  which  are  efficacious,  probably  act  by  the  force 
that  is  imparted  to  specific  medicines  already  absorbed  in  pre- 
vious courses  of  treatment. 

Metallic  Foisoning.^WoTkeva  in  various  metals  are  sub- 
ject to  various  symptoms,  both  of  the  digestive  and  nervous 
systems,  due  to  the  slow  absorption  of  the  metal  through  the 
skin  and  lungs,  producing  a  condition  of  chronic  poisoning. 
Painter's  colic  is  an  ordinary  form  of  this  poisoning  by  lead, 
while  that  form  of  paralysis,  known  as  "wrist-drop,"  is  a  fur- 
ther development  of  the  disease.  We  may  also  class  certain 
cases  of  syphilis  that  have  been  overtreated  by  mercurials  un- 
der this  head. 

The  waters  which  prove  most  efficacious  in  these  conditions 
are  those  of  the  sulphur  class ;  and,  if  they  be  thermal,  so  that 

»  Op.  oU^  tome  il.,  pp.  818, 814 


70 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  elimination  of  the  metal  may  be  aided  by  hot  baths,  so 
much  the  more  are  they  appropriate.    As  a  subsequent  meas- 
,  ure  in  anaemic  and  debilitated  patients,  the  chalybeate  waters 
will  frequently  prove  beneficial. 

maJ>etes  Mellitus.-^ot  every  case  in  which  sugar  is  found 
m  the  urine  is  a  true  case  of  diabetes  mellitusj  for  there  are 
sometimes  healthy  persons  in  whom  a  smaU  proportion  of  su- 
gar m  the  unne  is  an  occasional  condition;  but  they  present 
none  of  the  early  characteristics  of  the  disease-such  as  in- 
•creased  thirst,  passage  of  immoderate  quantities  of  urine  ex- 
aggeration of  appetite,  and  feebleness  of  vision 

When,  however,  we  have  to  do  with  a  clear  case  of  sac- 
charine diabetes,  what  is  the  value  of  mineral  waters  in  the  . 
treatment?    We  answer  that,  in  many  instances,  they  are  un- 
equivocal,  though,  at  the  same  time,  it  must  be  added  that  as 
far  as  observed  thay  are  but  palliative.     The  waters  which  ' 
have  given  evidence  of  utility  are  the  alkaline  and  caleio 
waters-those  rich  in  carbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  etc.    The 
treatment  by  alkaUne  waters  has  been  followed  with  much  ad- 
vantage  for  many  years  at  Vichy,  in  France,  and  Karlsbad,  in 
Germany.     Of  the  alkaline-saline  thermals  of  Karlsbad  Nie- 
meyer  says:  «In  our  present  state  of  knowledge,  a  course  of 
waters  at  Karlsbad  is  the  measure  which  should  deserve  the 
chief  reliance  as  a  remedy  for  diabetes  mellitus." ' 

During  the  use  of  these  waters  the  quantity  of  sugar  ex- 
creted  IS  remarkably  diminished,  and  all  trace  sometime,  dis- 
appears; the  inordinate  thirst  is  also  relieved,  and  the  patient 
improves  m  strength.     By  successive  seasons  at  these  springs, 
together  with  proper  attention  to  diet  and  exercise,  the  course 
of  the  malady  has  been  stayed  for  years.     Neither  should  bal- 
neary measures  be  omitted-a  course  of  baths  stimulating  the 
functions  of  the  skin  proves  a  valuable  adjunct.    In  this  coun- 
try the  same  beneficial  results  have  followed  the  use  of  alka- 
line and  calcic  waters;  and  this  has  led  proprietors  of  recently- 
discovered  springs  te  exaggerate  their  efficacy  in  this  disease, 
i^t  It  be  understood,  however,  that  positive  relief  may  be  ob- 

»  «Text.Book  of  Medldne,"  American  edition,  vol.  U.,  p.  789. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


11 


tained  by  alkaline  waters  more  certainly  than  by  any  other 
remedy.  But  we  should  not  forget  that  the  administration  of 
the  alkaline  remedies  of  the  shops  sometimes  prociwes  similar 
results,  though  not  equally  satisfactory. 

These  waters  are  only  to  be  resorted  to  in  the  first  and 
second  stages  of  the  disease,  before  pulmonary  phthisis  or 
other  profound  lesions  complicate  the  case.  When  these  su- 
pervene, the  malady  is  beyond  the  resource  of  medical  art. 

Intermittent  Fever.— There  is  no  evidence  showing  that 
the  paroxysms  of  intermittent  fever  can  be  arrested  by  the  use 
of  mineral  waters.  In  cases  of  paludal  cachexia,  however,  they 
may  modify  the  general  condition  of  the  system,  so  that  appro- 
priate remedies  will  readily  yield  the  deshred  result.  Under 
their  use  the  chronic  engorgements  of  the  liver  and  spleen, 
produced  by  repeated  paroxysms,  are  often  entirely  relieved. 
The  waters  most  highly  recommend  l'  are  the  a/yfca/me— those 
strong  in  alkaline  carbonates  * — and  containing  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  iron.  Saline  waters  also  produce  favorable  results ;  hot 
baths,  in  some  instances,  change  an  obstinate  quartan  or  septan 
into  a  tertian,  which  readily  yields  to  the  usual  treatmeat. 

Chronic  Dysentery. — Probably  no  country  has  ever  known 
more  of  this  terrible  disease  than  our  own — a  disease  that, 
during  the  late  war,  decimated  the  forces  by  invalidism  and 
death,  and  sent  many  home  to  linger  through  a  life  of  anxiety 
and  pain— some  of  whom  are  living  at  this  day.,  continually 
harassed  by  the  malady. 

The  disease  in  the  army  was  due  to  exposure,  fatigue,  pal- 
udal miasm,  and  a  diet  devoid  of  fresh  meat  and  vegetables. 
The  eflFect  of  miasm  and  a  scorbutic  diet  has  been  clearly  de- 
monstrated. But,  after  the  patient  is  entirely  removed  from 
the  influence  of  these  productive  causes,  there  remains  an  ul- 
cerated, inflamed,  and  irritable  condition  of  the  colon,  which 
continues  almost  indefinitely.  This  same  irritable  and  ulcer- 
ated  condition  of  the  colon  sometimes  occurs  in  civil  life  as  a 
sequel  of  acute  dysentery.  The  milder  forms,  unaccompanied 
by  ulceration,  are  known  as  chronic  diarrhoea. 

i  Troiuseau'B  "  OHnlqno  MMloale,"  tome  UL,  p.  6T. 


imm0im 


mil  I' I  iiii  iiimiwpp»ii 


\ 


78 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


The  treatment  of  this  disease  has  proved  exceedingly  un- 
satisfactory ;  many  drugs  giving  temporary  relief,  but  a  slight 
cold  or  error  in  diet  bringing  it  back  with  its  former  force. 
The  ulcerated  and  inflamed  surfaces  are  in  the  condition  of  a 
chronic  ulcer,  ^xtemally,  which  may  for  a  time  be  inactive, 
but  does  not  heal.  Many  mineral  waters  in  this  country  are 
claimed  to  be  a  remedy  for  this  condition.  Those,  however, 
which  possess  the  most  unequivocal  testimony  in  tiieir  favor 
are  the  so-called  alum-waters  of  Virginia,  which  are  well 
worthy  of  trial  in  a  disease  so  difficult  of  cure. 

Anasarca,  or  dropsy,  not  being  a  disease,  but  a  symptom 
of  disease,  it  is  not  necessary  to  treat  of  it  separately.  It  may 
be  remedied,  in  some  instances,  by  waters  that  relieve  the  con- 
dition on  which  it  depends. 

Cancer. — There  is  no  reliable  record  of  cure  of  this  dis- 
ease by  mineral  waters,  though  there  are  undoubted  instances 
of  considerable  amelioration  of  symptoms.  Cases  of  lupus 
and  chronic  ulcers  have  no  doubt  healed  under  their  use,  and 
hence  has  arisen  the  claim  of  cure  for  cancer.  The  waters 
which  have  attracted  most  attention  in  this  disease  are  those 
of  Sheldon,  Vermont.  Under  the  description  of  these  waters 
this  question  is  discussed. 

Scrofula. — In  this  malady,  or  class  of  maladies,  the  best 
authorities  bear  uniform  testimony  in  favor  of  the  value  of 
mineral  waters.  There  are  two  classes  of  scrofulous  persons ; 
those  of  slender  frame,  with  accelerated  pulse  and  overactive  " 
nervous  system,  and  those  who  are  clumsy  and  thick-set,  with 
enlarged  nose  and  upper  lip,  and  in  whom  the  adipose  tissue 
is  strongly  developed,  the  heart-action  slow,  and  the  nervous 
system  obtuse.  It  is  to  this  last  class  that  mineral  waters  are 
best  adapted. 

First  among  waters  for  the  relief  of  scrofula  are  the  saline. 
Durand-Fardel  says:  "It  is  necessary  to  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  following  rule  of  practice.  Whenever  we  wish  to 
remedy  profound  and  confirmed  scrofulous  aflfections,  such  as 
show  the  constitutional  dyscrasia  in  the  most  unmistakable 
manner,  it  is  to  waters  strongly  mineralized  by  chloride  of 


THERAPEUTICS. 


70 


:  favor 
e  weli 


and 


sodium  that  we  must  resort."  *  These  waters  are  used  both 
internally  and  in  the  form  of  baths.  The  strong  brine-bath, 
formed  hy  concentration  of  saline  waters,  is  especially  useful. 
Speaking  of  these  baths,  after  giving  the  indications  for  cod- 
liver  oil,  Niemeyer  says :  "  It  ie  far  more  difficult  to  furnish 
definite  instructions  for  the  use  of  the  brine-baths,  whose  anti- 
scrofulous  virtues  enjoy  a  reputation  almost  as  great  as  that 
of  cod-liver  oil.  We  know  too  little  about  the  action  of  these 
baths,  and  about  the  effect  which  they  produce  upon  nutrition, 
and  the  advantages  derived  from  the  salt,  iodine,  and  bromine, 
which  they  contain,  to  enable  us  to  determine  upon  theoreti- 
cal principles  where  they  are  indicated,  and  where  they  are 
unlikely  to  do  good.  .  .  .  Hence  there  is  no  resource  but 
to  send  persons  who  have  in  vain  tried  cod-liver  oil,  and  other 
anti-scrofulous  remedies,  to  Kreutznach,  Ischel,  Kosen,  or  Wit- 
tekind,  or  some  similar  watering-place,  in  the  hope  that  they 
may  be  among  those  to  whom  the  baths  will  exhibit  their  anti- 
scrofulous  virtues,  which  are  by  no  means  illusory." ' 

Seorbathing  also  enters  appropriately  intb  the  treatment 
of  certain  conditions  of  scrofulous  habit.  Here  the  action  is 
complex,  for,  adjoined  to  immersion  in  the  saline  waters  of 
the  ocean,  we  have  the  continuous  inhalation  of  sea-air.  Sea- 
baths  seem  best  adapted  to  those  conditions  in  which  the 
scrofulous  diathesis  is  not  fully  developed.  When  the  dys- 
crasia  is  well  marked,  and  inveterate  local  manifestations  are 
exhibited,  they  do  not  answer  so  good  a  purpose. 

SnHphuMJoaters  are  deemed  especially  applicable  to  those 
forms  of  scrofula  accompanied  by  lesions  of  the  skin,  known  as 
scrofulides.  For  these  scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin  Hardy 
tells  us,  "  in  the  form  of  baths  mineral  waters  possess  a  happy 
influence ;  the  sulphur-waters,  and,  above  all,  those  which  are 
very  rich  in  sulphur ;  good  success  is  also  obtained  by  the 
bromo-iodated  waters." ' 

In  this  country,  besides  waters  of  the  classes  named,  the 


1 "  Dlctionnaire  G6n6rale  des  Eanx  Mln^rales,"  tome  li^  p.  749. 
a  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol. «.,  p.  T4T. 
8  "Lefons  sur  la  Scroftile  et  tea  ScroftiUdes,"  Paris,  1864,  p.  91. 


80 


MINERAL  SPBINOS. 


Rockbridge  Alum  and  the  Healing  Springs  of  Virginia  enjoy 
considerable  and  well-deserved  reputation  in  the  treatment 
of  scrofula.  The  last-named  is  especially  adapted  to  those 
cases  accompanied  with  ulceration  of  the  skin  or  mucous 
membrane. 

In  the  cure  of  scrofula  by  mineral  waters,  a  cure  cannot  be 
accomplished  by  a  short  season  of  two  or  three  weeks.  It  is 
frequently  necessary  to  remain  at  the  springs  for  two  or  three 
months,  and  perhaps  to  return  the  succeeding  season  to  com- 
plete the  cure. 

Ancemia  is  the  condition  in  which  the  red  globules  of  the 
blood  are  diminished  in  quantitj),  and  the  other  constituents 
are  altered  in  character.  It  is  not  a  disease  in  itself,  but  the 
result  of  many  morbid  conditions,  especially  such  as  prevail  in 
numerous  chronic  diseases.  Whenever  the  treatment  of  anse- 
mia  is  the  prominent  indication  in  the  course  of  a  chronic  disease 
chalybeate  waters  should  be  selected,  choosing  those  which 
because  of  the  additional  constituents  besides  the  iron,  are  ap- 
plicable to  the  cure  of  the  disease  by  which  anaemia  has  been 
induced. 

Chlorosis.  —  This  condition  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
anaemia,  associated  with  other  diseases,  such  as  phthisis  pul- 
monalis,  albuminuria,  dyspepsia,  syphilis,  etc.     The  deficiency 

of  the  cellular  elements  9f  the  blood — ^the  red  blood-globules 

is  the  prominent  characteristic,  the  number  decreasing  so  that 
they  may  not  amount  to  one-half  the  usual  quantity,  while  the 
other  elements  of  the  blood  remain  normal.  In  ansemia,  as  a 
result  of  disease,  not  only  is  the  number  of  globules  reduced 
but  the  constituents  of  the  blood  are  altered  in  character  and 
quantity.  Chlorosis  is  essentially  a  disease  of  early  woman- 
hood, and  is  in  some  unknown  way  connected  with  the  pro- 
cess of  development.  The  skin  and  mucous  membranes  are 
of  a  pallid  hue,  accompanied  in  some  instances  by  a  yellow- 
ish or  greenish  tint.  The  remedy  above  all  others  is  iron, 
and,  when  it  is  desirable  to  send  patients  suffering  from  this 
disease  to  the  springs,  the  chalybeate  wafers  are  to  be  chosen. 
The  change  of  scene,  and  air  and  exercise,  associated  with  a 


THEBAPEUTIOS. 


81 


season  at  the  springs,  contribute  largely  to  the  effect  of  the 
waters.     Sea-batMng  is  also  of  marked  utility  in  these  cases. 

DISEASES   OP  THE  NEBVOUS   SYSTEM. 

Hemiplegia^  or  paralysis  of  one  side  of  the  body  from  cere- 
bral apoplexy,  is  one  of  the  most  frequent  forms  of  paralysis. 
The  recovery  in  these  cases  is  a  work  of  Nature,  and  not  of 
medicine,  though  by  the  proper  use  of  mineral  waters  the  pro- 
cess may  be  aided  in  some  instances.     After  an  apoplectic  at- 
tack, not  severe  enough  to  destroy  life,  the  communication 
between  the  brain  and  muscles  is  interrupted  by  the  blood-clot 
pressing  upon  the  intervening  nervous  filaments,  or  one  side 
of  the  brain  itself  may  be  so  pressed  upon  that  impulse  is  not 
generated,  and,  as  a  consequence,  we  have  entire  suspension 
of  motion  of  that  portion  of  the  body  over  which  the  impli- 
cated structures  preside.     Sensation  is  also  abolished.     Soon 
after  the  first  effects  of  the  apoplectic  seizure  have  passed 
away,  including  the  inflammatory  fever,  which  is  a  result  of 
the  injury  to  the  brain-substance,  the  condition  of  the  patient 
begins  slowly  to  improve,  the  more  fluid  portions  of  the  clot 
are  gradually  absorbed,  the  pressure  on  the  nerve-filaments 
is  lessened,  and,  as  a  result,  sensation  is  perhaps  altogether 
.  restored,  and  motion  partially.    This  process  occupies  months. 
At  a  certain  point,  however,  the  improvement  ceases,  the  fluid 
portions  of  the  clot  have  been  absorbed,  and  there  remains  a 
shrunken  nodule  which  is  but  slightly  susceptible  of  absorp- 
tion.    It  is  just  at  this  point  that  mineral  waters  may  prove 
usefid.    By  promoting  metamorphosis  of  tissue,  they  may  still 
further  advance  the  absorptive  process.      For  this  purpose 
saline  waters  are  preferred,  with  common  consent,  for,  while 
they  promote  the  process  of  resolution,  they  do  not  stimulate 
the  nerve-centres,  as  is  the  case  with  strong  sulphur-waters.* 
Waters  feebly  mineralized,  and  of  elevated  temperature,  also 
produce  good  results  in  hemiplegia.     In  commending  these 
thermal  waters^  Niemeyer  says :  "  We  must  not  hope  that  the 
destroyed  filaments  of  the  brain  will  be  restored  by  the  use 


89 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  these  waters,  but  experience  shows  that,  at  these  places 
(Wildbad,  Gastein,  PfeflFers),  both  cerebral  and  spinal  paralysis 
often  improve ;  probably  this  improvement  is  due  to  the  favor- 
able influence  of  the  baths  on  the  inflammation  about  the  clot, 
and  on  that  portion  of  the  paralysis  due  to  it."  * 

Mineral  waters  should  not,  then,  be  resorted  to  soon  after 
an  apoplectic  seizure,  but  a  certain  length  of  time  should 
elapse.  As  a  general  rule,  about  the  fifth  or  sixth  month  after 
the  attack  is  the  most  favorable  time  for  the  use  of  mineral 
waters.*  In  this  disease  waters  are  used  both  internally  and 
externally.  The  nearer  to  the  attack  the  stronger  is  the  indi- 
cation for  the  internal  use  of  waters,  and  more  especially  the 
laxative  salines.  In  this  manner  it  may  be  hoped  that  absorp- 
tion will  be  advanced.  Later,  however,  when  all  that  can  be 
gained  in  this  way  has  been  obtained,  warm  douches  should 
be  employed,  expecting  thereby  to  stimulate  the  peripheric 
nerves  and  arouse  the  inactive  muscles.  Nothing,  however,  is 
to  be  gained  when  the  hemiplegio  paralysis  is  of  some  years* 
standing,  and  the  muscles  will  not  respond  to  the  stimulation 
of  the  electric  current. 

Paraplegia,  or  loss  of  motion  in  the  lower  extremities,  is 
due  either  to  functional  derangement  or  organic  disease  of  the 
spinal  cord.  It  is  in  the  first  form  only  that  we  are  to  expect 
favorable  results  from  treatment  by  mineral  waters.  When 
paraplegia  is  a  result  of  rheumatism,  syphilis,  venereal  excess, 
or  chronic  metallic  poisoning,  we  may  expect  some  success 
from  their  use.  In  the  paraplegia  consecutive  to  accouche- 
ment. Prof.  Siebold  strongly  recommends  the  waters  of  T(Jp- 
litz,  in  Bohemia  (thermal  waters,  from  100°  to  120°  Fahr.). 

The  waters  which  have  proved  most  efficacious  in  paraple- 
gia are  those  of  the  thermal  class.  They  are  used  both  as  a 
bath  and  douche.  The  mode  of  employing  the  waters  of 
Wildbad,  in  Auf'+ria  (91°  to  100°  Fahr.),  in  paraplegia,  is  thus 
described  by  Constantin  James:  "They  first  administer  baths 
of  from  ten  to  fifteen  minutes;  then  they  augment  the  dura- 

»  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  vol.  «.,  p.  202. 

«  "  Guide  aux  Eaux  Mlnfirales,"  Constantin  James,  p.  410. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


88 


tion  80  as  finally  to  arrive  at  baths  of  an  hour,  which,  how- 
ever, Lhey  shorten  or  suspend  altogether  the  moment  symptoms 
of  reaction  are  manifest.  It  is  usually  between  tiie  first  and 
second  week  that  benefit  commences  to  be  experienced.  At 
this  period  they  sometimes  begin  the  use  of  the  douche,  of 
which  the  volume  and  the  fall  should  possess  but  a  very  feeble 
degree  of  percussion.  By  the  discreet  application  of  the 
douche,  the  good  effects  of  the  waters  are  much  aided."  ' 

In  paraplegia  due  to  syphilis,  or  chronic  metallic  poisoning, 
we  may  appropriately  apply  those  thermal  waters  which,  be- 
sides heat,  contain  ingredients  that  act  directly  in  eliminating 
the  original  cause  of  the  disease. 

It  is  perhaps  best  to  repeat  that  paraplegia  is  only  bene- 
fited when  there  is  no  organic  lesion  of  the  spinal  cord.  If 
the  muscles  of  a  paraplegic  do  not  respond  on  testing  them 
with  the  electric  current,  and  the  limbs  are  diminished  in  size, 
we  can  hope  for  no  remedial  efiect  from  mineral  waters. 

Locomotor  ataxia  is  characterized  by  an  inability  to  prop- 
erly control  the  movements  of  the  limbs  in  walking,  though 
muscular  force  remains.  It  is  due  to  organic  changes  in  the 
posterior  columns  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  spinal  cord,  and 
IS  little  influenced  in  its  unfavorable  course  by  treatment  of 
any  kind.  Trousseau,  however,  recommends  mlphur-haths^ 
and  Niemeyer  favors  thermal  waters,  not  with  expectation  of 
cure,  but  as  giving  relief.  Niemeyer  says:  "There  is  no 
doubt  that  fabes  patients  have  been  decidedly  benefited  by 
the  treatment  at  these  places  (Wildbad,  Gastein,  Raffaz  Pfaf- 
fers,  Toplitz,  etc.)."  »  ^    ' 

Muralgia.~hi  the  treatment  of  neuralgia  we  have  fre- 
quently  to  do  with  what  may  be  termed  a  neuralgic  constitu- 
tion--one  in  which  the  nerves  are  in  an  irritable,  state,  and 
readily  impressed  by  external  influences.  This  nervous  condi- 
tion  18  almost  invariably  accompanied  by  an  asthenic  state  of 
the  system;  and,  that  we  may  relieve  the  neuralgias  to  which 

»  "Guide  aux  Eaus  Mta6rale8,"  p,  244. 
«  "  CHnlqne  M6dicale,"  tome  il.,  p.  660 
8  "  Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  1±.  n.  wrg. 

0  •  TI---. 


84 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


these  persona  are  subject,  we  must  address  our  remedies  to 
the  general  condition.  For  this  purpose,  light,  air,  and  exer- 
cise, are  exceedingly  important.  And  to  these  we  may  add  the 
use  of  baths  and  mineral  waters,  by  no  means  second  in  im- 
portance. The  thermal  waters  are  those  which  most  frequently 
produce  favorable  results ;  not  those  of  a  high  degree  of  heat, 
but  such  as  are  of  moderate  temperature,  and  where  there  are 
facihties  for  taking  prolonged  warm  baths  and  douches  of 
varying  temperature.  It  should  be  added,  however,  that  in 
some  atonic  cases  most  benefit  is  derived  from  a  sudden  and 
short  immersion  in  a  cold  bath,  or  by  the  use  of  transition 
douches.  Chalybeate  waters  are  also  valuable  in  anaemic  cases. 
Sea-baths  prove  exceedingly  eflFective  in  many  instances. 

The  various  local  neuralgias,  such  as  facial,  brachial,  and 
sciatic,  are  often  dependent  on  rheumatism,  syphilis,  or  metal- 
lic poisoning.  It  is  in  rheumatismal  cases  that  the  best  results 
are  obtained ;  and  indeed  it  is  the  cure  of  these  cases  that  has 
given  to  many  thermal  springs  the  great  reputation  they  pos- 
sess in  this  disease.  When  the  neuralgia  is  a  result  of  syphilis, 
we  treat  this  condition ;  and  when  it  arises  from  metallic  poi- 
soning, the  sulphur-waters  are  of  decided  benefit.  A  favorite 
and  valuable  method  of  treating  sciatic  neuralgia  is  by  the 
warm  or  hot  douche.  Especially  has  this  proved  beneficial 
when  there  is  chronic  inflammation  of  the  nerve  or  nerve- 
sheaths. 

HTSTBRIA. 

This  disease  is  too  often  considered  by  the  laity  as  a  whim 
of  a  foolish  woman,  instead  of  a  derangement  of  the  nervous 
system,  which  it  really  is.  Of  the  many  kinds  of  treatment 
to  which  we  are  frequently  compelled  to  resort,  that  of  a 
sojourn  at  an  appropriate  watering-place  aflFords  hope  of  relief. 
If  the  patient  be  chlorotic,  she  should  be  recommended  to 
chalybeate  waters^  especially  those  where,  by  their  elevated 
temperature,  there  are  facilities  for  pursuing  a  course  of  baths. 
Sulphur  waters  also  prove  beneficial,  by  their  reconstituent 
property,  choosing  those  which  are  sedative  in  action  and  are 


U 


THERAPEUTICS. 


8fi 


adapted  for  bathing.     The  prominent  advantages  of  a  life  at 
the  sea-side  and  sea-bathing  should  not  be  forgotten. 

HYF00H0in>BIA. 

Those  who  have  had  occasiou  to  treat  this  disease  are 
well  aware  of  the  many  dilemmas  in  whioh  we  are  placed,  in 
order  to  satisfy  the  craving  of  the  patient  for  something  new 
in  the  way  of  treatment,  and  at  the  same 'lime  to  prescribe  a 
remedy  that  may  really  tend  toward  removing  the  malady. 
Under  such  circumstances,  we  may  recommend  these  patients 
to  certain  mineral  springs  with  the  expectation  that  they  will 
be  benefited,  temporarily,  at  least.     The  waters  that  prove 
most  useful  are  the  saline  and  purgative  waters.    They  should 
be  rich  in  carbonic  acid,  so  that  they  agree  with  the  stomacl.. 
Their  eflScacy  depends  on  their  favorable  influence  on  engorged 
abdominal  viscera,  which  frequently  occupy  a  causative  rela- 
•  tion  to  this  disease.   When  dyspepsia  forms  a  prominent  feat- 
ure, the  saline  waters  are  to  be  preferred.    Niemeyer  says : 
"The  benefit  often  derived  from  the  springs  of  Karlsbad, 
Marienbad,  and  Kissingen  [purgative  and  saline  waters— W.], 
in  the  treatment  of  this  affection,  is  no  doubt  mainly  due  to  the 
beneficial  effect  exerted  by  these  waters  upon  diseases  of  the 
gastric  organs,  which  so  frequently  prove  a  source  of  hypochon- 
driasis." * 

DISKASBS  OF  THB   HEABT. 

This  class  is  named  only  to  remark  that  organic  lesions  or 
changes  of  the  heart  are  in  no  wise  relieved  by  mineral  wa- 
ters; on  the  contrary,  there  is  so  much  danger  from  their  use 
that,  as  a  rule,  they  should  be  avoided.  Functional  derange- 
ments, however,  such  as  palpitation,  are  frequently  relieved, 
not  by  any  direct  action  upon  the  heart,  but  by  their  favorable 
influence  on  the  malady  on  which  palpitation  depends,  as  dys- 
pepsia, ansBmia,  chlorosis,  etc. 

DISEASES   OP  THE   EBSPIRATOBY  SYSTEM. 

Chronic  Laryngitis.— This  disease  is  otherwise  known  as 

'  Op,  eii,,  vol.  ii.,  p.  m9. 


86 


MINERAL  SFfilNGS 


'  I 


clergyman's  sore-throaty  chronic  laryngeal  catarrh^  etc.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  pharynx  and  larynx.  The  secretion  from  this 
membrane  may  be  increased  in  quantity,  but  vitiated,  becom- 
ing an  acrid  and  viscid  discharge,  or  it  may  be  almost  entirely 
suspended,  causing  the  throat  to  feel  exceedingly  dry  and  un- 
comfortable. The  mucous  membrane  also  becomes  thickened, 
the  vocal  cords  included,  and  a  harsh  and  hoarse  voice  is  pro- 
duced, or  it  may  be  almost  altogether  lost.  The  disease  usually 
commences  in  the  pharynx,  and  extends  to  the  larjmx.  It  is, 
however,  seldom  noticed  in  the  early  stages,  as,  until  the  voice 
begins  to  be  involved,  the  patient  is  seldom  alarmed. 

In  this  disease  mineral  waters  occupy  a  deservedly  high 
position  as  a  curative  agent.  Those  most  frequently  useful 
are  the  SKlphur^-watera  rich  in  sodium,  and  the  alkaline  waters 
rich  in  chloride  of  sodium.  In  speaking  of  Eaux  Bonnes,  typ- 
ical waters  of  the  sulphuretted-sodium  kind,  Durand-Fardel ' 
observes :  "A  long  experience  has  proved  that  their  usage,  al- 
most exclusively  internal,  in  doses  progressively  increasing, 
produces  happy  eflFects,  especially  in  lymphatic  subjects  slightly 
impressionable,  and  when  the  affection  assumes  a  passive 
character." '  Gibb  also  testifies  in  favor  of  these  waters,  espe- 
cially in  very  chronic  cases.'  The  use  of  this  class  of  waters, 
in  the  form  of  spray  projected  against  the  posterior  wall  of 
the  pharynx  or  directly  into  the  larynx,  also  exercises  a  bene- 
ficial effect. 

Concerning  the  alkaline  chloride-of-sodium  waters,  we  can- 
not do  better  than  quote  the  temarks  of  Niemeyer  at  length : 
"  The  use  of  the  alkaline  muriatic  mineral  waters  (SSuer- 
linge,  Halloid  salts)  has  an  unmistakable  influence  upon  the 
coiurse  of  many  cases  of  chronic  laryngeal  catarrh,  which,  un- 
fortunately^  cannot  as  yet  be  distinguished  from  the  cases  in 
which  it  fails.  For  this  mode  of  cure  it  is  better  to  send  the 
patient  to  such  places  as  Ems,  Obersalzbrunnen,  or  Gleichen- 
berg,  and,  only  when  his  means  will  not  permit  hipi  to  do  oth- 

» "  Dictlonnaire  dos  Eaux  Minorales,"  tome  i!.,  p.  247. 

«  "  Diseases  of  the  Tliroat  and  Windpipe."    London,  18e4,  p.  14. 


THERAPEUTICS 


87 


erwise,  to  allow  him  to  use  seltzer-water  or  one  of  the  so-called 
mineral  waters,  as  a  cure  at  home.  "We  may  let  him  drink  the 
Ems  or  Kesselbrunnen  water,  or  the  Krahnchen  of  Ems,  on  the 
spot,  as  they  have  respectively  a  temperature  of  117°  Fahr., 
and  90°  Fahr.,  without  the  addition  of  warm  milk  or  warm 
whey  ;  in  order  to  warm  them,  it  is  better  to  mix  the  Obersalz- 
brunnen  or  the  imported  Ems  water,  with  equal  parts  of  hot 
milk.  That  the  far  more  customary  addition  of  whey  should 
have  any  real  advantage  over  that  of  milk  is  at  least  doubt- 
ful. The  *  V/' ell-prepared  whey '  at  celebrated  watering-places — 
furnished  generally  by  a  '  Swiss,'  and,  if  possible,  by  an  Apen- 
zeller  in  his  national  costume — so  much  lauded  in  the  news- 
papers and  bath  journals,  and  to  which  often  more  credit  is 
given  than  the  springs  themselves,  is  merely  milk  minus  cheese, 
and  can  hardly  eflfect  more  than  the  milk  from  which  the  cheese 
has  not  been  eliminated.  It  is  only  in  the  somewhat  rare  cases 
in  which  milk  is  not  well  borne  by  the  patient,  while  the  whey 
is  borne  well  or  better,  that  I  allow  the  latter  to  be  added  to 
the  mineral  water  instead. 

"  Several  hypotheses  have  been  advanced  as  to  the  action 
of  the  alkaline-muriatic  mineral  waters.  The  fact  that  the 
ashes  of  the  mucus  are  richer  in  salt  (chloride  of  sodium)  than 
the  ashes  of  the  blood,  and  that  mucus  becomes  less  tenacious 
upon  the  addition  of  salt,  seems  certainly  to  indicate  that  salt 
plays  an  important  rdle  in  the  formation  of  mucus,  but  it  by 
no  means  justifies  the  conclusion  that  the  use  of  salt  effects  a 
cure  or  more  rapid  resolution  of  the  catarrhal  process. 

"In  other  quarters (Sprengler)  the  principal  importance  has 
been  attributed  to  the  amount  of  alkaline  carbonates  contained 
in  these  mineral  waters,  and  depending  on  an  observation  of 
Virchoio's^  according  to  which,  very  dilute  solutions  of  alka- 
lies are  capable  of  exciting  the  ciliary  movements  in  epithelium. 
They  assert,  in  explanation  of  the  beneficial  action  of  the  waters 
in  question,  that  their  use  reesfeiblishes  the  extinguished  or  re 
pressed  ciliary  vibrations.  Grave  objections  may  be  brought 
against  this  explanation  of  the  action  of  the  saline  waters, 
which  is  not  merely  palliative,  but  in  many  cases  absolutely 


88 


III 


MINERAL  QPRINGS. 


curative,  and  we  must  be  content  with  the  empirical  fact  that 
the  springs  of  Ems,  Obersalzbrunnen,  and  Selters  [alkaUne 
and  a  kahne-sahne  waters-W.],  have  often  aUeviated  or  cured 
chronic  larj^geal  catarrh;  the  cold  sulphur-springs,  too  (such 
as  those  of  Weilbach,  in  the  dukedom  of  Nassau,^f  ^seVn 
the  principality  of  Schamburg-Lippe,  of  Langenbiucken,  in  Ihe 
grand^ukedom  of  Baden),  which  we  usually  make  use  of  Hke 
those  of  Obersalzbrunnen  and  Selters,  mixed  with  warm  milk 
or  whey.     The  sulphur-springs,  also,  of  the  Pyrenees,  above  all 
Eaux  Bonnes,  are,  with  good  reason,  in  repute  in  the  treatment 

rJ^-^'Tl  ^^'y""^'^^'     O^  conjectures  as  to  the  modus  ope- 
randz  of  these  waters  are  as  yet  vague  and  untenable ;  a  matteT 
however,  far  less  to  be  regretted  than  the  fact  that  we  have  no 
cntenon  whereby  to  predetermine  the  cases  in  wliich  relief 
may  be  expected,  and  those  in  which  they  do  no  good  »  » 

Associated  With  consumption  there  is  sometimes  a'chronio 
laryngitis  frequently  accompanied  by  ulcerations,  known  as 
laryngeal  phthisis.  In  these  cases  temporary  relief  is  some- 
times obtained  by  the  moderate  use  of  the  above-mentioned 
water,  with  warm  milk.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  the  use  of  mmeral  waters  in  large  quantities  is  injurious 
in  cases  of  phthisis  pulm'onalis.  "' 

Chronic  Pharyngitis.-This  is  the  same  disease  as  that 
above  descnbed,  the  seat  being,  however,  limited  to  the  phar- 
ynx  The  treatment  by  mineral  waters  is  the  same  as  indicated 
m  chronic  laryngitis. 

Chronic  Bronchitis.-.When  bronchitis  has  continued  for 
a  long  time  assuming  the  form  known  as  chronic  bronchial 
catarrh,  or  hronchorrhcea,  marked  relief  is  frequently  obtained 
\iy  the  use  A  appropriate  mineral  waters, 
m.  \^TT!''  ^ov^^y^r,  in  whom  chronic  bronchitis  occurs 
may  be  divided  into  three  classes,  the  scrofulous,  the  lymphatic 
and  the  dartn>us  or  those  who  have  a  constitutionalZieney 
to  non-specific  skm-disease.     All  authorities  agree   that  si 

constitutions,  and  the  more  lymphatism  is  developed  the  mor^ 

»  »  Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition.  voL  L,  pp.  lo^ig. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


80 


certainly  are  sulphur-waters  indicated.     But  if  the  patient  is 
not  of  the  lymphatic  type,  and,  on  the  contrary,  is  of  a  san- 
guine or  irritable  temperament,  and  the  cough  torments  by  its 
frequency,  the  calming  or  sedative  waters,  associated  with 
temperate  baths,  are  indicated.    Of  waters  adapted  to  this 
condition,  the  Red  Sulphur,  in  Virginia,  may  be  mentioned. 
If  the  patient  is  of  the  decidedly  scrofulous  typCj  then  sul- 
phur-waters rich  in  chloride   of  sodium,  the  saline  sulphur' 
waters,  should  find  preference.     When  the  catarrhal  condition 
is  allied  to  the  dartrous,  or  herpetic  diathesis,  the  indication  is 
still  to  use  sulphur-waters ;  but  care  should  be  taken  to  rec- 
ommend those  which  are  notably  sulphurous,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  a  somewhat  active  course  of  bathing  should  be  pursued. 
Soon  after  .commencing  a  course   of  sulphur-waters  the 
malady  is  frequently  aggravated,  and  some  authorities  have 
thought  this  necessary  to  the  relief  of  the  disease.    It  is 
probable,  however,  that  this  is  but  a  result  of  the  general  ex- 
citement usually  produced  by  sulphur-waters,  and  in  no  way 
necessary  to  the  treatment.    Indeed,  when  it  appears,  it  is  an 
indication  for  the  temporary  suspension  of  the  water  or  dimi- 
nution in  the  quantity  taken.     In  this  connection,  Durand- 
Fardel  says:  "But  we  believe,  in  the  generality  of  cases,  it  is 
more  frequently  a  result  of  the  treatment  than  a  means  of 
cure.     That  which  tends  to  prove  this  is,  that  many  catarrhal 
affections  are    cured  withoiit  showing  appreciable    signs  of 
excitation,  and  that  the  treatment  is  often  successfully  applied 
in  the  absence  of  catarrhal  conditions  at  the  time."  * 

Asthma. — ^The  cases  of  this  disease  may  be  divided  into 
two  classes^the  humid,  accompanied  by  chronic  catarrh,  and 
the  dry,  or  purely  nervous.  The  last-named  cases  are  not 
benefited  by  mineral  waters,  and  the  former  only  inasmuch  as 
the  disease  is  associated  with  chronic  bronchitis.  It  is  the 
favorable  action  of  mineral  waters  on  this  conjoined  condition 
that  sometimes  affords  relief  in  these  cases.  It  should,  how- 
ever, be  remembered  that  no  case  of  asthma  should  be  sub- 
jected to  the  use  of  mineral  waters,  without  a  thorough  exam- 

>  "IMc«onnalre  G^n^ralo  des  Eanx  Minfirales,"  tome  i.,  p.  894. 


\ 


00 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


are  sometimes  reUeved  on  resorting  to  sprin  J   Z  TT^ 
however,  to  a  change  of  residence.  '^^'       '  "  '*'"'• 

lor  Me  reputation  of  mineral  waters  in  this  disease.        . 

BKEASES   OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  STSTEM. 

^^6ia.~In  the  proper  acceptation  of  the  term  tW, 

The  stomach  may  be  subject  to  inertia,  the  Derisllm„ 
movements  being  performed  slowly  and  with  pain  •  or    f^ 
be  overactive,  the  ingesta  being  forced  fZ.rfTn'toth' T^ 

ihere  may  be  diminished  secretion  of  the  gastric  iuiceor 
there  may  be  over-secretion  of  this  fluid,  known  a   add  dw 

Before  considering  the  treatment  of  dvsnensi-  h„  „•       , 
waters,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  nearly  Zr»tae™l"X 

.t  IS  peculiarly  adapted.    The  explanation  of  this  fact  hZ^T 
understood,  when  we  remember  that  in  mant  tse    oTS      ' 
trouble  a  change  from  the  close  conBnement  J.^Z  °  ^  the 


THERAPEUTICS. 


91 


harassing  cares  of  business,  to  the  open  fields,  the  pure  air, 
and  the  healthful  exercise  of  the  country,  is  sufficient  for  relief 
without  drinking  a  drop  of  mineral  water. 

In  acid  dyspepsia  the  alkaline  waters  have  proved  of  ex- 
ceeding utility — those  containing  a  considerable  proportion  of 
carbonate  of  soda  and  largely  impregnated  with  carbonic-acid 
gas.  Their  efficacy  in  these  cases  is  undoubted,  and  the  prescrip- 
tion of  them  is  of  long  standing.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that 
their  value  does  not  depend,  according  to  present  belief,  on  a 
neutralization  of  the  acid  of  the  stomach  by  an  alkali.  This 
theory,  which  long  prevailed,  has  been  abandoned. 

When  acid  dyspepsia  is  accompanied  by  the  evolution  of  * 
large  quantities  of  gas,  it  is  known  as  flatulent  dyspepsia. 
Then  the  saiine  waters  should  be  prescribed  in  preference. 
Why  this  should  be  so  is  readily  understood.  The  alkaline 
waters,  by  the  carbonic  acid  which  they  contain,  and  the  evo- 
lution of  this  gas  in  the  stomach,  would  tend  to  increase  the  flat- 
ulence. In  considering  this  form  of  dyspepsia.  Trousseau  says : 
"Mineral  waters  are  here  equally  of  incontestable  utility;  but 
it  is  no  longer  to  Vichy,  Karlsbad,  or  Pougues,  that  we  should 
send  the  patient;  these  waters  aye  harmful;  it  is  Niederbronn 
and  Forbach,  of  which  the  predominating  principles  are  the 
same  as  those  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  searwater, 
that  we  should,  recommend ;  it  is  to  Nauheim,  Soden,  Kissin- 
gen,  chloride  of  sodium  waters,  as  the  first." »  Sometimes  acid 
dyspepsia  is  aUied  to  chlorosis  in  females.  Then  a  chalyb- 
eate water,  rich  in  carbonic  acid,  should  be  selected. 

In  dyspepsias  allied  to  constipation  and  engorgement  of 
the  abdominal  viscera— a  not  unusual  complication— the  mildly 
purgative  sulphur  or  saline  waters  should  be  employed. 

Gastritis.— The  chronic  form  of  this  malady  is  limited  to 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach,  and  has  received  the 
name  of  chronic  gastric  catarrh.  It  is  closely  allied  to  dys- 
pepsia;  indeed,  if  this  term  is  applied  in  its  broad  significa- 
tion, it  is  a  dyspepsia;  and  on  this  account  it  has  been  almost 
entirely  overlooked  by  some  writers.  • 

>  "  CUnlque  M^dlcale,"  tome  111,  p.  M. 


92 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


The  symptoms  of  this  malady  are  the  following:  One  of 
the  prmoipal  complaints  of  the  patient  is  of  a  sense  of  fulness 
and  pressure  m  the  stomach,  which  is  increased  by  eating 
but  seldom  amounts  to  severe  pain.    With  this  sense  of  M- 
ness  there  is  usually  some  prominence  of  the  epigastrium 
caused  by  accmnulation  of  gas  in  the  stomach  and  retention 
of  foc^,  owmg  to  the  slowness  of  the  digestive  process. 
There  are  also  eructations  of  gas,  accompanied  with  a  sour  and 
acrid  flmd.     Sometimes  there  is  vomiting.     If  vomiting  does 
occur.  It  is  usually  mixed  with  considerable  mucus.    This  is 
especially  the  case  in  the  chronic  gastric  catairh  of  tipplers. 
The  sensation  of  hunger  is  almost  lost,  although  the  body  may 
be  much  emaciated.     If  hunger,  however,  does  occur,  it  is  sa^ 
«fied  by  a  few  mouthfuls.     The  catarrh  may  extend  upward 
to  the  mouth,  or  downward  into  the  intestines;  in  the  latter 
case,  frequently  liroducing  diarrhoea.    The  disease  is  usually 
accompanied  with  mental  depression,  which,  in  some  instances,' 
develops  into  hypochondria.  * 

The  causes  of  chronic  gastritis  are  varied;  prominent 
among  them  are  articles  of  food  that  over-stimulate  the  mu- 
cous  membrane  of  the  stomach-such  as  highly-gpiced  sauces 
and  meats.  But  the  most  frequent  cause  is^  aLe  o  "" 
ituous  hquors.  ^ 

The  waters  best  adapted  to  the  treatment  of  this  disease 
are  the  alkaline  waters^those  rich  in  carbonate  of  soda     In 
cases  associated  with  obstinate  constipation,  we  should  choose 
waters  which,  besides  the  carbonate  of  soda,  contain  a  mod- 
erate  proportion  of  laxative  sulphates  or  chloride  of  sodium 
.  1  ^"  **^^„*^f  *«^«°t  of  tliis  malady  Prof.  Niemeyer  highly  ex- 
tols  the  alkaline  purgative  waters  of  Karlsbad  and  Marienbad. 
He  says :     The  use  of  the  waters  of  Karlsbad  and  Marienbad 
has  the  most  wonderful  results,"  and  adds:  "The  results  from 
this  treatment  are  the  most  briUiant  that  are  ever  obtamed  in 
medicine.  -    He  also  says:  "The  learned  pmfessors  of  the 
Vienna  and  Prague  schools  prize  the  use  of  the  warm  springs      - 
of  Karlsbad  as  the  best  remedy  for  chronic  gastric  catarrh." 

»  -Text-Book  of  Medldnc"  nl  I,  p.  499.  .  Op.  ctl,  toL  L,  p.  m. 


THEBAPEUTICS. 


93 


It  need  hardly  be  added  that  the  patient  should  subject 
himself  to  rigid  dietetic  rules  during  treatment.  He  should  eat 
sparingly  of  meats  and  avoid  stimulating  sauces.  Spirituous 
liquors  must  be  entirely  abandoned.  The  patient  should  eat 
but  little  at  night,  and  drink  the  water  in  the  morning,  before 
breakfast.  This  meal  should  not  be  taken  for  an  hour  after 
the  last  glass  of  water. 

Gaatnc  Ulcer,— "When  this  aflFection  is  diagnosed,  the 
waters  found  preferable  are  the  alkaline,  rich  in  carbonates. 
The  warm  springs  of  this  class  are  to  be  preferred,  or,  in  ab- 
sence of  them,  waters  from  springs  of  this  class  may  be  warmed. 
The  waters  should  be  taken  in  the  same  manner  as  indicated 
in  chronic  gastritis.  The  results  from  the  use  of  the  proper 
mineral  water  are  exceedingly  satisfactory.* 

Gastralgia.—l!his  disease  is  also  known  as  cardialgia. 
The  name,  however,  is  frequently  misapplied,  and  dyspeptic 
persons  suffering  from  pain  or  burning  in  the  stomach  are  said 
to  have  gastralgia ;  in  its  proper  meaning  a  malady  of  much 
greater:  gravity  is  signified.  It  is  a  purely  nervous  disorder, 
characterized  by  excessive  pain  in  the  stomach,  coming  on  in 
paroxysms,  at  intervals  usually  of  two  or  three  days.  When 
free  from  pain  the  patient  may  feel  well,  digestion  being  nor- 
mally performed.  The  following  is  a  graphic  description  of  a 
paroxysm, from  Romberg: 

"Suddenly  or  after  a  precedent  feeUng  of  pressure,  there 
is  severe  griping  pain  in  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  usually  ex- 
tending to  the  back,  with  a  feeling  of  faintness,  shrunken 
countenance,  cold  hands  and  feet,  and  small,  intermittent  pulse. 
The  pain  becomes  so  excessive  that  the  patient  cries  out. 
The  epigastrium  is  either  puffed  out  like  a  baU,  or,  as  is  more 
frequently  the  case,  retracted,  with  tension  of  the  abdominal 
walls.  There  is  often  pulsation  in  the  epigastrium.  Exter- 
nal pressure  is  well  borne,  and  not  unfrequently  the  patient 
presses  the  pit  of  the  stomach  against  some  firm  substance 
or  compresses  it  with  his  hand.  Sympathetic  pams  often 
occur  m  the  thorax,  under  the  sternum,  in  the  cesophagean 

»  Op.  otLy  ToL  I^  p.  518. 


04 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


Suhe  *°, P-""""°«-'™.  -""o *ey -- e in  the e. 

'•  The  attack  lasts  from  a  few  minutes  to  half  an  hour ;  then 
Ae  pan,  gradually  subsides,  leaving  the  patient  much  ex- 
hausted  or  else  ,t  ceases  suddenly,  with  eructation  of  gas  or 
watery  flmd.  w.th  vomiting,  with  a  gentle  soft  perspiratfon,  or 
With  the  passage  of  reddish  urine." ' 

This  description  applies  to  the' disease  as  it  shows  itself  in 
the  severest  form.  There  are,  however,  many  minor  degrees 
which  still  bear  the  well-marked  symptoms. 

In  the  use  of  mineral  waters,  whether  in  the  severe  or  mild 
forms  of  the  disease,  it  should  be  remembered  that  they  should 
be  taken  only  in  the  intervals  of  the  attacks. 

The  alkaline  waters  act  most  efficiently  in  this  disease,  the 
more  certain  y,  according  as  they  are  used  at  a  period  distant 
from  the  attack.     Under  their  influences  the  malady  is  fre- 
quently  entirely  relieved.    In  cases  associated  with  chlorosis 
alkaline  waters,  containing  a  proportion  of  iron,  are  indicated. 
ConsHpaUon.-This  condition  depends,  as  a  rule,  either  on 
deHciency  of  the  intestinal  secretion  or  inactivity  of  the  mus- 
cular  coat  of  the  bowels.     It  is  not,  usually,  a  primary  disease 
but  symptomatic  of  some  other  derangement."^  As  aVe  the 
frankly  purgative  waters  are  not  indicated;  those,  however 
which  are  mildly  aperient,  gently  stimulate  the  intestinal  secre! 

nlVt.^r'  ^"'^^^^^^'  ^^  °^^*^""*«  constipation,  asso- 
ciated  with  dyspepsia.  Trousseau  recommends  laxative  waters, 
after  having  tried  his  favorite  remedy,  belladonna  and  other 
correctives,  without  avail.'  Durand-Fardel  recommends  the 
a^A;a;m6  (carbonate  of  soda)  waters,  which,  although  sometimes 
cons^patmg  in  themselves  at  first,  tend  to  excite  intestinal 
and  biliary  secretion,  and  thinks  that  enough  attention  has  not 
been  given  to  the  use  of  alkaline-saline  waters  in  this  condition  • 
^  mBmorrhoids.-mnev^\  waters  do  not  act  dh-ectly  in  cu^ 
mg  this  disease,  but  indirectly  they  sometimes  prove  of  decided 

»  From  Nlemeyer's  "  Text-Book  of  Medicine  " 

"  "  Clinique  Medicale,"  tome  lii^  p.  61. 

»  "Dictiomiaire  des  Eaux  Minfirales,"  tome  i.  p  48» 


THERAPEUTICS. 


95 


utility.  HaBinorrhoids  frequently  depend  on  a  condition  of  the 
abdominal  organs,  termed  by  the  old  authors  abdominal  pleth- 
ora, one  in  which  the  livor,  spleen,  pancreas,  and  mesentery, 
are  unusually  filled  with  blood,  and  the  current  moves  slowly. 
By  the  action  of  waters  in  stimulating  the  abdominal  circula- 
tion and  diminishing  engorgement,  much  relief  may  be  given. 
The  waters  which  have  proved  most  beneficial  are  the  aaline 
waters  and  saline  sulphur-waters.  It  is  well  to  combine  the 
employment  of  baths. 

Engorged  Liver. — In  almost  all  chronic  hyperaemic  condi- 
tions of  the  liver,  mineral  waters  prove  curative.  Although 
the  fact  that  engorged  conditions  of  the  liver  exist,  and  pre- 
cede grave  lesions,  is  undoubted,  still  it  is  difficult  exactly  to 
define  or  diagnose  the  condition.  As  a  rule,  the  subjecjb  of  en- 
gorged liver  presents  a  dusky  or  muddy  complexion,  the  tongue 
is  coated,  the  bowels  are  constipated,  the  appetite  is  uncertain, 
there  is  a  pappy  taste  in  the  mouth,  and  a  feeling  of  fulness  in 
the  head,  especially  after  eating.  The  causes  which  produce 
engorgement  of  the  liver  are  continued  excess  in  eating,  com- 
bined with  sedentary  habits ;  repeated  and  long-continued  at- 
tacks of  malarial  fever ;  excessive  indulgence  in  malt  liquors ; 
and  organic  lesions  of  the  valves  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart. 

The  waters  which  prove  most  valuable,  in  engorgement  of 
the  liver  from  any  of  the  causes  named,  are  the  saline  waters, 
alkaline  purgative  waters,  and  saline  sulphur-waters.  These 
waters  produce  their  eflFect  by  liquefying  the  bile,  promoting  its 
flow,  and  by  the  increased  movement  which  they  impart  to  the 
action  of  the  intestinal  tube. 

Frerichs,  an  acknowledged  authority  on  diseases  of  the 
liver,  gives  prominent  place  to  mineral  waters  in  the  treatment. 
When  giving  the  treatment  in  chronic  hyperasmia  from  over- 
feeding, he  names  several  remedies,  but  in  conclusion  says  we 
can  remedy  the  condition  "still  better  by  regulating  the  intes- 
tinal secretions  by  the  use  of  the  springs  of  Kissingen,  Hom- 
burg,  Marienbad,  and  Karlsbad." '  And  in  hypersemia  from 
obstructed  circulation,  when  the  condition  of  the  patient  is  not 

»  Fi-erich's  "  DiseaseB  of  the  Liver,"  Sydenham  edition,  vol.  i.,  p.  876. 


96 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


threatening  he  says,  «  We  may  often  succeed  in  p,x)curing  per- 

u,anentreMbythecarefulemploymentofthe4oczys% 
of  Kissingen,  or  the  Mill  spring  of  Karlsbad."  >    He  however 
adds  tha^if  the  <Usease  of  the  valves  is  far  advanced"; 
muscular  tissues  of  the  heart  are  much  enfeebled,  the  waters 
are  inappropriate.  *         *»»tcra 

^the  application  of  mineral  waters  for  the-cure  of  en- 
gorged  hver  It  is  exceedingly  desirable  to  add  the  employ- 
ment  of  prolonged  warm  baths  to  the  internal  use  of  the 
water  and  warm  douches  over  the  region  of  the  liver  also  aid 
the  action  of  the  water. 

W«^^''^tf  """"tT^^  P*''*^^  °^  biliary  calculi  from  the  gall- 
bladder  through  the  bile^ucts  into  the  duodenum,  often  caC 
the  most  intense  pain  the  human  organism  can  endure     Under 

side  of  the  bed  and  cold  perspiration  often  covers  the  surface 

the  cutting  of  a  knife-to  the  boring  of  a  red-hot  iron  through 

bJe^uct  by  a  gall-stone  in  its  passage,  and  the  intensity  de- 
pends on  the  size  of  the  calculus.  Any  remedy,  then,  thai  will 
surely  mitigate  or  cure  these  teirible  attacks,  merits  attention. 
me^cTne        '^**^'''^'"  ^°  ""^'^  successfully  than  any  known 

The  causes  of  the  formation  of  gall-stones  are  obscure.  The 
general  impression  is,  that  they  result  from  a  thickened  condi- 
tion of  the  bile,  in  which  crystallization  and  concentration  of 
Its  salts  take  place,  and  that  this  condition  is  usually  associated 
with  free  liviifg,  a  sedentary  life,  and  corpulence. 

•v,./!!^^*^'/•''^''^,  Px"'*''^  °^  ^"^^^^'^  "*^^*y  *^e  the  alJcaline 
t.«^er.,the  sahne- sulphur  waters,  2.nA  saline  waters,  t\ose  of 

by  the  fluidity  of  the  bile,  which  they  p„.iuce,  thereby  reduc- 
ing  the  tendency  to  formation  of  the  stones,'  and  by  their  alter- 

»<>p.cifc,  vol.  L,  p.  86T. 

•  Murchteon,  "Dteeases  of  the  Liver"  d  8fi»  mva  "Tn  .»«».  *.    •    ^ 

ilatnUB,  the  mere  drinktog  of  l«ge  ^m^7;SyAiZ^\^''"^'"'rf  ^"^ 
the  bile."  4>«"mmob  oi  waier  wiu  increase  the  amonnt  of  Tnter  In 


TOEIlAFEUTIOa 


n 


ative  action  influencing  the  nutrition  of  the  liver.  Under  the 
use  of  the  waters  the  patient  not  unfrequently  has  slipfht  at- 
tacks of  biliary  colic,  passing  large  numbers  of  calculi,  to  be 
followed,  however,  by  immunity  from  paroxysms.  The  spring 
selected  varies  according  to  the  condition  of  the  patient, 
whether  in  addition  to  alkalinity  a  tonic  or  laxative  effect  be 
required.     • 

In  recommending  a  treatment  for  gall-stones.  Trousseau 
Bays :  "  What  we  should  do  is  to  endeavor  to  regulate  the  func- 
tions of  the  bile,  so  as  to  prevent  the  return  of  the  colic.  .  .  . 
It  is  in  answering  this  indication  that  the  waters  of  Pougues, 
Contrexville,  Vichy,  Karlsbad,  and  Vals,  are  of  so  incontes- 
table utility  in  the  treatment  of  biliary  gravel.  .  .  .  Under 
the  influence  of  this  potent  medication,  properly  directed,  the 
patients  lose  the  unfortunate  aptitude  which  they  have  con- 
tracted." ' 

Niemeyer  says :  "  We  do  not  know  whether  their  eflScacy 
depends  solely  on  the  formation  of  a  thin  fluid  bile,  by  which 
the  gall-stones  are  readily  washed  downward,  or  whether  the 
bile  is  rendered  so  strongly  alkaline  by  the  use  of  these  waters 
as  to  dissolve  the  coloring-matter  and  lime,  or  the  cholesterine ; 
but  we  should  not  delay  prescribing  the  treatment  till  its  mode 
of  action  can  be  explained." ' 

Frerichs  and  Murchison  both  favor  the  use  of  waters. 
After  recommending  Karlsbad,  Vichy,  Ems,  etc.,  Frerich  says : 
"  These  mineral  waters  have  certainly  proved  the  most  eflfica- 
cious  remedies  against  gall-stones.  In  many  severe  cases  I 
have  directed  my  patients  to  go  to  Karlsbad,  and  have  known 
them  to  return  cured.  ...  I  have  known  favorable  results 
ensue  under  my  own  eyes  from  drinking  the  water  brought 
from  the  Mill  spring  of  Karlsbad,  either  cold  or  warm."  ' 

Fatty  Liver. — In  cases  of  this  disease,  mineral  waters  are 
recommended  by  Frerichs  and  Murchison,  the  alkaline  waters^ 
muriated  alkaline  waters,  and  saline  waters,  the  same  that  are 

»  "  CHnlqne  M6dlcale,"  tome  lU^  p.  287 

•  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  1.,  p.  T08. 

3  "  DlBeases  of  the  Liver,"  London,  1861,  vol,  IL,  p.  631, 


08 


MINERAL  BPRINGa 


employed  in  engorgement  of  the  liver.  These  waters  apply  to 
the  fatty  liver  as  developed  in  corpulent  persons,  and  not  to 
the  form  which  occurs  in  consumption. 

Jaundice.-ThiB  is  a  symptom  of  disease,  and  not  a  dis- 
ease.     It  anses  from  obstruction  of  the  flow  of  bile  from  the 
iver  and  gall-bladder  into  the  intestines,  or  from  non-separa. 
tion  of  the  coloring-matter  from  the  blood,  owing  to  irapaiiv 
ment  of  action  in  the  liver.     It  is  to  cases  of  jaundice  arising 
from  obstruction  that  mineral  waters  are  best  adapted.     The 
most  prominent  cause  of  jaundice  from  obstruction  is  the  im- 
paction,  or  inertia,  of  gall-stones  in  their  passage  through  the 
bile-ducts.    It  has  already  been  treated  under  gall-stones.   The 
second  cause  is  catarrh  of  the  biliary  ducts. 

When  jaundice  arises  from  the  last-named  cause  the  alka- 
ime  waters,  or  mvriated  alkaline  waters,  should  be  prescribed. 
ihe  salme  mlphur^waters  also  answer  well  in  these  cases. 

Frerichs,  m  speaking  of  the  Karlsbad,  Marienbad,  Kissin- 
gen,  etc.,  m  these  cases,  says:  "They  are  with  difficulty  re- 
placed by  any  other  remedies  in  cases  where  the  jaundice  owes 
Its  origin  to  chronic  congestion  of  the  liver,  with  obstinate 
catarrh  of  the  bile-ducts  and  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach 
and  duodenum,  to  gall-stones,"  etc.' 

In  jaundice,  as  a  sequence  of  constipation,  those  waters 
which  act  favorably  on  this  cond  on  will  also  remedy  this 
symptom.  "^ 

Gravel,-.The  formation  of  gravel  within  the  kidneys  or 
bladder  is  the  result  of  a  constitutional  condition,  and  does  not 
depend  on  derangement  of  the  organs  in  which  the  deposit 

takes  place.     However,  the  deposit  of  gravel  in  th ^^3 

causes  irritation,  chronic  catarrh,  and  inflammation.  T}  ^'L 
ease  frequently  depends  on  functional  disturbance  oi  tne  di- 
gestive system.  xMineral  waters  procure  relief  in  two  ways  • 
primarily,  by  the  soothing  influence  they  produce  on  the  irri^ 
tation  or  chronic  inflammation  of  the  ureters  and  bladder- 
Becondarii.;,-, :  y  the  correction  of  the  constitutional  vice  which 
causes  th^  e^  retioji  of  gravelly  urine. 

> "  Diseases  of  the  Dyer,"  vol.  i.,  p.  IM, 


THBRAPEUTICa 


90 


Gravel  is  divided  into  the  uric-acid,  the  phosphatic,  and 
the  oxalic,  according  to  the  chemical  coiiHtitution  of  the  deposit. 
Or  it  is  classed  as  acid  g^ravel,  i.  e.,  tlio  uric-acid  and  the  oxalic- 
acid  gravel ;  or  alkaline  gravel,  i.  e.,  the  phosphatic.  In  cases 
of  acid  gravel  the  urine  is  acid  to  test-paper,  while,  in  alkaline 
gravel,  the  urine  is  alkaline. 

In  prescribing  mineral  waters  for  gravel,  these  distinctions 
■should  be  remembered :  In  uric  acid^  or  red  gravel,  and  in 
oX'fiic  gravely  the  alkaline  waters  or  the  calcic  waters  should 
be  chosen.  Under  the  use  of  these  waters  the  urine  loses  its 
acidity  and  becomes  neutral,  and  the  pain  in  the  lumbar  region 
and  in  the  bladder  passes  away.  However,  it  is  not  unusual 
in  the  commencement  of  treatment  for  the  patient  to  pass  a 
considerable  quantity  of  gravel,  but  without  much  pain,  and, 
finally,  he  experiences  complete  relief,  in  which  condition  he 
may  remain  for  eight  or  twelve  months ;  or,  by  employment 
of  the  waters  during  several  successive  seasons,  entire  freedom 
from  attack  may  be  secured  for  many  years,  complete  con- 
stitutional change  being  wrought  in  the  system.'  Combined 
with  the  internal  use  of  the  waters,  it  is  advisable  to  employ 
warm  baths  and  douches.  If,  under  treatment,  the  attacks  of 
gravel,  or  nephritic  colic,  are  increased  in  frequency  or  sevei> 
ity,  it  is  an  indication  to  diminish  the  quantity  of  water  ad- 
ministered, or  resort  to  waters  less  strongly  mineralized.  In 
phosphatic  gravel  the  strongly  alkaline  waters  are  not  to  be 
employed;  the  calcic  waters  then  afford  the  greatest  relief 
In  this  variety  of  gravel  the  water  acts  more  by  its  impression 
on  the  urinary  organs,  which  are  then  the  seat  of  catarrh,  than 
by  its  eflFect  on  the  general  system. 

How  calcic  waters  relieve  gravel  is  not  understood.  One 
hundred  years  ago,  lime-water  was  a  favorite  and  eflBcient 
remedy  in  this  disease.     (See  "  Carbonate  of  Lime.") 

Calculus. — Stone  in  the  bladder  is  only  an  aggregation  of 
the  deposit  which  constitutes  gravel,  into  a  solid  mass  of  vary- 
ing size.  It  depends  on  the  same  causes,  may  be  separated 
into  the  same  divisions,  and  is  relieved  by  the  same  classes  of 

X  Troueseau's  *'  Clinique  Medicale,"  tome  UL,  p.  4& 


100 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


paters.     In  this  condition,  however,  it  is  relief  only  that  can 
be  obtained.   The  irritation  of  the  bladder,  caused  by  the  pre*, 
ence  of  the  stone,  will  be  palliated,  the  general  system  may 
be  so  acted  upon  that  the  diathesis  will  be  corrected,  and  the 
stone  will  not  increase  in  volume;  but  there  is  no  evidence 
that  solution  of  the  calculus  can  be  produced.^    A  calculus, 
subjected  to  the  action  of  certain  mineral  waters  in  a  test-tube 
may  be  partially  disintegrated;  but  the  human  body  is  not  a 
test-tube,  and  no  such  saturation  of  the  urine  by  a  mineral 
water  can  be  caused  as  to  represent  a  similar  condition. 

After  the  calculus  has  been  removed  by  surgical  operation. 
It  is  advisable  to  use  mineral  waters  for  the  purpose  of  cor! 
rectmg  the  morbid  condition  that  led  to  its  formation,  and 
prevent  a  new  concretion. 

In  cases  of  renal  calculus  and  haematuria,  mineral  waters 
prove  of  decided  utility.  In  these  cases  the  waters  applicable 
to  gravel  prove  appropriate.  In  giving  the  treatment  of  these 
conditions  Sn:  Henry  Thompson  says,  «  Of  all  medicinal  reme- 
dies  perhaps  none  are  so  valuable  as  mineral  waters,  especially 
those  which  have  sulphate  of  soda  largely  diluted  as  the  main 
ingredient.  Take  Karlsbad,  Friedrichs-halle,  and  Marienbad, 
as  an  example.'"  It  will  be  perceived  that  he  prefers  alka- 
line  purgative  waters  to  pure  alkaline. 

Vesical  CatarrK-Q^i^rvh  of  the  bladder  results  from  any 
cause  which  produces  frequent  and  long-continued  retention 
of  unne,  and  hence  is  a  frequent  accompaniment  of  calculus 
enlargement  of  the  prostate,  and  stricture  of  the  urethra  In 
some  instances  it  proceeds  from  cold,  or  is  essentially  a  dis- 
ease  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder,  without  regard 
to  extraneous  causes. 

^  When  caterrh  arises  from  the  first-named  cause,  calculus, 
It  IS  amenable  to  the  treatment  named  under  that  head 

Resulting  from  other  causes,  the  waters  most  favorable  are 
mild  calcic  and  alkaline  boaters;  not  that  they  exercise  anv 
influence  on  the  cause  of  the  disease,  but,  by  modifying  the 

»  Durand-Fardel,  op.  eit,  tome  I.,  p.  861. 

«  "  On  the  Urinary  Organs,"  American  edition,  1869.  p.  202. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


101 


constitution  of  the  urine,  they  often  give  decided  reUef.  It 
should  be  mentioned,  however,  that  in  this  disease  the  bladder 
is  frequently  very  irritable,  and,  under  the  administration  of 
waters,  dysuria  is  readily  produced.  The  action  of  the  water 
should  therefore  be  closely  scrutinized. 

Albuminuria.— BrighVa  disease  is  mentioned  only  to  state 
that  there  is  no  reliable  evidence  that  mineral  waters  will  cure 
It,  though  they  may  prove  palliative. 

DISEASES   OF  THE   UTERUS. 

Chronic  Metritis— For  convenience  of  treatment,  we  em- 
brace three  separate  conditions  under  this  designation,  i.  e., 
itterine  engorgement,  uterine  catarrh,  and  cermcal  ulceration^. 
This  arrangement  is  made  from  the  fact  that  these  diseases 
frequently  depend  on  a  morbid  constitution,  and  it  is  through 
the  correction  of  this  condition  that  the  internal  administra- 
tion of  waters  proves  curative.  The  constitutional  conditions 
that  most  frequently  dominate  over  the  uterine  malady  are 
scrofulous,  rheumatic,  and  herpetic  (or  dartrous). 

When  a  scrofulous  tendency  predominates,  the  uterine 
malady  usually  assumes  the  form  of  engorgement.  In  these 
caaes  saline  waters  produce  the  best  results,  correcting  the  con- 
stitutional condition,  and  possessing  a  resolutive  action  in 
uterine  and  peri-uterine  engorgement.  They,  however,  dis- 
pose directly  to  uterine  haemorrhage,  and  therefore  the  stronger 
waters  should  not  be  selected,  especially  if  the  patient  be  sub- 
ject to  menorrrhagia.* 

If  the  rheumatic  diathesis  is  dominant,  thermal  waters, 
containing  a  proportion  of  alkalies,  should  be  directed.  Alka- 
line waters,  like  saline  waters,  possess  a  resolutive  action  in 
engorgements,  but,  unlike  them,  do  not  tend  to  cause  uterine 
haemorrhage. 

The  herpetic  or  dartrous'  constitution  is  most  amenable  to 
mlphur-waters.  When  this  condition  prevails,  the  uterine 
malady  is  most  frequently  accompanied  by  uterine  and  vaginal 

'  Dnrand-FardeL  "Bnlletln  O^n^mlfl  rf«  T>iAiHiTu»,Hn..«  » i  qto  *„_,  i •>    _  .„. 

me  dartrous  constitution  is  described  under  diseases  of  the  skin. 


\ 


102 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


catarrh.  When  congestion  and  neuralgia  are  prominent,  these 
waters  are  not  applicable,  neither  are  they  in  cases  compli- 
cated  by  menorrhagia.'  Those  which  are  but  little  exciting 
should  be  selected.  ® 

In  the  treatment  of  chronic  metritis  by  mineral  waters 
balneary  measures  occupy  a  prominent  place.   The  swimmings 
!    .  ."'^^'**^  temperature  (82°  to  93°  Fahr.)  is  that  best 
adapted.    The  patient  sho  ild  remain  in  the  bath  for  a  consid- 
erable time-as  long  as  half  an  hour,  or  even  an  hour.    The 
vaginal  douche  would  seem  to  be  indicated  in  this  disease,  but 
It  has  been  found  injurious,  the  percussion  caused  by  the  iniec- 
tion  of  a  stream  of  water  against  the  neck  of  the  uterus 
tending  to  produce  congestion.     Neither  have  douches  in  the 
lumbar  region,  or  parts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  uterus,  proved 
beneficial      Durand-Fardel  says,  "Save  for  exceptional  cases 
they  should  be  banished  from  the  treatment  of  this  disease." 
If  It  IS  desirable  to  act  du-ectly  on  a  catairh  or  ulceration  irri- 
^tions  of  feeble  temperature  and  devoid  of  impulsive  force 
should  alone  be  employed. 

Amenorrhcea.-This  condition  is  allied  to  various  states 
of  the  organism.     It  frequently  presents  in  young  girls  of 
dehcate  constitution  and  scrofulous  or  lymphatic  temperament 
Ihey  are  almost  always  chlorotic.     In  cases  of  this  kind  there 
IS  much  to  be  hoped  from  a  resort  to  springs;  more,  probably, 
from  change  of  air,  scene,  and  exercise,  than  from  the  waters 
However,  saline  waters  and  sulphur-waters,  especially  those 
contaimng  a  proportion  of  iron,  aid  the  recovery.     To  the  in- 
ternal use  of  the  waters  it  is  well  to  join  swimming-baths  of 
moderate  temperature.     Sea-bathing  also  gives  favorable  re- 
sults when  the  person  reacts  well  after  the  bath. 

Sometimes  suppression  of  menstruation  is  united  with  a 
plethoric  condition.  In  these  cases  waters  of  a  different  type 
must  be  selected,  those  containing  but  a  small  proportion  of 
constituents  and  which  possess  a  calming  or  sedative  influence 
This  indication  is  most  frequently  met  with  in  thermal  waters 
of  moderate  temperature. 

I  Durand-Fardel,  loo,  cU. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


103 


Dysmenorrhoea. — Painful  menstruation^  in  many  instances, 
depends  on  the  same  causes  which  induce  amenorrhoea,  and 
the  same  waters  are  indicated.  Occurring  in  anaemic,  ohlo- 
rotio,  and  scrofulous  girls,  as  a  result  of  delayed  development, 
the  saline  waters  or  sulphur-waters^  combined  with  tepid  bath- 
ing, are  beneficial.     Chalybeate  waters  are  also  appropriate. 

When  plethora  and  erethism  of  the  nervous  system  exist, 
thermal  waters  of  moderate  temperature  and  but  little  miner- 
alized are  preferable.  Cases  are  also  benefited  by  the  contin- 
ued use  of  alkaline  waters  of  very  moderate  strength. 

It  need  hardly  be  stated  that  cases  of  dysmenorrhoea,  de- 
pending on  displacement  of  the  uterus  or  constriction  of  the 
cervical  canal,  are  beyond  the  power  of  mineral  waters,  and 
require  surgical  treatment. 

.  Leucorrhcea. — This  disease  is  a  frequent  accompaniment 
of  chronic  metritis,  and  depends  on  similar  general  conditions 
of  the  system.  It  is,  however,  more  frequently  manifested 
when  metritis  occurs  in  the  herpetic  or  dartrous  constitution. 
The  waters  then  most  favorable  are  sulphur-waters — those 
but  feebly  mineralized,  as  a  rule ;  though,  in  some  instances, 
the  stronger  waters  yield  excellent  results.  The  highly-min- 
eralized waters  should,  however,  be  used  guardedly,  lest  uterine 
congestion  be  produced. 

Combined  with  the  internal  use  of  waters,  the  tepid  bath 
(82°  to  93°  Fahr.)  should  be  employed.  The  vaginal  douche 
is  of  service,  provided  it  be  employed  only  as  an  irrigation, 
without  any  propulsion  against  the  uterus. 

In  cases  of  leucorrhoea  marked  by  anaemia  or  chlorosis,  the 
mild  chalybeate  waters  may  be  advantageously  employed. 

Sterility. — The  inaptitude  of  the  uterus  for  conception  de- 
pends on  such  varied  causes  that  no  mineral  water  can  be  con- 
sidered a  specific  remedy.  Nevertheless,  by  the  relief  of  the 
causes,  some  of  which  are  named  in  the  preceding  pages,  min- 
er?il  waters  may  prove  corrective. 

When  the  origin  is  an  enfeebled  condition  of  the  genera- 
tive organs,  without  other  complication,  bathing  in  waters 
"ig"iy  Cuarged  with  earbonic-acid  gas  is  an  efficient  stimuiaut, 


104 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Often  leading  to  the  desired  result.     Chalybeate  waters  and 
sea-bathing  also  exercise  a  favorable  influence  in  certain  cases. 

DISEASES   OF  THE   SKIN. 

The  reputation  which  mineral  waters  have  obtained  in  the 
treatment  of  skin-disease  is  based  almost  entirely  on  their 
efficacy  in  a  single  well-defined  class  of  those  diseases;  i    e 
^e  dartrous  or  herpetic.     These  diseases,  according  to  m! 
Hardy,  are  distinguished  as  foUows:  "We  call  dartres  vari- 
ous non-contagious  elementary  lesions  of  the  skin,  often  he- 
reditary, reproducing  themselves  in  an  almost  constant  man- 
ner,  presenting  itching  as  a  chief  symptom,  always  disposed 
to  invade  new  regions,  habituaUy  chronic,  and  in  which  there 
IS  no  cicatrix  left  after  cure,  although  there  may  have  been 
ulcerations."  ^    In  persons  who  are  subjects  of  the  dartrous  or 
herpetic  diathesis  the  cutaneous  surface  is  usually  drv  and 
persph:ation  does  not  take  place  readily.     They  generally  eat 
freely.     The  skm  is  often  the  seat  of  itehmg,  even  in  the  ab- 
sence  of  eruption,  and  is  exceedingly  susceptible,  slight  ex- 
cesses m  taking  liquor,  drinking  cofi'ee,  certein  articles  of 
food,  as  shell-fish,  lobsters,  or  crabs,  irritant  frictions,  or  the 
application  of  a  plaster,  developing  cutaneous  eruptions.     But 
not  only  is  the  skin  the  seat  of  dartrous  maladies-there  are 
also  various  afi-ections  of  the  mucoua  membrane,  embracing 
^nular  sore-throat,  dartre  of  the  nose,   certain  asthmas! 
chronic  bronchitic  aflFections,  and  catarrhal  disorders  of  the 
genito-urinary  organs.     It  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  some 
cases  the  sudden  disappearance  of  an  external  manifestation 
of  this  diathesis,  eczema,  for  example,  is  foUowed  by  an  attack 
ot  bronchitis,  and  on  the  subsidence  of  the  bronchitis  the  ecze- 
ma returns.     In  some  women  the  cure  of  eczema  is  immedi- 
ately  followed  by  leucorrhoea.     Similar  results  sometimes  suo- 
ceed  the  disappearance  of  psoriasis. 

The  skin-diseases  which  belong  to  this  diathesis  are  eczema, 
lichen,  psoriasis,  and  pityriasis.  The  different  forms  of  eczema 
are  sometimes  called  moist  dartres,  while  the  others  are  termed 

>  "  LefOBS  8ur  los  Maladies  de  la  Peau,"  Paris,  I860,  p.  19. 


THERAPEUTICS.  jq^ 

dry  or  scaly  dartres.  These  eruptions  are  all  chronic  in  char- 
acter, perpetuating  themselves  indefinitely  for  months  and 
years. 

Mzema.— Humid  scale  or  tetter  is  one  of  the  most  fre- 
quent  skin-diseases.    It  is  characterized  by  the  development 
of  small  vesicles  and  vesico-pustules,  or  by  a  red  and  thick- 
ened epidermis,  from  which  there  is  a  more  or  less  abundant 
serous  or  sero-purulent  secretion,  which  may  form  crusts  and 
terminate  by  a  scaly  desquamation.     The  eruption  is  accom- 
panied by  excessive  itching.     Though  a  chronic  disease,  it 
may  sometimes  run  its  course  in  six  or  eight  weeks,  to  reap- 
pear,  however,  in  a  few  months  or  a  year— the  person  suflFer- 
mg  from  it  never  feeling  sure  of  freedom  from  an  attack. 
Tliere  are  many  varieties  of  the  disease,  named  according  to 
the  aspect,  configuration,  and  location  of  the  eruption.    Im- 
petigo is  one  of  the  most  frequent  forms. 

In  the  treatment  of  this  malady  mlphur-watera  often  prove 
efficient,  especially  those  of  the  subdivisions  known  as  saline 
mlphur-watera.  In  those  cases,  howevc;-,  which  present  acute 
symptoms  during  the  invasion,  such  as  excessive  fatigue,  head- 
ache, pam  in  the  back,  and  fever,  mineral  waters  should  not 
be  employed.  Those  waters  which  are  highly  mineralized 
should  always  be  used  with  care,  because  of  the  irritation  fre- 
quently produced. 

The  waters  are  used  internally  and  in  the  form  of  baths 
After  having  taken  a  number  of  baths  all  the  local  manifesta- 
tions of  the  disease  are  often  increased;  but,  on  suspending 
or  moderating  the  baths,  the  irritation  is  allayed,  to  be  again 
excited  by  their  use.     The  patient  may  quit  the  baths  despair- 
ing and  discontented ;  the  eciema  is  lighted  up  once  or  twice 
afterward,  and  thence  ceases.    In  other  cases,  however,  the 
eruption  gradually  disappears,  under  the  use  of  the  waters 
without  occurrence  of  irritative  phenomena.     In  order  to  ob^ 
tain  permanent  relief  from  this  malady,  it  is  usually  necessary 
to  resort  to  the  springs  for  several  successive  seasons.     Not 
all  cases,  however,  are  susceptible  of  cure,  though  ameliora- 
tion may  alwaj-s  be  anticipated. 


mp 


mm 


i 


106 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Lichen. — This  excessively  chrunio  malady  is  characterized 
at  its  commencement  by  clusters  of  papules,  surrounded  by  a 
red  halo.  This  halo  finally  disappears,  leaving  the  skin  rough, 
thick,  and  seamed.  The  seat  of  the  eruption  is  usually  in- 
tensely itchy,  and  upon  it  there  are  small  crusts  or  minute 
scales. 

The  waters  most  suited  to  the  treatment  of  this  disease  are 
the  sulphur  and  saline  sulphur.  In  certain  cases  complicated 
by  gastralgia,  alkaline  waters  prove  valuable.'  The  contin- 
ued use  of  the  waters  in  the  form  of  baths  is  a  necessity,  and, 
in  some  instances,  it  is  desirable  to  push  the  treatment  until 
the  bath-eruption,  la  poussSe^  is  established,  and  a  cure  by  sub- 
stitution inaugurated. 

Psoriasis. — Dry  scall,  or  scaly  tetter,  is  characterized  by 
thick,  dry,  white,  shiny  scales,  the  skin  beneath  being  dry, 
much  thickened,  of  a  dull-red  color,  and  the  seat  of  more  or 
less  itching.  When  the  eruption  is  of  long  duration,  the  skin 
is  frequently  seamed  and  cracked.  The  patches  of  the  erup- 
tion are  various  in  form;  and  on  whatever  part  of  the  person 
they  occur,  they  will  also  be  found,  as  a  rule,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  elbows  and  knees.  In  this,  as  in  all  dartrous  maladies, 
the  sulphur-waters  are  the  most  efficient,  used  internally  and 
in  the  way  of  baths.  On  this  point  Hardy  expresses  himself 
thus :  "  In  fine,  there  is  a  remedy  which  should  serve  to  con- ' 
firm  the  cure,  and  which  sometimes  alone  suffices  to  produce 
a  cure  in  cases  where  all  other  means  have  failed,  in  psoriasis 
inveterata^  for  example — I  mean  sulphur-waters." '  Durand- 
Fardel  counsels  the  saline-sulphur  waters  internally,  and  that 
prolonged  warm  baths  be  employed  until  the  eruptions  known 
as  lapouss^e  or  Bad  Friesel  are  produced.  The  thermal  waters 
containing  but  a  small  proportion  of  ingredients  are  of  de- 
cided value  for  this  purpose. 

Pityriasis. — The  most  frequent  manifestation  of  this  dis- 
ease is  that  occupying  the  head,  and  known  as  dandruflF.  It 
is  only  when  it  exhibits  itself  on  other  parts  of  the  body  that 

>  Har^,  op.  oit,  p.  100. 

«  "Lefons  sur  les  Maladies  de  la  Peau,"  Paris,  18(W,  p!  120. 


THEnAPEDTICa  j^j 

mineral  waters  are  of  much  avail.  It  ia  the  mUdert  exhibition 
of  the  dartrous  diathesis,  but  exceedingly  rebellious  1 1^^ 
ment.    Sulphur^aten  are  those  that  should  be  en,p%ed. 

We  have  given  the  dartrous  maladies  in  which  mineral 
waters  are  eminently  beneficial.  Besides  these  diserseTtr^ 
«e  vanous  affections  of  the  skin,  due  to  scrofula  or  .y^Z 
wkoh  mmeral  waters  prove  efficacious.  In  those  of  Hofu^ 
^aracter,  the  ^^^pk^  waters  are  preferable.  InZ^. 
tec  diseases  of  the  skin,  we  must  choose  between  sulphT^i 
t^l  wute;.      Neither,  however,  a„,  alone  suffl^S;"  for 

oases  of  a<»«  and  prurigo,  mlpAur-waters  prove  curative. 
In  the  application  of  mineral  waters  to  diseases  of  the  skin 

^1X71*°,^'^  ""1.°"  *''™  '"*<'"«"  ad-nist^tron,' 
though  both  shou  d  be  combined.    I„  certain  inveterate  chronic 

duration  of  the  baths,  and  continue  them  until  the  erupliona 
known  as/«  poussie  are  fully  established."  I„  this  Z  the 
onginat  disease  is  replaced  by  a  different  eruption,  wS'd?^ 
appea^  without  a  return  of  the  old  malady.  For  hTpurpoi 
of  produc  ng  the  bath^ruption,  the  tAermL  wa^eZnZZ 

•ngly  efficient,  and  produce  a  cure  without  other  agency. 

StTBOlOAI,  DISBASES. 

of  a^ioinftr™'  Tr-  T'"''  *"  ^'"f°««»  » '"-<"'"% 
ot  a  joint.    There  are  two  kinds,  the  true  and  the  felse     I„ 

ta^s  in  the  latter,  there  are  no  adhesions,  but  the  ligaments 
and  tendons  are  thickened  by  deposits,  or  have  lost  th!  Ze^ 
of  motion  by  want  of  use.  The  conditions  which  produce^Ise 
anchylosis  are  met  with  when  a  limb  has  been  confined  in  i„ 

2r:2ir:''vr ''''  '^-^-  ^^  *"--  - 1 

may  loUow  after  dislocation  or  srirflin       !«  ^    l   •     , 
there  is  usually  an  inflammato;  IP,  i^^  CX' 

'  Haray,  "L«foi«  sur  les  Maladies  do  la  Peau,"  deuxlSme  partle,  p.  126. 


ff" 


1 


108 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


original  injury.     The  thickening  of  the  fibrinous  and  tendi- 
nous structures    which  accompanies  rheumatism,  frequently 
produces  a  similar  anchylosis.     The  want  of  use,  which  foUows 
-    paralysis,  often  leaves  a  joint  in  a  condition  of  false  anchylosis, 
i^rom  whatever  cause/a&e  anchylosis  occurs,  decided  ben- 

TlZr^  T  T  *°  ^'  "^P"^*^^  ^^^"^  *^«  appropriate 
apphcation  of  mineral  waters.  The  waters  to  be  preferred  are 
thermal  waters  of  the  sulphur  or  saline  class.  A  high  dVgree 
of  thermahty  is  essential.     The  waters  are  to  be  employ! L 

joint  The  douches  should  be  accompanied  with  shampooing 
and  fnction  The  internal  use  of  waters  at  the  same  timf 
probably  aid  m  procuring  absorption  of  exudations.  It  should 
however,  be  stated  that  thermal  waters,  containing  an  exceed! 
mgly  smal  proportion  of  constituents,  seem  to  produce  equally 
good  results,  showing  that  the  benefits  result  almost  entirely 
from  the  outward  application.  Mineral  mud-baths  are  much 
used  abroad  m  these  cases,  and  are  supposed  to  aid  the  ab- 
sorptive  process. 

Contractions.-T:h\sierm  is  here  used  to  indicate  the  short- 
eningand  rigidity  of  muscles,  often  rendering  a  limb  almost 
useless,  and  causing  deformity.  It  arises  from  a  variety  of 
causes,  such  as  rheumatism,  scrofula,  gout,  syphilis,  or  external 
injury.  In  the  treatment  of  this  condition  by  mineral  waters, 
regard  is  to  be  given  to  these  causes ;  but  the  especial  virtue 
of  the  waters  depends  on  the  warm  baths  and  hot  douches, 
such  as  are  found  at  thermal  springs.  That  thermal  water, 
therefore,  should  be  selected  which  by  virtue  of  its  constitu! 
cuts  especially  acts  on  the  originating  cause.  Mineral  mud- 
baths  are  also  thought  to  aid  in  these  cases 

irydrarthrosis.-This  term  is  applied  both  to  dropsy  of 
a  joint  and  that  severe  tubercular  disease  known  as  white- 
swelling. 

Dropsy  of  a  joint  may  arise  from  external  injury,  or  it  may 
depend  on  a  rheumatic,  scrofulous,  or  gouty  constitution.  Some^ 
times  1  IS  a  result  of  syphilis.  When  the  condition  is  chronic, 
mineral  waters  prove  valuable  in  the  form  of  warm  baths  and 


THERAPBUTIOS, 

douches     Tho>e  thermal  v><uer,av„  espeoiaUy  valuable  whioh 
answer  the  constitutional  indications  "«"Me  whicli 

ins  If  jrtfTl"'"r'^'^'°™'''»"»  disease,  affect- 

subiecte     T.         r"'  °'"'"'^'  "  "°*  «'°°«.  »  Bo^fulous 
subjects.    The  malady  is  usually  subacute  in  its  progress  and 

S  by  a  reZtotr™'  ?  f"^™'  "'=''*''  """^  ^^- 
baths  and  dZes  VT  '"f  '^'^"°''  ""y  •«  »''''">  ^y 
empIoyJ,rith  e^trP^  "PP'-^*'"""  »'><>"1<3.  however,  iL 
alone  *  ""'"'*'  ""^  ''J'  "o  •"«»■>»  ''eUed  on 

treatment  are  equally  applicable.  mmeral-water 

Bcr„flT-;;Sis''tZ^hV' """'  if  """"^  *^«  -"J*  °f 

i-i»y  as  the'S:l:i;,?™t  Du":^  hT  T"  'T  ^^*^""" 
mineral  waters  should  noTb;  use^  w  'f^T'^^'y  '^S^, 
away,  great  benefit  may  be  dlve'd  f,!'  IT  ","""  P""^^ 
appropriate  waters     IT,.  ,7      T   ,  ?"  ^^  employment  of 

be^t  4ults,™^l„™l    77  ,*"^^^^^  *"« 

water  is  talc™  faternaUy  applirf  Wl  r"""™'""-    ^^ 

tations,  and  injected  in£  Sfus"Sf  f/"  Z,T' fJ^T' 

lest  too  great  irntation  be  produced  * 

Mcrosis,  which  is  but  a  resiiU  n'f  ««  •       • 
same  treatment  ^^"^'' '"  «»^i««t  to  the 

whic^pr^:rr:rthrann:a:  -tt  "'t 

readily  expect   uctLX,"  '"^  "  '^^""^  "^  ""^ 

ditions.    r^  otheT  c^e^^thr  th     "  '^"'^  *°  *''°-  -- 
tional  indication  8uohT,'v  T  ''  '"'  ™*^  """^tif- 

applioation  of  watet  1™  T'  "'"'"',  ^^  '""'">'"  ""'^  >°-' 
»n  ir«tiH-  -    •    r,  '"'^  "  "•"'^ed  influ.n^.  ^iM-in- 

-n  .r..tabl.  ur  indolent  ulcer  to  form  healthy  granulaViorS 


■•ipiiiMp 


110 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


finally  heal,  although  in  the  case  of  varicose  ulcers  there  is 
always  probability  of  a  return.  The  waters  which  are  most 
noted  for  the  cure  of  ulcers  are  the  saline  and  sulphur.  They 
are  employed  both  internally,  locally,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
bath.  At  some  springs  the  sulfurin,  or  baHgine^  which  forms 
in  the  reservoirs,  is  used  as  a  local  application,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  of  especial  utility ;  but,  as  far  as  discovered,  it  acts  only 
by  the  water  with  which  it  is  saturated. 

Old  Wounds. — It  often  results  from  bullet-wounds,  and 
those  produced  by  pieces  of  shell,  that  the  bullet,  the  piece  of 
shell,  or  a  portion  of  the  clothing,  passes  deeply  into  the  mus- 
cular structures,  is  embedded  there,  and  cannot  be  withdrawn. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  superficial  wound  may  heal 
and  reopen  repeatedly,  or  it  may  not  heal  at  all,  or  the  wound 
may  heal,  but  the  person  may  be  conscious  of  some  foreign 
body  within  the  tissues  which  continually  annoys.  Again, 
the  cause  of  irritation  may  be  a  spicula  of  necrosed  bone. 

Under  any  of  these  conditions  remarkable  benefit  frequently 
results  from  mineral  waters.  They  are  employed  in  the  form  of 
hot  baths,  hot  douches,  and  internally.  For  this  purpose  ther- 
mal waters  of  high  temperature  yield  the  best  results.  Under 
their  action  the  exudations  which  imprison  the  foreign  body 
are  converted  into  pus ;  the  ball,  piece  of  shell,  or  clothing,  is 
loosened  from  its  lodgment  and  soon  finds  its  way  to  the  sur- 
face. During  the  course  of  treatment,  care  is  to  be  taken  that 
the  stimulant  action  of  the  waters,  and  the  suppuration  pro- 
duced, be  not  carried  too  far.  The  contractiona  of  muscles 
and  joints,  following  wounds,  are  likewise  favorably  influenced 
by  thermal  waters. 

So  much  reliance  is  placed  on  mineral  waters  in  these  and 
other  affections,  that  the  military  establishment  of  France  pos- 
sesses five  hospitals,  at  as  many  diflerent  springs,  for  the  ben- 
efit of  soldiers.  Austria  has  a  like  number.  Prussia  sends 
her  sick  soldiers,  in  need  of  mineral  waters,  to  TOplitz.  ' 


CHAPTER   VII. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

A  CEBTAIN  disease  being  given,  it  is  always  a  question 
which  spring  to  select.  In  the  answer  a  number  of  consiaer- 
ations  are  involved 

In  the  arrangement  of  thU  work  each  spring  is  grouped 
»  a  certain  class,  but,  while  the  waters  of  the  class  possess 

rvt^r^^""'  "''•"''  P"""'"  *°  "'"^  »P™»™  the  class, 
nevertheless  these  springs  present  a  certain  individuaUty  de^ 

pending  on  auxiliary  constituents.    Thus,  an  alkaline  water 

may  also  contain  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime  in  consider- 

able  proportion,  or,  it  may  be,  chloride  of  sodium,  which  forms 

the  principal  seconda^r  constituent;  or,  again,  a  small  proper- 

tion  of  ux>n  may  be  present   And  the  same  remark  will  apply 

to  salme  waters,  sulphui^waters,  chalybeate  waters,  the™d 

waters  etc.    Now,  m  each  instance,  the  water  not  only  pos- 

^Tn^lTZ  '''"""i^  '"  "-^  olass,  but,  in  addition,  this 
«hon  IS  modified  orreenforced  by  these  auxiliary  <;onstituents, 
some  known  and  perhaps  some  unknown.    Hence,  in  desig- 

his  individuality,  and  also  the  individuality  of  the  spring-  to 

dommated  by  a  particular  diathesis,  such  as  the  rheumatic, 
gouty,  scrofulous,  or  dartrous,  and,  in  regard  to  the  water 
wheher  its  constituents,  both  principal  and  auxiliary,  meet 
the  indications  both  of  the  disease  and  the  diathesis.    Thus 

wate^fr  ti^'Tr  "^  *■■"  ^^^''' '"  »  '••«•«■''««  subject, 
watery  frankly  alkaline  or  calcic  should  be  employed;  hi  a 

Z^°"'f  ^:S-'"*  ^'"'''""  ^''*«">  "'■'taining  considerable 
ohlonde  of  sodium,  would  be  appropriat^the  muriated  alk^ 


112 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


linos;  in  a  dartrous  subject  oaloio  waters,  containing  sulphu- 
retted hydrogen,  that  iq,  a  calcic  sulphur-water;  in  a  patient 
decidedly  anaemic,  an  alkaline  water  containing  a  proportion 
of  iron,  a  mild  alkaline  chalybeate.  This  is  the  theory  of  the 
prescription  of  waters,  and  it  is  always  best  to  consider  the 
question  in  this  way ;  nevertheless  it  must  be  acknowledged 
that  in  our  present  ignorance  of  the  exact  entities  of  disease, 
and  the  definite  physiological  action  of  chemicals  and  com* 
binations,  we  are  not  to  rely  too  implicitly  on  this  method. 

Besides  the  constitution  of  a  water,  it  is  necessary  in  many 
instances  to  consider  the  location  of  a  spring,  its  elevation, 
temperature,  and  climatology.  While  some  diseases  improve 
more  readily  at  a  resort  from  two  to  four  thousand  feet  above 
fhe  sea,  others  do  not  profit  by  a  mountain  climate. 

Some  diseases  do  well  in  a  comparatively  dry  atmosphere, 
and  are  injuriously  affected  by  one  that  is  moist.  An  exceed' 
ingly  cool  climate  is  adapted  to  one,  while  another  is  reUeved 
in  a  warm  region.  Unfortunately,  the  meteorological  obser- 
rations  necessary  to  solve  these  problems  have  been  taken  at 
but  few  springs  in  this  country. 

The  surroundings  of  a  spring  are  also  to  be  considered. 
For  certam  patients,  nothing  could  be  more  unfortunate  than 
to  sojourn  at  one  of  the  crowded,  fashionable  resorts,  where 
continual  excitement  prevails  and  appropriate  accommodations 
are  obtaine^  with  difficulty;  while  others,  by  the  gayety  and 
conviviality  that  are  found  there,  would  be  wakened  from  a 
despondent  condition  and  led  to  forget  their  ills. 

The  aeasorty^  as  it  is  termed,  usually  commences  the  1st  of 

I  Invalids  wiU  do  well  to  correspond  with  the  proprietor  of  the  spring,  or  the  hotoL  pre- 
rlons  to  commencing  he  journey.  A  letter  addressed  thus,  at  the  commencement  oHr 
during  the  season,  wiU  always  receive  attention :  "aoemeni;  or  or 

If  but  one  hotel  at  the  spring :  if  geveral  hotels  at  the  spring  : 

Proprietor  of (naming  the  spring) 

(naming  the  county) 

. . .  .(naming  the  State) 


Proprietor  of (naming  the  hotel) 

(namhig  the  spring) 

(naming  the  county) 

.(naming  the  State) 


If  the  name  of  the  springs  and  post-office  are  not  the  same,  the  name  of  the  no«t  nffl™ 
must  be  inserted  The  avenge  price  per.day  at  the  hotels  Is  tUe  doZ;  Ltper  montT 
ftom  sixty  to  eighty  dollars.  For  parties,  and  persons  remaining  a  long  Sme,  spedri  a^ 
rangements  can  be  made.    Eooms  can  usually  be  secured  in  advMoe. 


SUGGESTIONS.  ,,, 

year.  Tho  best  t.mo,  as  a  rule,  to  commence  treatment  is  in 
June  or  July;  these  months,  however,  are  named  only  a,  blin^ 
convenient.  Mineral  waters  can  be  taken,  and  their'^^nefiS 
effects  secured,  at  any  time  of  the  year.    The  old  idea  tha 

theywerenotadn,issibleinwinter,hasbeene„tiretyaba„doneS 
"ttfed  rr  '''  ""'  I."""'  "'  ''^•''^'  ""-^  ""  this^purpotrtt 

m^t  ^^r'  ""  TP"™""-    ^"^'''■'"'  t*"""  "  not  the  oare 
used  in  bo  thng  waters  that  should  be  observed.     When  wa- 

tes  eontam  considerable  gas,  the  bottles  should  always  te 
closely  sealed.    There  are  but  few  waters  that  arlT  aU 

o  The  cho       r™*  '."'"""'^-    '""•"  ^-»  -»P«.  ™1  some 
of  the  chemical  in,;redients  are  decomposed  by  contact  with 

the  wood,  and  whenjhese  objections  do  not  obtaTn"  017^ 

the  absence  of  gas  in  the  water  or  salts  that  are  deeoS 

water  is  made;  thatTthett^rbrd^rr-rilt 
porcelain-lined  vessel  till  the  salts  are  precip.ratc^  then  fZ 

solved  n  a  definite  quantity  of  water,  is  supposed  to  represent 
the  spnng-water.    Although  they  may  answer  a  good  puZe 
when  the  spnng-water  cannot  be  obtained,  they  !o  nofrTpre 
sent  It  accuratelv.     In  hnilinn-  „ll  41,         >       :/  ""  "oi  repre- 
snrinfl-water  TZ  A-    ""'''"S' ""  the  gases  contained  in  the 

occur,  sulphuret^  are  converted  into  sulphates,  bicarbonates 
mto  carbonates,  and  the  protoride  of  iron  into   he  peroxTde 

D^^^rh  ;h  "^P/'  '"'*'""""'  ^»P'  ^'^  sometimes  pre- 
riT  sI'lM "•  P"""?'*:'^''  »»"'•  At  Krankenheil,  in  bL- 
na  so^^alled  lodine-soda  and  iodinc-soda-sulphur  Loaps  are 
made,  and^are  said  to.be  successfully  used  in  clonic  ZZ 

at  thelJriV.'wii^h  tl  I ''  "  r "™  '"™^^  "^•^^'^  ™  -'•™> 

answer  1X4'     I'  "  "  "  P'^"^  °'  "=^°^'-    '^'- 

m^,i„.   L  yuu  are  well,  if  you  are  there  only  for 


114 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


rest  and  recreation,  assimilate  yourself  as  rapidly  as  possible 
with  the  pleasures  and  society  of  the  place;  remembering 
however,  and  practising  the  trite  maxim,  «  Temperance  in  all 
things."    Here  are  assembled  a  large  number  of  persons, 
whose  desu-es  are  similar  to  your  own,  and  the  community  of 
interests  produces  the  following  result :  The  morning  is  passed 
in  repairing  to  the  spring  and  drinking  of  the  water,  in  cheer- 
ful conversation,  and  excursions;   the  afternoon,  in  croquet 
games,  lounging,  and  preparations  for  the  dance;   and  the 
evemng  is  given  to  promenading  and  the  festivities  of  the 
ball.     At  many  of  the  springs  a  band  of  musicians  performs 
m  the  park  during  the  after-dinner  hours  and  at  tea-time. 

What  is  the  best  time  for  taking  the  waters  ?  The  mom. 
ing  hours  before  breakfast,  and  in  the  afternoon  before  tea. 
That  one  may  take  the  water  properly,  he  should  cultivate  the 
healthful  virtue  of  early  rising,  and  the  not  less  laudable  vir- 
tue of  early  retiring.  It  cannot  be  expected  that  the  most 
potent  water  will  antidote  the  dissipations  of  enormous  din- 
ners, imbibition  of  spirituous  liquors,  and  continuous  dancing 
till  the  morning  hours. 

The  quantity  of  water  that  may  be  taken  varies  so  much  at 
different  springs  that  no  fixed  rule  can  be  given.    It  may  be 
stated,  however,  in  a  general  way,  that  from  two  to  three 
moderate-sized  glasses— tumblers— in  the  morning,  and  two 
or  three  more  during  the  day,  may  be  taken.     In  drinking  the 
water,  from  fifteen  to  twenty  minutes  should  elapse  between 
each  glass ;  and,  during  the  interval,  it  is  well  to  promenade 
through  the  neighboring  groves,  or,  in  damp  weather,  under 
the  covered  walks,  which  should  be  contiguous  to  the  spring. 
From  half  an  hour  to  an  hour  should  pass  before  the  succeeding 
meal  is  taken.     The  practice  of  deluging  the  stomach  with 
water  is  extremely  reprehensible,  and  sometimes  produces  seri- 
ous results.   I  have  known  violent  inflammation  of  the  kidneys, 
followed  by  chronic  disease,  established  in  this  way.    The 
temperature  of  water  preferable  for  a   cure  is   from  50°  to 
88°  Fahr.     If  excessively  cold,  it  is  not  readily  absorbed,  and 
acts  injuriously  on  the  stomach  and  intestines. 


I 


SCGGESTIOm  ij. 

The  production  of  crisis  is  no  longer  considered  necessary 
to  tlie  curative  action  of  waters,  neitlier  is  preliminary  treat- 
ment  required  other  than,  in  some  instances,  simple  remedies 
to  control  slight  febrUe  conditions,  depending  on  the  fatigue 
of  a  journey.    In  the  olden  time,  the  patient  underwent  an 

dTf  Z,^r^     ,    '  ""*"••    BoiIeau,in  a  lette  to  Baciie, 
dated  31st  July,  1687,  thus  describes  the  process.    He  says 
I  have  been  purged  and  bled,  and  nothing  more  remains  for 
me  to  undergo  of  all  the  formalities  considered  necessary  be- 
fore  tabng  the  waters.    The  medicines  which  I  hare  4en 

world ;  for  they  have  caused  me  to  fall  down  four  or  five  times 
from  weakness,  and  have  thrown  me  into  a  state  in  which  I  can 
hardly  stand  upright    To-morrow  lam  tK>  begin  the  great 

-  Ct;e"."'"  *"  "'^'  *"'  '°"™™'"  '  "■"  *»  "^^  "^"^ 
The  use  of  mineral  waters  by  old  persons,  children,  and 
pregnant  women  should  be  exceedingly  guarded.    Formerly 
It  was  thought  that  pregnancy  was  an  absolute  bar  to  the  em- 
ployment  of  mmeral  waters.    That  idea,  however,  is  no  longer 
entertamed.    Under  some  circumstances,  they  have  a  benefill 
effect  on  both  mother  and  child  when  taken  at  this  period 
tl,»  7^^  the  treatment   by  mineral  waters    excesses    of 
the  table  should  be  rigidly  avoided.    The   combination  of 
m  neml  water,  momitain  air,  exercise,  and  amusement,  fre- 
quently grves  an  appetite  to  which  the  person  may  have  W 
been  a  stranpr.    Especially  is  this  so  in  cases  of  dyspepX^ 
and,  aUhough  the  return  of  appetite  is  an  indication'^^f  the 

ftT^  7k    "  "'  '^'  ™*'''  I'^™»«'"  '^"^f  -"y  he  entirely 
Cd  be  ^Y-^'"^*""'  °'  ^^  P-^^'^-    ^  "  ^^'  the  diet 

x^warird^rer  "°"^  ^''^" ""  ^-^  "^-^^^^  '^^^ 

d...,^lT^l  "'  ^^'  "^"'"'^'y  '"'  treatment  cannot  be 
designated.     A  conventional  period  of  twenty-one  days  is 
frequently  named,  but  many  cases  require  treble  and  quadr^    ■ 
^„  „^n5u  ixiuluuies,  where  it  is  desired  to  eradi- 


« 


116 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


cate  a  morbid  habit  of  the  body,  it  is  best  to  return  to"  tlie 
appropriate  water  for  two  or  three  successive  seasons.  Pa- 
tients need  not  be  alarmed  if,  shortly  after  commencing  the 
use  of  the  waters,  their  symptoms  are  somewhat  aggravated. 
This  perturbation  of  the  system  frequently  occurs,  only  to  be 
followed  by  relief.  A  suspension  or  diminution  of  the  water 
for  a  short  time  is  all  that  is  required.  Occasionally  there 
may  be  no  decided  benefit  at  the  time,  to  be  followed  by 
relief  on  return  home.  As  remarked  by  Trousseau,  mineral 
waters  are  remedies  which  act  "  d  tongue  port^.^^ 

After  a  patient  has  repaired  to  a  spring  which,  according  to 
the  best  obtainable  information  is  suited  to  his  malady,  he 
should  remain  there  until  he  has  given  the  waters  a  fair  trial, 
and  not  vacillate  from  one  resort  to  another.  There  are  vale- 
tudinarians— especially  to  be  met  with  in  the  Virginia  springs 
region — who  go  the  rounds  from  one  spring  to  another,  drink- 
ing a  few  days  of  this  water,  then  of  that,  apparently  possessed 
of  the  idea  that  some  mysterious  spirit  pervades  the  springs, 
and,  if  the  suitable  one  is  found,  renewed  life  will  thrill  through 
the  blood  with  the  first  draught.  The  search  of  Ponce  de  Leon 
for  the  fountain  of  perpetual  youth  was  not  more  quixotia  Just 
as  well  might  one  enter  an  apothecary's  and  dpse  himself  with 
each  drug,  seriatim^  hoping  thus  to  discover  the  medicine 
adapted  to  his  malady. 

Invalids  should,  as  a  rule,  consult  the  resident  physician  on 
arrival  at  the  springs,  who  should  be  familiar  with  the  precise 
action  of  the  water,  and  adjust  the  dose  to  the  varying  condi- 
tions. For  this  purpose,  the  patient  should  bring  with  him  a 
statement  of  his  case  from  his  physician,  which  will  enable  the 
resident  physician  more  readily  to  possess  himself  of  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  course  of  the  disease.  Unfortunately, 
many  of  the  physicians  at  springs  in  this  country  are  there  for  a 
single  season  only,  and  therefore  have  not  the  inducement  to 
become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  action  of  the  water, 
which  is  secured  by  permanence.  Proprietors  of  springs  will 
do  well  to  give  close  attention  to  the  medical  efficiency  of  their 
resorts.     We  cannot  refrain  from  suggesting  the  impolicy  of 


SUGGESTIONS. 


117 


proprietors  or  physicians  encouraging  or  permitting  patients 
to  remain  when  the  waters  are  manifestly  inapplicable  to  the 
disease.  Neither  is  it  advantageous  for  proprietors  to  adver- 
tise their  waters  as  curative  of  a  large  number  of  maladies  for 
which  they  havp  no  special  application.  The  springs  are  thus 
reduced  to  the  level  of  quack  nostrums,  and  the  trifling  present 
gam  of  such  a  course  is  moreihan  counterbalanced  by  the  loss 
of  reputation  which  the  water  suffers  by  failure  to  cure  or 
relieve. 

Baths,  which  are  an  essential  element  in  the  treatment  of 
many  diseases  by  mineral  waters,  are  usually  taken  during  the 
morning.    If  breakfast  be  taken  before  the  bath,  it  should  be 
light,  and  precede  it  at  least  an  hour.     In  sonje  instances,  the 
bath  may  be  taken  just  before  bedtime.     The  form  of  bath 
desirable  varies  with  the  disease.     For  general  purposes,  how- 
ever, the  swimming  or  "piscina"  bath  is  preferable,  the  patient 
havmg  opportunity  for  exercise.     All  fear  of  contracting  con- 
tagious diseases  in  these  baths  is  proved  without  foundation 
The  flow  of  water,  however,  should  be  sufficient  for  frequent 
renewal  of  the  entire  volume,  and  the  chamber  should  be  well 
ventilated.     As  a  proper  summary  of  the  course  to  be  fol- 
lowed at  the  springs,  I  quote  the  words  of  Alibert: 

"When  you  arrive  at  the  waters,  act  as  you  would  do  if 
you  were  entering  the  temple  of  ^sculapius,  and  leave  behind 
you  at  the  door  all  the  passions  which  have  been  tormenting 
your  mind  and  agitating  your  soul.     Once  there,  abstain  from 
imprudence,  and  do  not  exceed  the  prescribed  doses,  as  so 
many  invalids  have  done  at  all  times,  for  Pliny  already  com- 
plamed  of  the  evil.     «Many  sick"  people,'  he   says,  *take  a 
pride  m  having  remained  for  hours  together  in  very  hot  baths 
or  in  drinking  unmeasured  quantities  of  mineral  waters,  which 
are  both  equaUy  dangerous.'    Lead  a  quiet,  calm,  tranquil  life  • 
bathe  and  drink  with  moderation,  and  the  water  will  gradually 
exercise  its  beneficial  influence  over  you.     Your  sufi-erings  will 
msensibly  pass  away  in  the  precious  liquid,  and  your  forces 
will  become  invigorated." 

ij__^_,  .i.  i„  cuoiv/niaijr  ttt  Buinu  TGsons  lo  jom  the  in- 


ilS  MINERAL  SPRlNGa 

teraal  administration  of  whey— the  whey-curer—to  the  use  of 
mineral  water.     Whey,  as  nearly  every  one  knows,  is  the  yel- 
lowish, watery  fluid  which  remains  after  milk  has  been  coag- 
ulated, and  the  solid  portion  separated  by  straining.     It  pos- 
sesses a  mawkish  taste.     The  principal  constituents  of  a  pound 
of  whey  are  as  follows :  chloride  of  potassium,  13  to  16  grains; 
cloride  of  sodium,  two  to  three  grains;   carbonate  of  soda* 
three  to  four  grains;  milk-sugar,  380  to  500  grains.    Besides, 
it  contains  phosphates,  and    small   quantities  of  iodine  and 
fluorine.     Whey  usually  produces  a  laxative  eflFect,  and  even 
diarrhoea,  though  there  are  exceptions,  in  which  it  causes  con- 
stipation.    It  is  distmctly  diuretic.     As  a  rule,  it  is  easily 
digested,  and  improves  the  appetite,  though,  taken  in  large 
quantities,  it   causes  dyspepsia  and  diarrhoea.    It  is  recom- 
mended in  chronic  laryngitis,  bronchitis,  phthisis  pulmonalis, 
and  chronic  gastric  catarrh.     It  is  customary  to  mix  equal 
portions  of  warm  whey  and  mmeral  water.     It  may  be  of  some 
value  as  an  adjuvant;  but  the  entire  subject  of  whey-cure  is 
much  in  the  dark. 

Abroad  it  is  not  unusual  for  patients  to  seek  the  grape- 
cure  in  the  fall,  after  a  season  at  the  springs.  The  favorite  re- 
sorts for  this  purpose  are  Bingen,  DUrkheim,  Vevay,  Mon- 
treux,  and  Meran.  Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  utility  of 
this  medication,  it  is  certainly  a  pleasant  one,  and,  if  of  value, 
can  readily  be  adopted  in  this  country. 

The  composition  of  Clairette  grape-juice,  in  1,000  parts,  is 
given  as  follows : 

?^**®'^ '    .     824.00 

Grape-sugar 140  ^^ 

Gum  and  dextrine      •...,.  kaa 

Albumen  and  nitrogenous  matter    ,        ,        .  ,          18  00 

Iron '  .  \       q'q3 

Potassa jQ- 

f  ?^* *.*.*.'  2M 

i^"V 1.80 

Magnesia ^^^ 

Tartaric  acid *        *        ^'g^ 

M^cacid. 2  9Q 


the  use  of 
is  the  yel- 
ieen  coag- 
'.     It  pos- 
>f  a  pound 
L5  grains ; 
!  of  soda, 
Besides, 
)dine  and 
and  even 
■uses  con- 
is  easily 
in  large 
is  recom- 
ilmonalis, 
lix  equal 
e  of  some 
>y-cure  is 

le  grap&- 
vorite  re- 
ly,  Mon- 
utility  of 
of  value, 

parts,  is 


t.oo 

•.00 
1.00 
.00 
1.68 
.00 
.50 
.80 
.90 
.80 
.90 


SUGGESTIONa  ^^g 

nnn^n.f '  ^"'*^'^''  '^  ^^  '"^"^  ^«  ^^^^  that,  in  one 
pound  of  the  grapes  named,  there  would  bp  about  forty  grains 
of  salts,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  organic  acids  with  the 
bases  soda,  hme,  magnesia,  potassa,  and  iron.  The  quantity 
of  grape-sugar  would  be  about  two  ounces.  The  proportion 
of  these  constituents  varies,  however,  with  the  species  of 
grape,  and  the  soil  on  which  it  is  grown.  The  juice  usually 
contains  a  proportion  of  inorganic  salts,  in  addition  to  the 
salts  named. 

A  comparison  of  the  inorganic  constituents  of  grape-juice 
with  the  Grand  Grille,  at  Vichy,  has  been  made  as  follows: 


Chlorine, 

Sulphuric  acid.. 

Phosphoric  acid 

Silido  odd 

Potassa, 

Soda, 

Ma^esla 

Lime 

Iron  and  magnesia., 


The  quantity  of  grapes  usually  consumed  varies  from  one 
and  a  half  pounds  to  six  or  eight  pounds  per  day,  the  pulp 
and  juice  alone  being  taken. 

The  action  of  grapes  consumed  in  this  way  is  as  follows: 
During  the  first  few  days  a  cathartic  effect  is  produced  fre- 
quent fluid  evacuations  resulting.    After  some  days  the  pm-ara- 
tive  action  is  more  regular,  and  there  are  several  evacuations 
each  day     In  some  instances,  however,  there  is  no  laxative 
effect.     UsuaUy  the  appetite  is  increased,  digestion  is  im- 
proved, and  the  faeces  are  darker;  the  secretion  of  urine  is 
also  augmented.     Sometimes  there  is  considerable  excitement 
of  the  system  dm-ing  the  beginning  of  the  treatment;  the 
p^se  IS  more  frequent,  and  there  is  congestion  of  the  head. 
Ihis^  however,  soon  passes  off,  although  palpitation  of  the 
heart  epistaxis,  and  even  haemoptysis,  are  said  sometimes  to 
result     Grapes  are  said  to  be  useful  in  abdominal  plethora 
scrofula,  chronic  catarrh,  tnhfirf^nlosi'fl  ond  f-r—**!  * 

7 > 1  MtliU  gravel. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

THE  SKIN. 

WBucroBT  to  treatment  of  the  subject  of  baths  ,.e  give 

subiot  toT       fl""  "'  *t  "°°'''  ■»■*  *•""  ''hich  is  directly 
subject  to  the  influence  of  bathing. 

knl™  ^s  tt :';    """• """'"''' "'  =°"^-*"'  "-^  '"«  »'«""J. 
Known  as  the  cutis  vera,  or  true  skin. 

^trm  skin  is  a  dense,  elastic  tissue,  permeated  in  every 

ita  substance  are  the  sebaceous  follicles,  usually  disoharffins 
their  oily  contents  beside  the  point  of  emergence  of  theXf 
The  perspiratory  glands  are  also  seated  here.  The  papiZ^ 
layer  of  the  true  skin  consists  of  numbers  of  smalfS 
prominences,  quite  irregularly  distributed.    The  papilte  when 

ridges  and  furrows  that  may  be  seen  on  the  palm  of  the  hand 
and  the  sole  of  the  foot.    The  papilte  are  supplied  with  a  ' 
large  number  of  nerves  and  blood-vessels,  rendering  a,em  ex! 
ceedmgly  sensitive.    The  true  skin  varies  in  thickuessTn  Z 

"Z  rf"^  1*K  '""J-  ^  "°^*  ■'''"-  -  *>•«  "-t.  out™ 
the  feet.  This  thickness  may  arise  from  different  causes 
sometimes  being  due  to  an  increase  in  the  corion-theTub! 
2^m  of  the  true  skiu-at  others,  to  an  accumulation  of  Z. 
JIary  eminences,  to  subserve  the  sense  of  touch,  when  i^eat 
dehcaoy  of  feeling  is  required.  We  may  form  an  idea  of  4e 
extreme  vasculanty  of  this  tissue,  and  the  infinite  number  of 
blood-vessels  with  which  it  is  permeated,  from  the  fact  that 


THE  SKIN. 


121 


the  point  of  the  finest  needle  can  nowhere  penetrate  the  sur- 
fMc  without  blood  being  drawn  and  a  sensation  of  pain  pro-. 

m  epid^mU,  or  cuticle,  is  a  defensive  covermg  for  the 
sensitive  surface  of  the  true  skin,  being  accurately  moulded  to 
the  papillary  layer.  It  varies  in  thickness.  When  it  is  ex- 
posed  to  continued  friction  or  pressure  and  atmospheric  in- 
fluence it  becomes  thick,  hard,  and  homy  in  texture,  while 
th.  which  IS  in  contact  with  the  papillaiy  layer  is  soft  and 

T^Z  7  T"^-  .,7'''  """*  ^  '°™«'J  •'y  *•>«  exudation 
of  cells  from  the  papillary  layer,  the  outer  cells  falling  off  as 
scurf,  m  scale-like  particles.  The  color  of  the  skin  is  due  to 
pigment^ells  found  in  the  deep  layer  of  the  epidermis.  The 
color  of  this  pigment  varies  in  different  nations,  and  gives  the 
eharactenstic  hue.  The  epidermis  is  pierced  b;  the  e^t^^' 
ducts  o  the  sebaceous  folUdes  and  sweat-glands,  which  dis^ 
charge  their  secretions  upon  its  surface. 

m  mem-glands  are  small,  round,  reddish  bodies,  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more  exceedingly  small  convoluted  tubes,  twisted 
and  wound  together  in  the  most  intricate  manner,  lite 
characteristics  are  only  perceptible  under  the  microscone 
Surrounding  these  glands  are  numerous  blood-vessels     F™m 
them  Proceed  the  excretory  ducts,  which  terminate  at  the  sur. 
face  of  the  epidermis.    It  is  these  glands  that  secrete  perspira- 
lon-a  watery,  sahne  fluid.    Although  each  of  these  glLs 
IS  so  minute  when  we  consider  them  in  the  aggregate  we 
shall  amve  at  smprising  figures.    Mr.  Wilson  teTuf  as  7ol 
lows:  .'To  arrive  at  something  like  an  estimate  of  the  vatae 
of  the  perspiratory  system  in  relation  to  the  rest  of  the  organ- 
Zl'f  "T,!?"  P^^^P'-'W  pores  on  the  palm  of  the  hfnd, 
and  found  3,528  m  a  square  inch.    Now,  each  of  these  pores 
being  he  apertm^  of  a  little  tube  of  about  a  quarter  of  an  M 
ong  It  follows  that  in  a  square  inch  of  skin  on  the  palm  °f 
the  hand  there  exists  a  length  of  tube  equal  to  883  in'^^hes,  or 
7d*  teet.    Surely  such  an  amount  of  drainage  as  73  feel  in 
every  square  inch  of  skin-assuming  this  to  te  the  avera^  for 
the  whole  body-is  something  wonderful;  and  the  though! 


122 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


naturally  intrudes  itself,  « What  if  this  drainage  were  ob- 
struoted  ?  * 

"On  the  pulps  of  the  fingers,  whore  the  ridgo^  of  the  sen- 
sitive  layer  of  the  true  skin  are  somewhat  finer  than  on  the 
palm  of  the  hand,  the  number  of  pores  on  a  square  inch  a 
httle  exceeded  that  of  the  palm;  and  on  the  heel,  where  the 
ridgos  are  coarser,  the  number  of  pores  in  the  square  inch  was 
3,268,  and  the  length  of  tube  667  inches,  or  47  feet.     To  ob- 
tain an  estimate  of  the  length  of  tube  of  the  perspiratory  sys- 
tem of  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  I  think  that  2,800  might 
bo  taken  as  a  fair  average  of  the  number  of  pores  in  the 
square  inch ;  and  700,  consequently,  as  the  number  of  inches 
in  length.     Now,  the  number  of  square  inches  of  surface  in  a 
man  of  ordinary  height  and  bulk  is  2,500;  the  number  of 
pores,  therefore,  7,000,000,  and  the  number  of  inches  of  per- 
spiratory  tube,  1,760,000-that  is,  145,833  feet  or  48,600  yards 
or  nearly  28  miles."  ^       * 

The  aebaceotts  glands  are  small,  sacculated,  glandular  or- 
gans, found  in  all  parts  of  the  skin,  but  most  frequently  occur- 
nng  m  the  face.  Their  orifice  opens  most  frequently  into  the 
hair-foiholes.  The  purpose  of  the  oily  secretion  which  they 
discharge  is  to  lubricate  the  surface  of  the  body,  keeping  the 
skm  soft  and  pliable,  and  protecting  it  from  the  external  air- 
It  also  gives  gloss  and  softness  to  the  hair.  This  fluid  is  much 
more  abundantly  secreted  by  the  races  that  live  in  warm  cli- 
mates than  those  that  inhabit  cold  ones. 

Within  the  orifice  of  the  sebaceous  tubes  a  curious  para- 
site, called  the  entozoon  folliculorum,  is  frequently  found.    It 
occurs  in  great  numbers  in  the  inhabitants  of  large  ei'ties 
whose  skin  is  inclined  to  be  torpid  in  function.  * 

Function  of  the  Skin.— In  order  that  we  may  more  clearly 
comprehend  this,  it  i^  well  to  remember  that  the  skin  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  mucous  membrane  at  the  variotis  orifices  of 
the  body— the  mouth,  nose,  etc.— and  that  there  is  a  striking 
similarity  in  the  formation  of  the  two  structures.  Indeed,  we 
may  term  the  one  the  external  lining,  the  other  the  interaal- 
the  being  man,  with  the  various  tissues  of  blood,  nerve,  mus- 


■TUI!  8K1N. 


ISS 


noy.,  bo.„s  but  «.lupt„Uo„«  of  thi.  ,„ua.u.  mimbmno  to  Iht 

^A.orr'Won.-Undoubtodly  tho  skin  act,  more  roadilv  bv 
exhal»,„„a„d  soorotiou  th..„  absorption •  butZtTt  .  ab^ 
•orbentm  action  i,  contain,  though  the  .ubjoct  ll  b^cn  dt 
..domblydi,ou..od,a„d  ™a„y  h.vo  taken  «,o  nlaUvo  71 
rf  thoque»to.     For  most  fluid,  and  substance,  Cb>«'f 

IS  related  by  Theophrastu.  that  tho  odor  of  stronRlvHicented 

eractations.  Tlio  treatment  of  various  diseases  by  inunction 
w.th  n,od.catod  ointments  is  practised  at  the  prese.ft  dT  wUh 
perfect  confidence  and  certainty  us  to  «bsoT,ti„„  of  th^^d™l 
And  when  tho  dry  epidermis  is  removed  by  a  blister  and  T- 

di«X"ir;::rm:t:s:tbrer  --« -  - 

There  has  been  much  doubt  whether  tho  skin  absorb, 
wator  or  medical  substances  dissolved  in  wator.  d".  Ml  tf 
Ed  nburgh,  concluded,  from  a  series  of  experiments  that  th. 

'  rr  ^'i:-  ■""  ""'  ""''°™'^'  inoreafes  .nweight  in  a 
w.™  bath  86»  to  10a»  Fahr.).  Dr.  James  MurraT  obta  ned 
similar  results  in  baths  from  88°  to  104°  Fahr -fhrtT^r 
body  usually  gained  in  weight;  and  he  shr;^d  bytstet" 
pl.ed  to  the  urine  that  galUe  acid  is  absorbed  by  a  pe«on  il 
mersed  m  a  bath  containing  infusion  of  gaUs'^  We^™I 
found  the  prussiato  of  po.»ssa  in  the  bid  and  „" 
pmsonswho  had  used  a  foot-bath  containing  this  salt:  and  the 
unne  as  weU  as  the  serum  of  the  blood,  was  colored  blwn 
when  the  arms  were  kept  immersed  in  an  infusion  of  rhubar 
Tho  more  recent  experiments  of  Durian  and  Clemens  tend 
to  reconcile  the  apparent  contradictory  insults  that  have  b^en 

sometimes  obtained.    Prof.  Alfred  SMII/S  „f  phi,.^.,_.  7    ""^ 

i.^j  ^.  A  "iiaucjpnia,  sums 


124 


MINERAL  SPRIN(iS. 


up  the  observations  referred  to  in  these  words:  "By  these 
experiments  it  is  rendered  clear  that  for  every  person  there  is 
a  temperature  at  which  the  body,  immersed  in  water,  neither 
gams  nor  loses  in  weight;  while,  on  the  one  hand,  above  this 
point  It  exhales  more  than  it  absorbs,  and  therefore  becomes 
lighter,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  below  this  point  it  absorbs 
more  than  it  exhales  and  grows  heavier.     Thus,  in  a  bath  of 
from  72    to  77°  Fahr.,  the  skin  ahaorbs  on  an  average  248 
grams  m  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  442  grains  in  three^uarters 
of  an  hour,  and  nearly  700  grains  in  an  hour  and  a  quarter/ 
On  the  other  hand,  in  baths  at  an  average  temperature  of  97° 
Fahr.,  the  body  loses  weight  at  the  rate  of  744  grains  in  fifteen 
minutes,  1,271  grains  in  thirty  minutes,  and  2,054  grains  in 
forty-five  minutes.    In  a  bath  of  113°  Fahr.  the  body  lost  more 
than  a  pound  in  weight  in  the  course  of  fifteen  minutes.     By 
this  simple  statement  it  becomes  evident  that,  even  in  the  case 
of  water,  exhalation  is  a  more  active  function  of  the  skin  than 
absorption." «    It  is  quite  probable,  from  the  conflicting  results 
of  experiments  as  to  absorption,  that,  on  the  one  hand,  the 
body  loses  a  portion  of  fluid  in  a  tepid  bath,  and,  on  the  other 
absorbs  an  equal  or  nearly  equal  quantity;  that  is,  there  is  an 
interchange  of  fluids.     It  may  be  noted  that  experiments  in 
warm  baths  show  that  the  unne  becomes  alkaline,  as  a  rule 
even  when  nitric  acid  or  sulphate  of  quinine  is  dissolved  in* 
the  water. 

Tran^iration.-The  secretion  of  oil  by  the  sebaceous  fol- 
hcles,  and  its  purpose  of  lubricating  the  skin,  have  already  been 
mentioned.  The  office,  however,  most  worthy  of  notice  in  con- 
nection with  this  subject  is  that  of  perspiration—the  eUmi- 
nation  of  carbonic  acid  and  perspiration  by  the  sweat-glands 
The  ingenious  calculation  by  which  it  is  shown  that  the  com- 
bined  length  of  the  sweat-tubes,  in  an  individual,  is  about 
twenty-eight  miles  has  already  been  noticed.  It  may  be  asked 
if  these  glands  are  constantly  active,  continually  conveying. 

»>.  J  *^T*  "r«*f  »'  ^^^  «>«  »« I*«rts  throw  doubt  on  this  poliit   The   afflrm 
that  the  loss  ia  large  between  T6'  and  82*  FUir.  '  ^^ 

»  8tilI6'8  "  TherapeuUfflS,"  vol.  L,  pp.  WS,  6T. 


THE  SKIN. 


180 


'  affirm 


their  bnrdcn  of  perspiration  to  the  surface  of  the  skin,  why  is 

The  fluid  iff  •'  r;"""""^  ""''"  We  answer,  because 
the  fluid  ,s  chminated  so  gradually  that  it  passes  otFimpe«=ep. 
tibly  ,„  vapor  as  rapidly  as  it  is  formed.    However,  we  aU 

i^sZf^^  """'?''  ""  ''"''""'"  '«rge  beads  of  fluid 
Ih^flmd  18  composed  mostly  of  water,  but,  besides,  we  find 
carbonic  acid,  acetate  of  ammonia,  phosphate  of  soda  and  lime 

nate  of  ammonia,  and  traces  of  iron  and  animal  matter.  The 
quantity  thus  exhaled  has  been  estimated  as  about  two  and  a 
half  pounds  per  day-larger  than  the  amount  given  off  by  the 
lungs  It  must  not,  however,  be  understood  that  all  of  this 
quantity  is  exhaled  by  the  sweat^lands  and  sebaceous  glands  • 
the  larger  proportion  is  the  result  of  simple  evaporation  from' 
the  surface  of  the  skin.  uu  irom 

Ueamount  of  discharge  from  the  skin  varies  at  different 
periods  of  the  day,  and  under  the  varied  conditions  of  oursTs! 
terns.  Immediately  after  taking  food  the  process  is  check^ 
but  when  digestion  is  fully  established  it  is  most  abtdal' 
The  conditions  of  the  atmosphere  exercise  a  marked  influence  • 
when  It  IS  hot  and  dry,  then  transpiration  is  exceedingly  Tc! 
tive^hi le  a  moist  atmosphere  has  an  opposite  effect. 

The  Stan  also  acts  the  part  of  a  respiratory  organ,  by  ab- 

Z^T  r^'°  ""^  ^™*  "^  ""'»"•'=  "'='■'•  *•>»»  aiding  the 
Se  h  ^'TlT-i  ""«'?'"'"«<'  »f  the  gaseous  constituents 
of  the  blood.  Indeed,  respiration  is  performed  by  the  sMn 
alone  m  some  of  the  inferior  animals.  If  one  of  the  higher 
animals,  in  which  the  skin  resembles  that  of  a  man  in  func 
tioii,  be  enclosed  in  a  bag  of  caoutchouc,  leaving  the  head 
only  exposed,  .t  soon  dies,  as  though  asphyxiated,  the  heart 
and  lungs  being  found  gorged  with  blood,  and  the  temperature 
stanA.ri'^^  so-netimes  as  much  as  30°  Fahr.  below  the  normal 

Reflection  upon  the  offices  of  the  skin,  which  are  almost 
unknown  to  the  multitude,  will  impress  forcibly  upon  us  the 
exceeding  importance  of  the  bath  as  a  sanitary  and  medicinal 


126 


MINERAL  BPKINas. 


agent.  If  this  continual  discharge  of  aqueous  elmncnts  if 
checked,  may  it  not  throw  upon  the  other  eliminators— the 
kidneys,  the  lungs,  and  the  intestines— an  excess  of  labor  that 
will  cause  inflammation  ?  If  the  twenty-eight  miles  of  drain- 
age are  obstructed,  may  not  the  pent-up  effete  matter  engender 
disease  and  death  ? 

Taking  cold— the  sudden  arrest  of  the  function  of  the  skin 
—is  almost  always  followed  by  irritation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  lungs,  kidneys  and  intestines,  manifested  by 
bronchitis,  an  excessive  discharge  of  urine,  and  even  nephritis 
or  diarrhoea.  These  results,  from  the  sudden  arrest  of  the 
functions  of  the  skin,  are  only  mentioned  by  way  of  illustra- 
tion. There  is  a  long  list  of  diseases  in  which  obstruction  of 
the  skin  is  an  exciting  cause.  Bathing  is  not  only  essential 
to  a  healthy  and  prolonged  existence,  but,  through  the  stimu- 
lation of  the  action  of  the  skin,  in  this  way  we  may  remove 
various  morbid  products  of  the  organism  which,  by  their  ac- 
cumulation in  the  system,  are  the  source  of  disease. 


CHAPTER    IX. 


BATHS. 

ThA  OoM  Bath  (70°  Fahr.  and  below).  — The  priraaiy 
phenomena  of  Immersion  in  cold  water  are  those  oi  sedation; 
the  more  decided  as  the  water  is  colder.  They  are  diminished 
temperature  and  paleness  of  the  skin,  slower  respiration  and 
circulation  of  the  blood,  accompanied  by  panting  and  shiver- 
ing. If  the  cold  be  great  or  long  protracted,  a  sense  of  suffo- 
cation and  constriction  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach  is  experi- 
enced, the  skin  is  corrugated,  the  breathing  is  labored  and 
convulsive,  speech  difficult,  the  circulation  is  depressed,  the 
lips  and  even  cheeks  become  bluish,  the  muscles  are  painful 
and  seized  with  cramps,  and,  unless  relieved,  the  person  will 
lose  his  life. 

On  coming  out  of  the  bath,  and  while  exposed  to  the  air, 
the  sensation  of  cold  is  increased ;  but  in  vigorous  persons,  as 
soon  as  the  skin  is  dry,  reaction  takes  place,  a  warm  glow 
spreads  over  the  surface,  the  muscles  play  with  ease  and  elas- 
ticity, the  mind  is  clear,  and  the  person  exhilarated. 

Since  the  times  of  Musa,  who  cured  the  Emperor  Augustus 
Caesar  of  a  supposed  hopeless  malady  by  the  use  of  cold  wa- 
ter, there  have  been  repeated  periods  in  which  this  useful 
remedy  has  been  exalted  into  a  panacea.  Such  it  is  not ;  but 
there  are  certain  conditions  of  the  system  in  which  it  is  an 
efficient  remedy. 

The  cold  bath  is  most  frequently  used  as  a  tonic,  and  is 
only  applicable  to  persons  who  have  sufficient  vigor  to  procure 
prompt  reaction.  In  this  way  it  is  more  often  emploved  to 
perpetuate  an  already  healthy  condition  than  to  relieve  dis- 


128 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


cnse.  For  the  anaemic  and  depressed,  needing  tonics,  other 
resources  must  be  sought.  There  seems  an  incompatibility 
between  the  tonic  effect  of  a  cold  bath  and  the  fact  that  the 
bath  itself  is  actually  a  sedative.  This  inconsistency,  how- 
ever, is  only  apparent.  When  we  speak  of  the  tonic  action, 
it  is  only  as  a  result,  not  as  the  immediate  effect. 

Cold  applications  are  employed  in  an  infinite  number  of 
ways  in  the  treatment  of  disease.    In  fevers,  the  cold  sponge- 
bath  is  c  palliative,  so  acting  by  abstraction  of  heat.    Active 
haemorrhage,  both  external  and  internal,  may  frequently  be 
controlled  by  cold  applications :  in  the  former  acting  directly, 
by  contraction  of  the  blood-vessels  and  tissues;  in  the  latter, 
by  reflex  action,  the  sudden  chill  produced,  as  in  hsemorrhage 
of  the  lungs,  by  application  of  cold  to  the  chest,  causing  con- 
traction of  the  capillary  blood-vessels.     In  acute  diseases  of 
the  brain,  the  continuous  application  of  cold  is  of  great  ad- 
vantage, lessening  temperature  by  abstraction  of  heat  and 
contracting  the  blood-vessels  by  direct  action.     Gout  and 
rheumatism  have  sometimes  been  treated,  in  the  acute  stage, 
by  application  of  cold  to  the  affected  part;  but,  though  some- 
times securing  relief,  the  practice  is  not  to  be  recommended, 
the  cause  of  the  disease  still  remaining  in  the  system,  ready 
to  explode  its  force  at  some  other  point.    Quite  opposite  to 
this  is  the  action  of  the  hot  bath  in  this  disease,  which,  by 
stimulating  the  excretory  function  of  the  skin,  removes  the 
cause. 

As  a  guide  to  the  use  of  the  ordinary  cold  bath,  we  insert  • 
the  following  rules : 

1.  The  most  favorable  time  of  day  for  taking  a  cold  bath 
is  on  rising  in  the  morning,  or  about  noon. 

3.  The  stomach  should  be  empty  when  the  bath  is  taken. 

3.  Exercise  moderately  before  entering  the  bath  and  while 
in  the  bath ;  but  the  body  must  not  be  overheated  on  going 
into  the  water. 

4.  A  cold  bath  should  not  be  taken  when  fatigued. 

5.  The  duration  of  a  cold  bath  should  not  exceed  five 
minutfts. 


BATHS. 


129 


6.  The  cold  bath  should  be  succeeded  by  friction  of  the 
surface,  with  a  coarse  towel  or  flesh-brush,  till  reaction  is  estab- 
ushed. 

7.  If  the  cold  bath  is  not  followed  by  reaction,  the  dura- 
tion has  been  too  long,  or  cold  bathing  is  not  fitted  for  the 
individual. 

8.  The  cold  bath  is  not  adapted  to  feeble  or  aged  persons 
and  infantst 

9.  Persons  whose  extremities  or  skin  are  usuaUy  cold 
should  not  use  the  cold  bath. 

10.  Persons  affected  with  organic  disease  of  the  heart 
should  not  take  cold  baths. 

Baths  between  70°  and  86°  Fahr.  are  denominated  tern-- 
perate,  and  from  85°  to  92°  Fahr.  they  are  termed  tepid.  The 
latter  range  is  that  usually  selected  for  the  purpose  of  ordinary 
ablution.  These  baths  abstract  heat  and  lessen  the  frequency 
of  the  pulse  in  the  same  manner  as  the  cold  bath,  though  in 
much  less  degree. 

The  Warm  Bath  (93°  to  98°  Fahr.). —This  may  be 
termed  the  luxurious  bath,  that  which  the  weary  or  the  invalid 
enters  with  pleasure  and  quits  reluctantly.  Under  its  in- 
fluence  a  sense  of  calm  enjoyment  and  perfect,  tranquillity 
18  experienced.  Granville,  in  his  glowing  description  of  a 
bath  m  the  Wildbad  waters  of  Germany,  well  describes  these 
sensations : 

"After  descending  a  few  oteps  from  the  dressing-room  into 
the  bath-room,  I  walked  over  the  warm,  soft  sand  to  the  far- 
thest  end  of  the  bath,  and  I  lay  myself  down  upon  it,  near 
the  pnncipal  spring,  resting  my  head  on  a  clean  wooden  pillow 
TTie  soothing  effect  of  the  water  as  it  came  over  me,  up  to  the 
throat,  transparent  like  the  brightest  gem  or  aqua-marire,  soft 
genially  warm,  and  gently  murmuring,  I  shall  never  forget.' 
Millions  of  bubbles  of  gas  rose  from  the  sand  and  played 
around  me,  quivering  through  the  lucid  water  as  they  as- 
cended, and  bursting  at  the  surface,  to  be  succeeded  by  others 
The  sensation  produced,  as  these  with  their  tremulous  motion 
just  effieuraient  the  surface  of  the  body, ...  is  not  to  be  de- 


130 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


scribed.  It  partakes  of  tranquillity- and  exhilaration  ;  of  the 
ecstatic  state  of  a  devotee,  blended  with  the  repose  of  an 
opium-eater.  The  head  is  calm,  the  heart  is  calm  ;  yet  there 
is  neither  drowsiness,  stupefaction,  nor  numbness.^'* 

The  physiological  eflfects  of  the  waxm  bath  are  as  follows: 
There  is  dimmution  in  the  frequency  of  the  pulse  and  a  less- 
ened number  of  respirations.  The  experiments  of  Marcard 
show  that  in  baths  of  96°  Fahr.,  and  below  that  temperature, 
the  rapidity  of  the  pulse  is  uniformly  diminished.  Dr.  Lock- 
ette,  of  Virginia,  in  baths  of  98°  Fahr.,  found  the  pulse  always 
reduced  in  frequency.  In  rare  instances  it  was  slightly  in- 
creased on  first  immersion,  but  in  a  short  time  it  fell  below  the 
normal  standard,  and  so  continued.  In  this  respect  there  is 
a  difference  in  individuals  as  to  the  amount  of  diminution  of 
the  pulse-beats,  those  whose  pulse  is  usually  rapid  and  ex- 
cited showing  the  most  decided  variation.  From  these  facts, 
and  those  given  under  the  remarks  on  cold  baths,  we  deduce 
the  law  that  in  all  baths  of  a  temperature  below  the  nor- 
mal heat  of  the  body,  98°  Fahr.,  the  pulse  is  diminished  in 
frequency. 

Warm  baths  act  decidedly  on  the  functions  of  the  skin ; 
absorption  and  exhalation  are  much  increased.  In  baths  the 
temperature  of  which  ranges  between  86°  and  96°  Fahr., 
the  absorption  of  water  and  medicinal  salts  seems  most  ac- 
tive. 

The  prolonged  use  of  die  warm  bath,  for  days  and  weeks 
in  succession,  produces  an  eruption  on  the  surface  of  the  skin 
and  febrile  conditions,  continuing  for  several  days,  known 
among  the  Germans  as  the  Bad-sturm,  or  bath-fever.  Formerly 
it  was  thought  that  the  production  of  this  critical  fever  was 
necessary  to  a  cure ;  but  this  idea  has  been  relinquished,  and 
it  is  now  usually  considered  as  an  indication  of  misuse  of  the 
bath,  and  a  guide  for  diminishing  the  temperature  or  lessening 
the  duration. 

The  warm  bath  may  be  considered,  therapeutically,  as 
calming  and  restorative.  The  person  worn  out  by  prolonged 
mental  or  physical  exertion  experiences  in  the  warm  bath  a 


t 

€ 

a 

« 

i: 

ii 
tl 
fl 
tl 

tj 
ui 


m( 


BATfla 


131 


«^'e  Of  quiet  md  rela^tion,  which  is  followed  on  quitting  it 
fn^.*"""  *•  ■"'*  """"  "^  '""S'  -«>  a-Wion  of 

andlf  wl^j°*  r^  "'^'y  ''"  ''™™  ''^t"'^^-'  *e  warn, 


WABM  BATH. 
From  »2*  to  98'  Fahr. 

1.  Calming  and  sedative. 

2.  Pulse  decreased  in  frequency. 

3.  Respirations  decreased  in  number. 

4.  Skin  neither  red  nor  congested. 

«.  Absorption  and  exhalation  of  the 
skin  increased. 

6.  No  determination  of  blood  to  the 

head. 

7.  Secondary  effects  restorative. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
6. 

6. 


HOT  BATH. 
Above  98*  Fahr. 
Exciting. 

Pulse  »«<Tea««f  in  frequency. 
Respirations  increased  in  number. 
Skin  red  and  congested. 
Mthalation  of  the  skin  increased, 

and  little  or  no  absorption. 
Determination    of  blood   to   the 

head. 

Secondary  effects  depressing 


The  warm  bath  is  applicable  to  many  diseases.  It  calms 
27-  excitement,  and  has  been  used  advantlgeousTvTn 
mama  chorea,  and  hysteria.    In  r^phritis,  H  allays  pi  a^^^ 

:;:^r-x:Smp^t;:  r  ^^^-^^ 

With  other  treatment.     ConroKith^^^^^^^^^^^ 

exercise,  it  is  also  palliative  in  albuminmia.     J)ysmZotrZa 

fieToTir  7/^^^  '"^  *'^^*^'  '^  -^-  baL  s:: 

immemorial     Chrome  metritis  is  also  subject  to  favorabl! 
nfluence  by  the  warm  bath.    Many  diseases  of  ZsUntl 
thereby  rendered  amenable  to  treatment,  which  other^Sebaf 

treated  by  warm  baths,  and  even  the  more  decidedly  Xonic 
types  may  be  subjected  to  them  when  the  hot  batltntTbe 

The  following  rules  are  applicable  to  the  warm  bath : 

1.  The  best  tzme  for  taking  a  warm  bath  is  during  the 

'"T;\^r;!i^tTb^""^°^^^ '-'-'  retiringrb^r 

-   ^''—"^»y-"«a"»M  be  empty  at  the  time  of  the  bath.     ' 


132 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


3.  The  duration  of  the  warm  bath  may  be  from  fifteen  min* 
utes  to  an  hour,  and  sometimes  longer. 

4.  The  warm  bath  is  applicable  to  almost  all  conditions  of 
health  or  disease,  but  persons  aflfected  with  organic  disease  of 
the  heart  or  lungs  should  be  careful  in  its  use. 

The  Hot  Bath  (above  98°  Fahr.).— The  physiological  effects 
of  the  hot  bath  are  very  different  from  those  of  a  warm  bath. 
During  immersion  in  a  hot  bath,  the  skin  becomes  red,  the 
pulse  is  increased  in  frequency,  the  respirations  are  increased 
in  number,  perspiration  breaks  forth  on  the  parts  not  im- 
mersed, exhalation  of  the  skin  is  greatly  stimulated,  the  mind 
becomes  confused,  and,  if  too  long  continued,  vertigo  or  even 
apoplexy  may  result.     Dr.  Lockette,  of  Virginia,  whose  pulse 
was  77,  in  a  bath  of  98°  Fahr.,  tells  us  that,  in  a  bath  of  111° 
Fahr.,  it  rose  to  153  beats  in  a  minute,  and  that  it  produced 
confusion  of  thought,  partial  delirium,  tinnitus  aurium^  an 
inability  to  speak,  dimness  of  sight,  an  intolerable  pain  in 
'his  head,  with  an  intense  desire  to  micturate.     His  sensa- 
tions were  precisely  such  as  they  are  in  a  violent  state  of 
fever.    There  were  great  redness  of  the  skin  and  flushing  of 
the  face.      On  raising  himself  out  of  the  water,  he  almost 
swooned,  and,  being  now  covered  with  blankets,  sweated  very 
profusely.    The  results  of  the  experiments  of  M.  Rostan  and  M. 
Loude  coincide  with  those  obtained  by  Dr.  Lockette.    Lieber- 
meister  found  the  bodily  temperatiu-e  augmented  by  the  hot 
bath.    The  extent  to  which  exhalation  of  the  skin  is  stimulated 
has  been  well  shown  by  the  experiments  of  Mosler,  who  proved 
that,  in  hot  baths  of  high  temperature,  from  one  to  two  pounds' 
weight  may  be  lost  in  the  course  of  an  hour.     During  a  course 
of  hot  bathing  a  bath-fever  sometimes  occurs,  similar  to  that 
described  in  treating  of  warm  baths.     There  are  constipation, 
a  coated  tongue,  loss  of  appetite,  nervous  irritability,  disturbed 
sleep,  perspiration,  palpitations,  and  eruptions  on  the  skin,  and 
a  temporary  discontitmance  of  the  baths  is  indicated. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  hot  bath  is  remedial  are  chronic 
rheumatism^  gout^  and  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin,  especially 
those  of  a  scaly  nature,  such  aspsoriasis,  pityriasis^  and  lichen^ 


BATHS. 


133 


oooumng  in  phlegmatic  temperaments.    In  neuralgias,  para- 
plegia, f^nd  paralysis,  it  is  curative  in  a  marked  degree  espe- 
daily  when  employed  in  the  form  of  a  hot  douche.    D^smen- 
orrhoea  and  amenorrhoea,  associated  with  atonic  conditions, 
are  also  favorably  mfluenced  by  hot  baths  and  douches.     W 
larged  and  contracted  joints  are  relieved  by  the  same  treat- 
ment.    Engorgement  of  the  abdominal  viscera  may  be  prop- 
erly  subjected  to  hot  baths,  and  frequently  with  decided  re^ 
hef.    In  tertiary  syphilis,  the  hot  bath  often  acts  as  an  indis- 
pensable adjuvant  to  cure.     The  stimulant  effect  on  the  excre- 
tory function  of  the  skin,  combined  with  proper  medication, 
seems  to  ehmmatethe  venereal  poison  with  great  certainty  and 
rapidity.     When  the  hot  douche  acts  favorably  in  nemiwia 
paralyse,  and  affections  of  the  joints,  it  seems  to  do  so  by  its 
local  effect  entirely.   The  blood-vessels,  nerves,  and  lymphatics 
of  the  affected  part,  are  stimulated  to  renewed  vitality,  which 
on  the  one  hand,  relieves  pain,  and  restores  sensibility  and  mo^ 
tion  and  on  the  other  absorbs  exudations  and  concretions. 

Although  hot  baths  form  so  potent  a  remedy,  they  should 
be  employed  with  circumspection,  and  the  effect  closely  ob- 

sZf  ,Z  f^.^^^y^  ^«°«1  -««erts  that,  at  Cauterets,  a 
Spaniard  died  of  haemorrhage,  from  prolonged  stay  in  a  hot 
ba  h,  and  Buchan  relates  the  case  of  a  man  who  was  attacked 
w  h  paralysis,  after  the  use  of  an  excessively  hot  bath.  The 
following  rules  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  use  of  ttis  bath : 
^^   1.  The  best  time  for  taking  a  hot  bath  is  during  the  mom- 

3    The  stomach  should  be  empty,  free  from  irritation,  and 
the  tongue  clean.  ' 

.3    The  duration  may  be  from  five  to  fifteen  minutes,  and 
Bometrmes  longer,  according  to  temperature  and  condition. 

nU  :J.  ''  '"'''^  applicable  to  the  middle-aged  and 

old,  than  to  young  persons.  ^ 

baths.  ^^^*^''"''  ^^''°'''  '^"""^^  ^^  ^"^'^^^  ^"  *^^  "««  «f  J^o* 

6.  Those  suffering  from  organic  disease  of  the  heart  or 
iungo,  or  subject  to  vertigo,  should  not  use  hot  baths. 


184 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


1 


7.  The  temperature  of  the  hot  b^th  usually  employed, 
ranges  from  103°  to  110"  Fahr. 

Vapor-Bath. — In  this  bath  the  atmosphere  is  loaded  with 
hot  vapor.  It  acts  rapidly  in  increasing  the  heat  of  the  body, 
inasmuch  as  the  body  is  not  only  heated  by  the  surrounding 
hot  medium,  but,  when  perspiration  would  afford  relief,  evap- 
oration is  impeded  by  the  already  moist  atmosphere.  Owing 
to  these  conditions  a  high  temperature  of  vapor-bath  is  in- 
tolerable, while  a  dry,  hot-air  bath  may  be  taken  at  212° 
Fahr.,  and  higher,  with  impunity.  In  a  vapor-bath  of  120° 
Fahr.,  Fordyce  found  the  pulse  145  after  twentj?  minutes'  stay. 
At  a  higher  temperature,  the  pulse  becomes  more  frequent  and 
smaller,  and,  when  the  temperature  reaches  170°  Fahr.,  it  can 
be  borne  but  for  a  few  moments  without  injury. 

The  physiological  effects  of  the  hot  vapor-bath  are  con- 
gestion and  redness  of  the  skin,  increase  in  frequency  of  the 
pulse,  fulness  of  the  head,  oppression  of  the  chest,  arising 
from  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  tendency  to  perspiration. 
Persons  are  often  deceived  by  the  seeming  large  quantity  of 
perspiration  on  the  skin,  which  is,  in  great  part,  only  the  con- 
densation of  vapor  on  the  body.  There  is  increase  in  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body.  Wiegand  found  that  in  a  vapor-bath 
of  106°  Fahr.  a  thermometer  placed  in  the  mouth  rose  from 
99°  to  102°  Fahr.  in  five  minutes,  and  reached  104°  Fahr., 
when  the  temperature  of  the  bath  was  increased  to  110°  Fahr. 
These  observations  may  not,  however,  be  altogether  accurate, 
as  the  hot  vapor  entering  the  mouth  would  influence  the  ther- 
mometer j  and,  placed  in  the  axilla,  it  does  not  mark  so  great 
change.  But  that  the  temperature  of  the  body  is  decidedly 
increased  is  undoubted ;  and  it  is  from  this  fact  that  the  body 
so  well  tolerates  the  sudden  transition  from  hot  vapor  to  a 
cool  shower-bath.  The  change  is  grateful  and  soothing,  and 
is  followed  by  copious  perspiration  under  favorable  conditions. 
Bussian  Bath. — ^This  is  but  a  form  of  the  hot  vapor-bath. 
Under  various  forms  it  is  used  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  North- 
ern Europe — the  Germans,  Swedes,  Norwegians,  Russians — 
and,  we  are  told,  by  the  Indians  of  this  continent.     As  em- 


I 


BATHS. 


136 


ployed  in  this  country,  it  consists  of  antechambers,  or  dressinir. 
rooms,  warmed  from  70°  to  96"  Fahr.,  and  the  bath-chamber. 
The  latter  is  constructed  of  wood,  and  on  one  side  of  the 
room  are  rows  of  benches,  usually  three  in  number,  one  above 
the  other.    The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  according  to  the 
elevation  of  the  bench;  on  the  lower  it  is  about  96°  Fahr., 
and  on  the  upper  one  it  may  be  as  high  as  160°  Fahr.    The 
bather  disrobes  in  the  anteroom,  and  then,  Ughtly  covered,  en- 
ters the  bath.    He  first  reclines  on  the  lower  shelf,  then  on 
the  middle,  next  on  the  upper,  remaining  five,  ten,  or  fifteen 
minutes  on  each,  the  time  varying  as  the  person  is  accustomed 
to  the  bath.     At  certain  stages  of  this  process,  when  the  skin 
IS  red  and  the  body  very  hot,  the  person  is  taken  to  a  side- 
room  and  showered  with  cool,  or  even  cold  water;  the  skin 
being  so  intensely  hot  the  sensation  is  very  agreeable,  and  no 
danger  need  be  apprehended,  provided  the  contact  of  cold  be 
brief.     In  Russia  the  attendant  also  rubs  the  body  vigorously 
with  various  irritating  and  cleansing  substances,  such  as  the 
inner  bark  of  the  lime-tree,  previously  soaked  in  soap-suds,  a 
hempen  wisp,  bran  and  soap-suds,  or  flannel  cloths,  the  selec- 
tion being  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  patient.    The  body 
is  also  kneaded,  and  the  various  joints  rubbed  and  twisted  till 
they  are  perfectly  supple.    The  hot  vapor  is  usually  admitted 
to  the  room  from  coils  of  steam-pipes,  but  in  Russia  it  is  pro- 
duced by  throwing  water  on  red-hot  shot  or  stones;  and  there 
the  equivalent  for  the  cold  shower  often  consists  in  running 
out  into  the  open  au:  and  rolling  in  the  snow,  immediately  re- 
turning, however,  to  the  hot  vapor-room.     The  duration  of  the 
bath  for  those  not  habituated  is  about  fifteen  minutes;  but, 
after  becoming  accustomed  to  it,  it  may  be  prolonged  to  a 
half-hour,  or  even  an  hour.    After  the  bath  the  person  retires 
to  an  adjoining  room,  and  remains  till  cool,  usually  partaking 
of  some  warm  drink.     If,  however,  copious  perspiration  is  de- 
sirable, the  patient  is  wrapped  in  blankets  and  recUnes  on  a 
couch,  where  he  remains  for  some  time. 

Hot-Air  Bath.— Jn  the  hot-air  bath  the  body  is  surrounded 
by  a  medium  which,  although  it  tends  to  increase  its  heat,  pre= 


186 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


sents  at  the  same  time  the  best  conditions  for  conveying  the 
heat  away.     The  skin  is  stimulated  to  increased  activity,  and 
perspiration  exudes  from  every  pore ;  but  it  is  immediately 
converted  into  vapor,  which,  in  the  change,  absorbs  enormous 
quantities  of  heat,  and  thus  the  body  remains  about  the  nor- 
mal temperature.     Experiment  has  proved  that  a  person  may 
remain  seven  minutes  in  dry  air  at  210°  Fahr.,  and  the  body- 
heat  will  not  rise  more  than  one  degree  in  temperature.    In 
the  hot-air  bath  the  loss  by  evaporation  depends  more  on  the 
length  of  time  passed  in  it  than  the  temperature.    Ten  min- 
utes passed  in  a  hot-air  bath  of  122"  Fahr.,  and  one  of  212° 
Fahr.,  give  rise  to  the  same  loss  by  evaporation,  and  this  in 
a  constant  proportion.^    The  diflference  between  the  toleration 
of  a  hot-vapor  bath  and  a  hot-air  bath  has  already  been  no- 
ticed.    While  in  the  one  we  cannot  endure  a  heat  above  160° 
or  170°  Fahr.,  in  the  other  we  can  readily  remain  for  some 
time  after  it  passes  the  point  of  boiling-water.     It  is  related 
that  the  workmen  of  the  sculptor,  Sir  F.  Chantrey,  were  in  the 
habit  of  entering  a  furnace  in  which  moulds  were  dried  when 
the  floor  was  red-hot  and  the  thermometer  stood  at  350°  Fahr. 
Chabert,  the  "Fire  King,"  frequently  entered  an  oven  at  a 
temperature  of  from  400°  to  600°  Fahr. 

The  physiological  eflfects  of  hot  air  are  somewhat  as  fol- 
lows :  On  entering  a  bath  of  160°  Fahr.  persons  not  accus- 
tomed to  it  usually  experience  a  slight  smarting  and  itching 
of  the  entire  body.  The  pulse  becomes  at  first  small  and  fre- 
quent, respiration  is  impeded,  and  there  is  a  feeling  of  con- 
striction about  the  forehead.  After  some  moments  the  pulse 
becomes  fuller,  but  still  increased  in  frequency,  and  the  tem- 
poral arteries  throb.*  The  skin  feels  hot,  and  there  is  a  pun- 
gent, burning  sensation  about  the  nostrils.  A  copious  per- 
spiration covers  the  body,  and  sometimes  the  mouth  is  dry.* 

>BeUon"Bath8,"p.625. 

«  In  my  own  case,  after  thlrty-flve  minutes  passed  In  the  Turkish  bath,  twenty-flvo  of 
which  I  was  subject  to  120'  Fahr.,  and  the  last  ten  to  1T6'  Fahr.,  the  pulse  rose  from  84  on 
entering  to  144. 

»  The  colored  attendant  whom  I  met  in  the  Turkish  bath  made  the  following  statement  • 
He  Is  in  the  bathing-chambers  six  hours  each  day,  the  temperature  of  the  air  with  which 


BATHS. 


187 


The  immediate  after-effect  of  a  hot-air  bath  is  depressing, 
though  when  properly  used  it  may  prpve  tonic. 

The  Turkish  JSath.— This  is  the  form  of  hot-air  bath  in 
general  use  both  in  this  country  and  Europe.     It  consists  of 
four  apartments:   First,  the  undressing-room,  at  a  tempera- 
ture  of  about  80°  Fahr.    Here  you  disrobe,  receive  a  light 
gown,  and  place  your  feet  in  sandals  with  wooden  soles. 
Leaving  this  room,  the  tepidarium  is  entered.    This  is  a 
chamber  usually  about  ten  feet  square  and  nine  feet  high,  the 
floor  of  slate  or  marble,  and  the  walls  of  tile.     Within  this 
apartment  are  couches,  on  which  you  recline,  usually  remain- 
ing fifteen  minutes.    Temperature  of  this  room,  120°  Fahr. 
From  the  tepidarium  you  are  conducted  into  the  shampooing- 
room,  of  larger  dimensions ;  temperature  about  the  same.    In 
the  centre  of  this  chamber  is  an  elevated  marble  table,  on 
which  you  place  yourself,  and  every  portion  of  the  body  is 
rubbed  thoroughly  and  kneaded  by  the  bath-attendant.     From 
this  room  you  enter  the  caldarium,  and  recline  on  a  couch. 
This  apartment  is  similar  in  size  and  construction  to  the  tepi- 
darium, but  the  temperature  is  176°  Fahr.,  and  the  waUs  are 
burning  to  the  touch.    Here  you  remain  for  ten  minutes,  the 
perspiration  breaking  forth  from  every  portion  of  the  body, 
and  a  pungent,  burning  sensation  being  felt  about  the  nos- 
trils.    Then  you  are  again  taken  to  the  shampoomg-room, 
,  where  you  are  douched  with  water  of  about  98°  Fahr.,  and 
rubbed  with  wisps  of  sea-grass  or  hemp;  then  douched  again. 
The  attendant  then  takes  a  wooden  strigil,  of  the  antique  pat- 
tern, and  scrapes  the  body  and  extremities.     Next  you  are 
showered  with  water  of  90°  Fahr.;  then  douched  with  water 
of  70°  Fahr.,  the  latter  giving  considerable  shock,  and  termi- 
nating the  bath.     You  are  then  conducted  to  the  dressing- 
room,  where,  after  being  thoroughly  dried,  you  recline  for 

he  is  smrounded  during  that  time  varying  from  120'  to  200'  Fahr,  some  persons-  takinir 
baths  at  the  last-named  temperature.  He  has  foUowed  this  occupation  four  years.  He  hw 
lost  consldemble  in  weight,  and  has  very  little  appetite.  Tongue  Is  white  and  furred.  Suf- 
fers from  consiipatlon-a  passage  once  in  two  days ;  previous  to  taking  charge  of  baths,  hav- 
Ing  been  regular.  Passes  very  Uttle  urine.  Perspires  freely  in  the  bath.  Feels  stupid, 
-eeps  vesy  sovasdly ;  and  frequc-iiily  feeis  numb  in  portions  of  his  body  when  he  wakes. 


188 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS 


Bomo  time  on  a  couch,  enjoying  the  pleasurable  '-'' dolce-far- 
niente  "  condition  in  which  you  find  yourself.  The  system  is 
in  a  state  of  lassitude,  with  a  pleasant  inclination  to  repose, 
unaccompanied,  however,  by  the  slightest  sensation  of  weari- 
ness or  fatigue.  During  the  entire  process  the  pulse  has 
ranged  as  high  as  sixty  beats  per  minute  above  the  normal 
standard ;  and  considerable  skill  has  been  required  on  the  part 
of  the  attendant  in  adjusting  the  cooling  douches  so  as  to 
leave  you  at  the  close  with  the  body  cooled  to  the  natural 
temperature. 

The  Turkish  bath  in  the  Orient  is  the  same  as  that,  de- 
scribed, excepting  that  the  chambers  are  not  heated  so  high, 
the  caldarium  not  being  above -105°  Fahr.  For  the  purpose 
of  the  bath  in  health  this  temperature  is  preferable. 

In  Persia,  India,  and  Egypt,  the  baths  are  similar  to  those 
of  Turkey ;  and  it  seems  that  in  countries  of  a  southern  lati- 
tude preference  is  always  given  to  the  hot-air  bath,  while  in 
northern  countries  the  hot-vapor  bath  is  most  in  vogue. 

As  a  therapeutic  agent,  the  Russian  and  Turkish  baths  are 
applicable  to  chronic  skin-diseases  of  the  dry  kind,  and  all 
chronic  diseases  in  which  it  is  desirable  to  stimulate  the  func- 
tions of  the  skin  and  produce  active  elimination,  as  gout, 
rheumatism,  albuminuria,  diabetes,  torpid  liver,  etc.  Care, 
however,  must  be  used  in  the  selection  of  cases;  and  the 
feeble,  or  those  suflfering  from  organic  diseases  of  the  heart 
or  lungs,  should  not  be  subjected  to  the  excitement  of  these 
baths. 

The  Douche, — ^This  is  an  arrangement  for  projecting  a 
stream  of  water  on  any  part  of  the  body  at  will.  It  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly active  agent,  stimulating  the  blood-vessels,  nerves, 
and  lymphatics  of  the  part  to  which  it  is  applied,  and,  through  • 
the  nervous  system,  affecting  the  entire  organism.  It  may  be 
used  of  tepid,  warm,  or  hot  water,  the  effects  varying  in  de- 
gree according  to  the  temperature.  The  cold  douche  is  sel- 
dom employed,  except  when  the  surface  of  the  skin  has  been 
artificially  overheated. 

Douches  are  differently  named,  according  to  the  mode  of 


BATHS. 


lao 


.. 


projecting  the  water.    The  ordinary  shower-bath  is  a  descend- 
ing douche. 

An  ascending  douche,  frequently  employed  in  diseases  of 
the  vagina,  uterus,  and  rectum,  is  formed  by  an  elastic  India- 
rubber  tubing,  of  convenient  length,  attached  to  a  reservoir  of 
tepid  water,  and  terminated  by  metal  tips,  which  are  perfo- 
rated with  many  holes,  or  Have  but  a  single  orifice,  accord- 
ing to  the  eflFect  desired. 

The  force  of  the  column  of  water  for  the  uterine  or  rectal 
douche  should  be  within  the  following  limits :  For  the  uterus, 
from  two  to  six  feet  pressure ;  for  the  rectuut,  from  two  and 
a  half  to  ten  feet.  The  temperature  may  range  from  82° 
to  93°  Fahr ,  though,  in  some  cases,  it  may  be  as  high  as 
98°  Fahr. 

The  fan-douche  is  a  metal  tip,  spreading  out  like  an  ordi- 
nary fan,  with  the  perforations  at  the  circumference  of  the 
fan. 

The  ring  douche  is  a  cylinder  formed  of  coiled  pipes  ris- 
ing one  above  the  other  to  the  height  of  six  feet,  and  about 
two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter.  These  pipes  are  all  per- 
forated on  the  inside,  and,  when  the  patient  is  within  and  the 
water  turned  on,  he  is  showered  from  every  point  of  the  cir- 
cumference. 

The  universal  douche  is  a  similar  contrivance,  by  which 
the  person  is  showered  from  every  direction— above,  below, 
and  on  all  sides. 

The  spout-bath  is  a  douche  of  great  power.  It  is  formed 
by  an  orifice  of  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter, 
from  which  the  water  is  projected,  over  and  downward,  from  a 
height  of  five  or  six  feet.  The  patient,  usually  reclining  on  a 
slab,  places  himself  under  this  stream  of  water  and  permits  it 
to  flow  on  the  diseased  part. 

The  SitZrBath.— This  is  a  bath  in  which  the  thighs  and 
middle  portions  of  the  body  only  are  immersed,  in  other  words, 
the  person  sits  down  in  the  water.  It  may  be  cold,  warm,  or 
hot,  and  acts  according  to  the  temperature.  The  warm  sltz- 
bath  produces  relaxation  of  the  tissues  of  the  pelvis  and  re- 


140 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


lievc  irritation,  thus  giving  relief  in  stricture  of  the  urethra, 
nephritic  colic,  amenorrhoea,  and  dysmenorrhoea.  The  cold 
or  hot  sitz-bath  should  be  employed  with  caution. 

The  foot-bath  has  the  eflFeots  of  the  warm  or  hot  bath,  ac- 
cording to  temperature,  though  in  a  modified  degree.  This 
distinction,  however,  should  be  made:  the  primary  action 
of  the  hot  foot-bath,  by  the  turgescence  of  the  blood-vessels 
of  the  feet,  relieves  slight  engorgements  in  other  parts  of 
the  body,  especially  when  the  head  is  the  seat  of  the  en- 
gorgement 

Mineral-Mud  Bath.—Thh  bath  consists  of  mineral  mud 
taken  from  the  marshy  ground  about  the  source  of  the  spring. 
This  mud,  having  been  previously  thoroughly  dried,  is  placed 
in  a  large  vat  and  mingled  with  hot  mineral  water  till  of.  a 
plastic  consistency.  The  patient  immerses  himself  in  this  hot 
mineral  mud,  varying  in  temperature  from  85°  to  100°  Fahr. 
and  remains  from  one  to  several  hours.  He  then  passes  from' 
this  vat  to  an  adjoining  warm-water  bath,  where  he  is  cleansed 
thoroughly  rubbed  and  dried.  ' 

Although  of  recent  introduction  in  this  country,  this  bath 
is  of  ancient  date,  having  been  described  by  Pliny  and  Galen. 
The  effect  of  the  bath  is  to  produce  a  lively  excitation  of  the 
skin,  followed  by  free  perspiration.  When  the  baths  have 
been  continued  for  some  time,  miliary  and  erythematous 
eruptions  sometimes  occur  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  un- 
accompanied, however,  as  a  rule,  by  the  feverish  conditions 
which  present  in  the  eruptions  from  prolonged  warm  or  hot 
bathing. 

This  kind  of  bath  is  chiefly  employed  in  diseases  of  the 
skin,  chronic  rheumatism,  and  affections  of  the  joints,  such  as 
engorgements,  contractions,  and  concretions.  The  good  results 
of  these  baths  abroad,  in  diseases  of  this  nature,  are  attributed 
by  the  best  authorities  entirely  to  the  external  and  topical  ap- 
plication of  heat,  and  the  irritation  produced  by  the  friction 
of  the  mud.  No  heed  is  given  to  the  supposed  absorption  of 
the  chemical  constituents.  T  give,  however,  the  chief  constitu- 
ents of  the  most  celebrated  mineral-mud  bath  in  Europe,  that 


fiATUa 


141 


of  Franzensbad,  as  taken  from  an  exceedingly  accurate  analy- 
sis by  Radig :  • 


One  thousand  parte  of  the  dried  mud  consist  of  the  following: 


Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium  . 

Protoxide  of  iron        , 

Alumina    .  . .  , 

Magnesia         .  . 

Silica 

Coarse  sand     . 

Humic  acid  and  ulmino    . 

Vegetable  substances 

Vegetable  sabstances  (uadestroyed) 


FarU. 

M 
88 
14 
10 

88 
20 
14 
42 

60 
180 

62 
423 

974 


The  remaining  substances  are  sulphates  of  alumina,  magnesia,  strontia, 
lithia,  manganese,  and  phosphate  of  lime.  The  original  analysis  is  carried 
out  to  five  places  of  decimals. 

As  a  curiosity,  the  sand-bath  may  be  mentioned.  It  con- 
sists in  burying  one's  body  in  the  warm  sand  of  the  sea-shore 
and  remaining  for  some  hours.  It  is  practised  by  the  Tartars 
of  the  Crimea.  By  this  process  slight  perspirations,  followed 
by  eruptions,  are  produced. 

Medicated  Baths.— Ml  baths  of  mineral-spring  water,  con- 
taining considerable  mineral  constituents,  may  be  placed  in 
this  class ;  also,  those  baths  of  ordinary  water  in  which  medi- 
cines  are  dissolved.  The  substances  most  frequently  intro- 
duced are  alkaline  carbonates,  with  a  view  of  imitating  the 
baths  of  alkaline  mineral  waters— common  salt  producing  a 
bath  somewhat  resembling  that  of  saline  waters ;  sulphuret 
of  sodium  forming  a  bath  similar  to  that  cf  sulphur-waters. 
Baths  of  the  fumes  of  various  medicines — termed  fumiga- 
tions—wte  also  used;  of  these,  those  of  sulphur  and  mercury 
are  most  frequently  employed.    The  person  to  be  subjected 

to   this   Drocess   ia   spntfirl    rm    a  qfrtol     nrif kin    «  rlf^"^  Ki —    ^1-  - 


142 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


head  only  projecting  from  an  aperture.  The  fumes  are  intro- 
duced beneath  the  stool,  and  the  body  is  thus  enveloped  in  an 
atmosphere  highly  charged  with  the  vapor  of  medicinal  sub- 
stances. 

Carbonic-Acid  Bath.— This  bath  can  only  be  used  advan- 
tageously at  springs  where  there  is  an  abundant  escape  of  the 
gas.     Over  the  spring,  or  a  portion  of  the  spring,  a  bell-shaped 
reservoir  is  placed,  and  from  the  upper  part  flexible  tubing 
conveys  the  gas  to  the  room  in  which  baths  are  given,  or  to  a 
second  reservoir',  which  may  be  arranged  like  the  ordinary  gas- 
ometer, so  that  the  gas  may  escape  under  pressure.     The  b«» 
ing  apparatus  consists  of  an  impervious  box,  within  which  th3 
patient  is  seated,  the  head  being  without  the  box,  and  care  be- 
ing taken  that  properly-adjusted  rubber-cloth  envelops  the 
throat,  so  that  the  gas  may  not  escape,  and  the  patient  respire 
a  sufficient  quantity  to  become  asphyxiated.     The  patient  may 
take  the  bath  with  or  without  his  clothing,  as  he  desires.    The 
eflFect  of  this  bath  has  been  described  by  M.  Rotureau  as  fol- 
lows :  He  experienced  a  lively  sense  of  warmth,  with  redness 
of  the  face  and  pricking  of  the  skin,  accompanied  at  first  by 
coldness  of  the  feet ;  the  pulse  diminished  in  frequency.    The 
bath  was  followed  by  a  sense  of  renewed  vigor  and  activity. 
In  one  experiment  which  he  made,  completely  undressed,  he 
felt  at  first  exceedingly  cold,  and  the  heat  that  succeeded  was 
accompanied  with  insupportable  itching.    The  gas  has  also  been 
administered  in  the  form  of  a  douche.     According  to  Althaus, 
when  applied  locally  to   the  eye,  carbonic  acid  produces  a 
burning  sensation  in  the  conjunctiva,  accompanied  with  con- 
gestion.    The  secretions  are  increased,  and  tears  flow  freely ; 
but,  if  the  application  is  long  continued,  the  secretions  may  be 
suppressed ;  the  eye  becomes  congested,  and  disturbance  of 
vision  follows.     When  a  douche  of  carbonic  acid  is  directed 
upon  the  ear,  the  sense  of  hearing  becomes  more  acute,  the 
secretions  of  the  lining  membrane  are  augmented,  and  some- 
times drowsiness  follows  the  operation.     Applied  to  the  mouth 
or  fauces,  an  acidulous  taste  is  experienced,  together  with  an 
astringent  sensation,  and  the  uvula  and  root  of  the  tona-ue  be- 


i 


, 


BATHS. 


148 


come  injected ;  the  flow  of  saliva  is  also  increased.  If  the 
application  bo  long  continued,  there  are  loss  of  taste  and  a  sense 
of  heaviness  in  the  tongue,  and,  when  douched  upon  the  abdo- 
men, it  is  said  to  promote  haemorrhoidal  and  menstrual  flow, 
and  in  pregnant  women  to  cause  abortion. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  carbonic-acid  bath  is  said  to 
have  proved  useful,  are  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  paralysis,  and 
granular  pharyngitis. 


CHAPTER   X 


ALKALINE      WATERS. 

Waters  thus  classified  contain^  as  prominent  constituents, 
the  carbonates  of  soda,  potassa,  lithia,  lime,  and  magnesia, 
the  carbonate  of  soda  being  usually  in  much  greater  propor- 
tion than  other  carbonates.  They  also  frequently  contain  a 
small  proportion  of  chloride  of  sodium,  and  sulphate  of  soda, 
and  potassa.  They  generally  contain  a  large  quantity  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas.  The  action  of  these  waters  depends  on  the 
alkaline  carbonates  above  mentioned,  varied,  however,  by 
their  peculiar  combination  with  other  salts,  and  sometimes 
by  undiscovered  ingredients.  They  tend  to  stimulate  the 
stomach,  to  increase  the  appetite,  to  render  the  urine  alkaline, 
to  increase  its  flow,  and  in  a  slight  degree  to  promote  the 
activity  of  the  skin.  These  waters  prove  purgative  only  in 
exceptional  instances,  usually  producing  constipation.  They 
especially  act  on  the  mucous  membranes,  lessening  catarrhal 
discharges. 

Waters  of  this  class,  when  of  high  temperature,  prove  ex- 
ceedingly beneficial  in  gout,  and  it  is  in  this  disease  that  the 
alkaline  Vichy  waters  of  Europe  have  attained  so  great  celeb- 
rity. Why  these  waters  prove  more  beneficial  than  the  active 
ingredients,  given  in  the  usual  way,  is  not  well  understood. 
The  fact,  however,  is  incontestable,  that  waters  of  this  class 
frequently  prove  more  valuable  than  any  other  remedy.  The 
cases  of  gout  to  which  they  are  especially  applicable  are  thos9 
in  which  the  patient  is  of  full  habit.  Waters  of  this  class  also 
prove  beneficial  in  cases  of  uric-acid  gravel,  though  the  decided 
curative  effect  that  was  once  expected  has  not  been  realized. 


ALKALINE  WATERa 


145 


In  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  however,  they  frequently  prove 
curative.    Icterus,  depending  on  catarrh  of  the  hepatic  ducts, 
.  is  relieved  by  them.     Chronic  bronchitis,  or  catarrh  of  the 
respiratory  organs,  unaccompanied  by  organic  disease  of  the 
heart,  will  be  favorably  influenced  by  their  use.    Care,  how- 
ever, should  be  taken  that  cases  subjected  to  their  action  have 
no  tendency  to  haemoptysis.    It  is  this  class  of  waters  that 
have  so  long  been  known  in  Europe  as  proving  decidedly  ben- 
eflcial  in  cases  of  diabetes  mellitus.    In  one  of  the  Western 
States,  a  spring  is  advertised  as  a  new  discovery— a  cure  in  this 
disease—and  that  it  is  of  value  is  undoubted;  but,  curiously 
enough,  we  find  that  it  also  is  an  all  nline  water— no  discovery, 
after  all.     Under  the  use  of  alkaline  waters,  the  diabetic 
patient  gains  in  strength,  the  harassing  thirst  ceases,  the  skin 
becomes  moist,  the  urine  is  reduced  almost  to  normal  specific 
gravity,  and  often  every  trace  of  ^ugar  disappears.    In  some 
mcipient  cases,  it  is  quite  probable  a  cure  has  taken  place- 
but,  though  this  result  be  not  attained,  the  disease  is  often* 
stayed  in  its  course,  and  Althaus  tells  us  that,  "in  some  in- 
stances diabetes  has,  by  the  use  of  the  Vichy  waters,  been 
brought  to  a  stand-stiU  for  years."'     In  cases  of  gaU-stones, 
these  waters  frequently  give  relief,  causing  them  to  be  passed 
with  less  pain,  and,  by  a  periodical  use  for  several  seasons 
entirely  removing  the  tendency  to  formation  of  them.    Dys- 
pasia, accompanied  with  acidity,  is  favorably  aflFected,  and 
that  somewhat  vague  disease,  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  more 
properly  chronic  gastritis,  is  amenable  to  treatment  by  these 
waters. 

It  will  be  seen  that  these  waters,  and  the  alkaline-saline 
waters,  are  m  several  instances,  recommended  in  similar  cases. 
The  distmction  to  be  made  in  determining,  for  a  given  case, 
which  IS  preferable,  is  based  on  the  answer  to  the  question, 
whether  the  patient  is  of  constipated  habit,  and  requires  an 
aperient  or  cathartic  medicine;  if  he  does,  then  the  alkaline- 
saline  waters  are  superior  to  the  purely  alkaline.  Waters 
which  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas 

'■  "  Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  820. 


146 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


are  preferable,  because  more  readily  absorbed,  and  more  agree- 
able to  the  taste. 

BliADON   SPItlNaS. 

Locttton  and  Post-Offles.— Bladon  Springs,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama. 

Access.— From  Mobile  up  the  Tombigbee  River,  one  hundred  miles  north, 
by  steamboat,  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  to  Bladon  landmg;  thence  three 
miles  and  a  half  by  stage.  Or  go  to  Demopolis,  on  the  Alabama  Central 
Raiboad,  forty-two  miles  west  of  Selma ;  thence  by  steamboat,  on  Tuesdays 
and  Fridays,  south,  on  Tombigbee  River,  about  fifty  miles  to  the  landing. 

Hotel.— Bladon  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  oonUIu— 

Vichy  Spring, 

67*  Fiihr. 
FroA.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  RlddeU. 

Bnmch  Spring, 

67°  Fabr. 
Proft.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  RIddalL 

Old  Spring. 

Prof.  R.  T. 

Brumby. 

Sulphur  Spring, 

67°  F«hr. 
Frob.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  Ridd«U. 

Souss. 

Carbonate  of  soda....  k 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Onini. 
6.791 
0.086 
»  0.062 
0.109 

*6.2«i 

«  •  •  • 

trace. 

•  •  •  • 

•  ■  •  • 

6.282 

•  •  •  • 

Onlni. 
6.161 
0.076 
»  0.029 
0.267 

3  0.8^ 

•  •  ■  • 

•  •  *  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

Gniu. 

4.111 

0.170 

6.844 
0.962 
0.002 
0.080 

6.263 
0.091 
0.076 

6.040 

Gralni. 
4.867 

omi 

>  0.096 
0.802 

Carbonate  oi  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  lime ...'. 

6.870 

Sniphate  of  Iron 

Sulphate  of  manganese 

Silica  and  alumina 

trace. 

Crenic  acid 

■  •  •  • 

Uypoorenio  acid 

•  •  •  • 

Organic  matter 

6.i66 

Loss 

•  •  •  • 

Total 

6.662 

Oubio  inch. 
8.18 
trace. 
«0.28 

6.112 

Cubic  inch.  ' 
7.40 
trace. 
*0.28 

6.088 

Cubic  inch. 
4.07 

undetermined. 

6.871 

Cubic  inch. 

6.61 

0.07 

*0.28 

Oabim. 
Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

•  •  ■  • 

I*roperties. — ^It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  these 
are  nearly  pure  alkaline  waters,  charged  with  considerable 
carbonic-acid  gas.  The  sulphur  spring  does  not  differ  mate- 
rially from  the  other  springs,  except  in  containing  a  small  pro- 
portion of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  They  are  very  valuable 
waters  of  the  class,  and  will  prove  appropriate  in  the  cases  to 
which  alkaljfie  water3  are  applicable. 

Hemarks. — The  surrounding  country  is  rolling.     In  every 

>  Carbonate  of  iron  and  oxide  of  alumina. 

*  Sniphate  of  lime  and  silicic  add. 

*  (Probably  combined  with  sodium,  forming  chloride  of  sodium.— W.) 


ii 
I 


ALKALIN£  WATERS. 


147 


direction  the  eye  rests  on  the  primeval  forest,  composed  al- 
most entirely  of  pine-trees,  and  appropriately  caUed  "Pinev 
Woods."  ^ 

These  springs  are  much  frequented,  and  possess  the  con- 
veniences of  such  resorts. 


OONaBESS   SPBZNQS. 

Loeatlon.-— Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

*  /ifT'"!? °  *°  ^*'^**  ^'*"'*'  *  ^**"°''  ^'^  **»«  San  Jo86  branch  of  the  Cen- 
tral  Pacific  Railroad,  about  forty  mUes  south  from  San  Prancigco ;  thence  by 
fltage.  Or  to  San  Josfi,  forty-seven  miles  south  from  San  Francisco :  thence 
twelve  miles  by  stage. 

Hotd. — Congress  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  at  60°  Fahr  • 
Solids.  ' ' 

Carbonate  of  soda       .  , 

Carbonate  of  iron  .... 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  • 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Silica,  alumina,  and  trace  of  magnesia 


Total     . 


.    41.978 


/Voper«»e».-.According  to  the  analysis,  the  accuracy  of 
which  is  doubtful,  these  are  valuable  waters  of  the  mwriated- 
alkaline  subdivision,  possessing  at  the  same  time  chalybeate 
qualities.  When  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas  they 
form  an  agreeable  drink,  and  are  largely  bottled  and  sold  in 
California. 

JRemark8--The  hotel  is  located  on  the  summit  of  a  moun- 
tain-spur, overlooking  the  foot-hills,  and  giving  a  view  of  blue 
mountain-peaks  in  the  distance. 

The  springs,  one-half  mile  distant  from  the  hotel,  are  reached 
by  a  winding  mountain-road. 

The  taste  of  the  water  reveals  the  presence  of  iron,  which 
is  indicated  as  well  by  the  rusty-colored  deposit  which  settles 
where  it  flows.' 

»  Otmlmd  Monmy,  June,  1870. 


\ 


148 


MINERAL  SPBINOS. 


OALIFOBNIA   SELTZEB   SPBINOS. 

Loeatioii. — ^Mendocino  County,  California. 

P«8t-0fllc«.— Sanel,  Mendocino  County,  California. 

Aeww.— Prom  San  Francisco  by  steamer  to  Donahue,  thence  by  Califor- 
nia  &  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Sanel ;  thence  twelve  miles  by  stage  to 
the  springs.  "'       •* 

Hotel.— Fountain  House. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (F.  A.  Bauer): 

SOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  soda     ..... 
Carbonate  of  magnesia    .... 
Carbonate  of  lime     ..... 
Carbonate  of  iron  .... 

Ohloi  idc  of  sodium    ..... 
Silicic  acid  .... 


Oralns. 

4.61 

.     6.65 

8.80 

,  trace. 

2.15 

trace. 


21.21 


TotfJ    , 

Gas — Carbonic  acid,  abundant.    (18Y1.) 

Fropereies.—AcoordiQg  to  the  analysis,  this  is  a  very  fine 
alkaline  water,  and  we  should  expect  it  to  act  favorably  in 
oases  of  dyspepsia  and  diseases  of  the  liver  and  bladder,  in 
which  alkaline  waters  are  indicated. 


PEBBT   SPBINaS. 
Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Perry  Springs,  Pike  County,  lUinois. 
Access.— By  Hannibal  &  Naples  Railroad  to  Griggsville,  thirty  -sir  milea 
east  of  Hannibal ;  thence  six  miles  and  a  half  by  stage. 
Hotel. — ^Perry  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contain*^ 

No.  1. 

Middle  Spring. 

H.  Kngelnuum.  M.  D. 

No.  8. 

Upper  Spring. 

H.  Ei^^Imann,  H.  D. 

No.  8. 

Lower  Spring. 

H.  Engelmum,  M.  O. 

SOLIIMS. 
Carbonate  of  potassa 

Onlni. 

0.199 

1.260 

0.051 

1.880 

0.055 

0.880 

0.015 

CI  mini. 
0.181 
1.097 
0.040 
1.715 
0.187 
0.286 
0.043 
.... 

Oratni. 

0.167 

0.777 

0.025 

1.708 

0.178 

0.481 

0.072 

0084 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  Ume 

Sulphate  of  aoda. 

Silicate  of  potassa  and  soda. . . . 
SlUcate  of  sodium 

Silicate  of  alumina. 

Total 

8.290 

8.508            1 

8.877 

— ("  Geology  of  Ilii::C«8,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  41.) 
The  temperature  throughout  the  year  is  from  48*  to  Ta:,'  iinhr. 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


UO 


-Remark.— These  springs  are  situated  in  a  beautiful  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  wooded  hills.  They  are  located  about  two 
and  A  half  miles  southeast  of  Perry,  on  one  of  the  tributaries 
of  McGee's  Creek.  The  springs  issue  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  Keokuk  limestone,  which  underlies  the  valley  and  outcrops 
along  the  bluflFs  of  the  creek  below  the  spring.'  They  are 
about  two  hundred  yards  apart.  The  upper  one  is  called  the 
sulphur  spring,  the  middle  one  the  magnesium,  and  the  lower 
one  the  iron  spring.  The  flow  of  the  springs  is  about  as  fol- 
lows :  No.  1,  one  and  a  half  gallon  per  minute ;  No.  3,  one ; 
No.  3,  two. 

YEBMAXLLES   SPBINaS. 
Loeadon  and  Post-Offlee.— Versailles,  Brovm  County,  Illinois. 
Aeeess.— Versailles  is  a  station  on  the  Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western  Rail- 
road, forty-eight  miles  east  of  Quincy,  and  sixty-six  miles  west  of  Springfield ; 
"^rings,  one  mile  and  three-quarters  from  station. 
Hotel* — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contabu— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa  and  soda 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  ma^csia, '. 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime .".'.' 

Chloride  of  sodium ."  *  * 

Sulphate  of  lime .'..',, 

Potassa '.'..'.'.. 

Alumina  and  trace  of  Iron. . .'.'., 

Silica 

Oiganlc  matter .'. 


MsgnnU  Spring. 
G.  A  Marriner. 


Total. 


Oab. 

Carbonic  acid. 


Gnlni. 
0.166 

i.iib 

0.008 
1.825 

trace. 

trace. 


0.176 


Onrry  Spring. 
J.V.Z.Blaney,M.D. 


8.292 

Cable  Inch. 
8 


Ormhu. 
trace. 
0.968 
0.983 

1.614 
trace. 
0.261 

d.boi 

0.102 
trace. 


Monitor  Spring. 
J.V.Z.Blaney,M.D. 


8.861 


Oiabu. 
trace. 

0.968 

0.878 
"0.267 

2.017 
trace. 


0.218 
trace. 


Iiemarks.^The  springs  are  situated  in  a  valley  surrounded 
by  hiUs,  composed  entirely  of  loess  and  drift.  The  valley  was 
originally  a  part  of  the  ancient  valley  of  the  lUinois  River,  and 
was  excavated  one  hundred  feet  or  more  into  the  carbonifer- 
ous rocks,  which  were  once  continuous  across  the  area  now 
occupied  by  the  valley.' 

The  temperature  of  the  water  is  68°  Fahr. 

1 "  Geology  of  DimolB."  a  Tnoe  of  alumina. 


S  u 


Geology  otininota." 


100 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ST.    LOXnS   SPBINa. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllce.— St.  Louis,  Gratiot  County,  Michigan. 

Aeeess.— From  Detroit,  via  Flint  &  P6re  Marquette  Railroad,  ninety, 
eight  miles,  to  East  Saginaw ;  thence  thirty  miles  by  railroad  to  the  springs. 
Or  from  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  ninety-eight  miles,  to  St. 
John's ;  thence  thirty  miles  by  stage. 

Hotels.— Eastman  House,  McHenry  Hotel,  Union  Hotel. 


One  pint  contains 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda   . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron    . 
Carbonate  of  Ume 
Chloride  of  lime       , 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Silicate  of  lime        . 
Silica 
Organic  matter  and  loss 

Total       . 
Oasis. 
Carbonic  acid  . 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  . 


ANALYSIS. 

(SO^'Fahr.  &  P.  Duffleld,  M.  D.) : 

Gnlna. 
7.684 
.     1.080 
«  .  0.091 

.     6.019 
•  .•  •  trace. 

.    6.926 
0.700 
•  .    0.299 

0.208 


.  22.006 

Onblo  InohOB. 

1.86 

.    trace. 


Properties. — ^The  above  analysis  shows  these  waters  to  be 
strongly  alkaline,  and  at  the  same  time  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  iron.  They  also  contain  suflScient  of  the  salts 
of  lime  to  ally  them  to  calcic  waters.  From  the  constituents 
we  would  expect  the  waters  to  prove  beneficial  in  acid  dyspep- 
sia, biliary  calculus,  and  diseases  of  the  bladder.  The  results 
of  treatment,  as  exhibited  by  Dr.  Stiles  Kennedy,*  show  the 
waters  to  have  been  especially  beneficial  in  dyspepsia  and 
neuralgia.  From  his  report  of  cases  treated  at  the  St.  Louis 
Spring  we  have  compiled  the  following  table.    {See  page  161.) 

Many  of  these  cases  were  doubtless  of  the  severest  type ; 
and  the  above  results  certainly  appear  favorable.  It  must  be 
remembered,  however,  that  all  cases  treated  by  Dr.  Kennedy 
are  not  reported,  and  that  of  all  who  visited  the  spring  only 

1  "Magnetic  and  Mineral  Springs  of  Midiigan."   By  BtUes  Kennedy,  M.  D.    Wilmiagw 
ton,  Del. :  James  &  Webb,  1872. 


or 


SKELETON  MAP 

I 

MINERAL    8PRINC81 

•    Springs.    '{ 


SHOWIMO 


/• 


150 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ST.    LOUIS    SPBINa. 


Location  and  Post-Offlcc— St.  Louie,  Grutiot  County,  Michigan. 

Awess.— From  Detroi',  rh  Flint  &  P6re  Marquette  Railroad,  ninety, 
eight  miles,  to  East  Pagu^..v.  ;  vbcuce  thirty  miles  by  railroad  to  the  springs. 
Or  from  Detroit,  via  DHvol.  k  Milwaukee  Raikoad,  ninety-eight  miles,  to  St. 
John's ;  thence  thirty  miles  by  stage. 

Hotels* — Eautman  House,  McUenry  Hotel,  Union  Hotel. 


One  pmt  contains 

An 
(60" 

AL.XBU). 

•Fahr.   S.  J.  Duffleld,  M.D.): 

BOLIDB. 

Oraliuk 

Carbonate  of  soda   . 

t                       • 

Y.684 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

- 

•                        t                        • 

.     1.080 

Carbonate  of  iron    . 

•                        • 

0.091 

Carbonate  of  lime          . 

•                        •                        • 

.     6.019 

Chloride  of  lime 

•                     •• 

•          trace. 

Sulphate  of  lime 

•                        •                        • 

.    6.926 

Silicate  of  lime        . 

•                        • 

0.700 

Silica 

•                        •                        • 

.    0.299 

Organic  matter  and  loss 

•                        •                        • 

0.208 

Total 

.  22.006 

Oabbs. 

Cabio  inches. 

Carbonic  acid           . 

•                        • 

1.86 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  . 

•                        •                        • 

.    trace. 

Properties. — The  above  analysis  shows  these  waters  to  be 
strongly  alkaline,  and  at  the  same  time  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  iron.  They  also  contain  suflScient  of  the  salts 
of  lime  to  ally  them  to  calcic  waters.  From  the  constituents 
we  would  expect  the  waters  to  prove  beneficial  in  acid  dyspep- 
sia, biliary  calculus,  and  diseases  of  the  bladder.  The  results 
of  treatment,  as  exhibited  by  Dr.  Stiles  Kennedy,*  show  the 
waters  to  have  been  especially  beneficial  in  dyspepsia  and 
neuralgia.  From  his  report  of  cases  treated  at  the  St.  Louis 
Spring  we  have  compiled  the  following  table.   {See  page  151.) 

Many  of  these  cases  were  doubtless  of  the  severest  type ; 
and  the  above  results  certainly  appear  favorable.  It  must  be 
remembered,  however,  that  all  cases  treated  by  Dr.  Kennedy 
are  not  reported,  and  that  of  all  who  visited  the  spring  only 

1  "Magnetio  and  Mineral  Springs  of  Michigan."    By  Stiles  Kennedy,  M.  D.   Wilming' 
ton,  Del :  James  &  Webb,  1872. 


/ 


/  * 


SKEltETON  MAP 

or 

BHOWIHa 

MINERAL    8PRINC8, 

•    Springs,     t 


ftaciifeii 


y  f  wCTt^^^fw^w^jiijiiiiji^nn  yi 


iMmnl 


Bsaai 


100 


eight 
Or  fro 
John'i 
H( 


\  \ 


and  tb 
remen: 
are  no 


ton,  Del; 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


151 


DllMM. 


Dyipepais 

Neanlifla. 

Ohronio  rheumatlBm 

Snbacute  rheutnatlsin 

Oonorhoeal  rhoiiinatiBin. . . , 
Bheumstism  "  noueux  "  >. 
PanUyiis 


Hemipleg:!*. 

Anesthesia  (partial). 


No.  of 


8 
6 


Total. 


Ound. 


InpKTwi. 


8T 


1« 


1 
S 

4 


Net 

bMofltad. 


Avwagt  dur». 

Uooof 

TrMtmoiil. 


17 


1  month. 

8  months. 

9  months. 

1  month. 
8  weeks. 

2  months, 
i)  months. 
ii  months. 
^  months. 
2t  weeks. 


I  .  popUon<».me  under  his  obaervation.    Again,  the  treatment 

.     wa*  not  limited  to  the  internal  use  of  the  water,  but  all  oases 
were  subjected  to  the  salutary  influence  of  the  bath:  and,  in 
the  ma]or|ty  of  instances,  it  was  the  warm  bath  that  was  pre- 
«r.bed.    That  the  fact  of  the  warm  water,  being  that  of  the 
bt.  Louis  Spnng,  had  any  bearing  on  the  relief  afforded,  needs 
more  complete  demonstration.    Especially  in  rheumatic  and 
paralytic  affections  was  the  warm  or  hot  bath  and  douche  re- 
sorted to,  and,  in  many  instances,  the  additional  aid  of  the 
oontmued  electric  current.    In  paralytic  affections  no  cures 
are  reported,  though  all  seem  to  have  improved.    How  much 
of  ^.s  IS  due  to  the  medical  treatment,  or  how  much  to  the 
water,  IS  difficult  to  determine;  our  own  impression  is,  that 
whatever  was  gained  maybe  attributed  to  the  combing  ef- 
fects  of  the  warm  bath  and  douche,  shampooing,  and  electricitv 
regarf less  of  the  constitution  of  the  water.    Il  to  iU  "/d' 
m^etic  power  we  are  entirely  skeptical,  as  may  be  seen  in 
the  treatment  of  this  subject  on  another  page.    This  water 
however,  is  highly  minerali^d;  and  in  case!  of  hemipWia 
depending  on  unabsorbed  clot,  some  advantage  may  L  ex- 
pected from  the  resolutive  action  of  the  water^    In  cases  of 
Jbis  nature  alkaline  waters  have  been  recommended  by  the 

«>me  months  have  elapsed  from  the  apoplectic  seizure. 

Although  the  report  of  Dr.  Kennedy  does  not  accurately 
determme  the  therapeutic  value  of  this  water,  still  it  aids  i^ 

»  The  gouty  rheumatism  of  some  writers.  , 


162 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


eluciauting  the  subject.  We  cannot  forbear  complimenting  him 
on  his  report  of  cases;  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  similar 
method  has  not  been  pursued  at  the  old-time  resorts  during 
the  many  years  past. 

IiemarJc8.—ThQ  St.  Louis  Spring  is  situated  in  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  the  outgrowth  of  the  lumbering  interests  of 
this  portion  of  Michigan.     On  either  hand  it  is  surrounded  by 
far^xtending  pine-forests,  while  near  by  flows  Pine  River. 
The  well  was  the  result  of  an  attempt,  in  1869,  to  procure  a 
flow  of  salt-water,  of  which  there  is  an  abundance  in  many 
parts  of  Michigan.     But  when,  at  a  depth  of  200  feet,  the 
water  came  from  the  artesian  tube  fresh  and  sparkling,  it  was 
abandoned,  and  received  no  further  attention.    However,  as  I 
was  informed  by  the  proprietor,  after  some  months  had  passed 
by,  a  workman,  engaged  in  constructing  an  extension  of  the 
neighboring  mill,  let  his  chisel  faU  near  the  tube,  and  it  was 
immediately  attracted  toward  it.     Surprised  at  this,  he  called 
the  attention  of  others  to  the  fact,  and  soon  numbers  of  people 
were  found  at  the  weU  magnetizing  knife-blades  on  the  tubing. 
It  needed  but  a  step  in  popular  reasoning  to  transfer  the  mag- 
netism  of  the  tube  to  the  water;  and  then  the  cry  of  "Mag- 
netic water ! »  resounded  through  the  village.    It  is  saJd  that 
an  old  paralytic,  hopeless  of  cure,  reasoned  that  if  he  could 
drink  magnetism,  and  bathe  in  magnetism,  his  helpless  limbs 
would  move  spryly  again.     So  he  commenced  drinking  the 
water  and  bathing  vigorously,  and,  as  the  story  goes,  entirely 
recovered.     The  cry  of  «  Magnetic  water ! "  and  the  storv  of 
this  cure  were  sounded  through  the  State,  and  soon  thousands 
flocked  thither  for  relief. 

Visitors  at  these  springs  are  much  attracted  by  the  yellow- 
tmged  articles  of  glass-ware  that  are  sold  at  the  spring.  This 
color  is  the  result  of  permitting  a  constant  sho-  /er  of  the  water 
to  fall  on  the  clear  glass  for  many  days.  The  yellow  tinge  is 
found  to  be  a  deposit  "mainly  of  ferric  oxide  with  carbonates 
of  lime  and  magnesia." ' 


1  u 


LT:  fjnetlc  and  Mineral  Springs  of  Michigan,"  p.  68. 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 
liOWEB   SODA   SPBINa. 


158 


LoMtton.— Linu  County,  Oregon. 

i!Sd^;i'.""  """""^  '"^  *'"°'  "*«"'  "-'"^  '»"»•  »»»"■««'• 

„.i'"tr'*~f  °*«""^*«  '"'■Jy^i'  of  these  waters  has  been 

JJm<,rA,._These  spring,  are  situated  on  the  Cascade 
Mouot^s.  on  the  south  fork  of  the  Santian,,  amid  s-i^nd! 
mg  evidences  of  voleanio  action.  They  escape  from TLse 
fL  r  ^*"°-^P"  of  porphyritio  rock.  The  water  flows 
i^m  the  spnngs  with  considerable  force.  It  is  somewhat 
aflfected  m  quantity  by  the  varying  seasons.  "'■"^"'"'t 


SHELDON  spBuraa 

ir^'o'^flf"  "^^-S'^Moa.  Franklin  Co„n.,,  Vermont 
ley  R«lr„.d.  to  SheldL.    P^:^'  ^^^1^  Z^  «'  ""'"'"°'  ™- 

n.on! nlXC^Sr  '•'  *  **"  *"-»^'  ''»"^-  =«>S;  V.- 

^«%^>._No  r«/;a«fe  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters 

ents  are  the  alkahne  carbonates,  and  silicic  acid  combined  with 

f..o«.;::e'S'rs^r'  ■""""  """■  ""^  -» ••»™wi..t«,t,«^,.u, ... 


Bicarbonate  of  soda 
Peroxide  of  iron 

Sulphur 

Cliloride  of  sodium 
Carbonate  of  lime 

Organic  matter 

Iodides  and  bromides 


6.02  grs. 

.85  grs. 

trace. 
1.26  grs. 


wanting. 


No.  8. 
In  one  ounce. 


10.02  grs. 
.98  grs. 

.80  ■^, 
.05  grs. 


'-*-  Free  cm-bonicacid  gas  completely  Batumte^^^^^^i^^^^^t^^. 


154 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I 


alkaline  bases,  forming  silicates.  There  is  also  a  small  pro- 
portion of  iron  and  some  organic  matter ;  also,  traces  of  fluo- 
rides. It  is  exceedingly  desirable  that  some  chemist  of  ac- 
knowledged ability  make  a  thorough  analysis  of  these  waters. 

Properties.— ^AH  of  the  waters  are  alkaline  to  test-paper. 

The  water  of  the  Sheldon  Spring  is  pleasant  to  the  taste, 
with  an  almost  imperceptible  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 
The  Missisquoi  water  is  limpid,  without  odor,  and  to  the  sense 
of  taste  does  not  differ  from  ordinary  water.  The  Vermont 
water  has  a  very  slight  taste  of  iron. 

Aside  from  the  known  favorable  action  of  alkaline  waters 
in  acid  gravel,  gout,  and  catarrhal  disease  of  the  bladder,  the 
especial  point  to  be  considered  in  connection  with  these  springs 
is  their  efficacy  in  cancer.  It  is  claimed  by  the  owners  of  the 
springs  that  they  will  cvure  true  cancer.  Is  there  a  well-authen- 
ticated case  of  true  cancer  having  been  cured  by  these  waters  ? 
I  answer.  No.  But,  while  making  this  assertion,  it  must  at 
the  same  time  be  stated  that  cases  of  true  cancer  have  been 
palliated  while  using  them.  To  confirm  this  we  quote,  by  per- 
mission, from  a  paper  read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  February  17,  1870,  by  Prof.  Fordyce  Barker,  on 
"  Malignant  Diseases  of  the  Uterus."  Under  the  head  of  con- 
stitutional treatment,  he  says :  "  The  Missisquoi  water  o£  St. 
Albans,  Vermont,  has  in  some  cases  seemed  to  be  of  great 
benefit  in  arresting,  for  a  time,  the  progress  of  the  disease.  In 
many,  the  use  of  these  waters  has  seemed  to  produce  no  re- 
sults. Many  others,  to  whom  I  have  suggested  their  use,  have 
never  reported  to  me,  and  it  is  therefore  probable  that  the  re- 
sults in  these  cases  were  negative.  But,  in  a  few  instances — 
one  of  cancer  of  the  breast  and  four  of  uterine  cancer — the 
apparent  eflfect  has  been  more  striking  than  any  results  I  have 
ever  seen  from  any  other  agent.  None  were  cured ;  but  the 
ulcerated  surface  was  cleaned  oflF,  as  though  it  had  been  ex- 
cised with  the  knife ;  the  fetor,  the  discharge,  and  the  pain, 
ceased  for  some  time,  and  the  health  of  the  patient  was 
greatly  improved.  One,  a  poor  woman,  who  n  I  first  saw  in 
Mav.  1867.  with  ulcerated  carcinoma,  involving;  both  the  neck 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


155 


and  body  of  the  uterus,  and  exceedingly  feeble,  emaciated,  and 
broken  down  by  the  profuse  and  horribly  offensive  discharges 
and  repeated  haBmorrhages,  rapidly  improved  both  in  her  local 
and  general  condition  under  the  use  of  these  waters.     She  is 
still  alive,  although  the  uterus  is  nearly  destroyed ;  but  her 
general  condition  is  much  better  than  when  I  first  saw  her.     I 
wiU  aUude  to  another  case,  a  patient  of  Dr.  Sims.     I  first  saw 
this  lady  with  him  in  December,  1868.     Dr.  Sims  informed  me 
that  when  he  examined  her  in  Paris,  in  August,  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  enlarged  cervix  was  one  mass  of  rough,  ragged 
ulceration.     When  I  examined  her,  the  diseased  surface  was 
as  smooth  as  if  it  had  been  excised  with  a  knife,  and  there 
was  no  discharge  and  no  odor,  although  she  suffered  from  hor- 
rible pains.     She  died  a  few  months  subsequently;  but  Dr. 
Sims  expresses  the  strong  conviction  (and  I  concur  with  him) 
that  her  life  was  prolonged  by  the  use  of  the  Missisquoi  wa- 
ters.   Although  the  general  sentiment  of  the  profession  does 
not  coincide  with  mine  on  this  poitit,  I  cannot  but  avow  the 
belief  that  the  therapeutic  effects  of  these  waters  are  emi- 
uently  worthy  of  careful  investigation."    A  note  appended  to 
the  aoove  quotation  runs  thus:  "In  a  letter  which  I  have  re- 
cently received  from  Dr.  D.  F.  Fassett,  of  St.  Albans,  Ver- 
mont, a  gentleman  who  is  probably  more  competent  than  any 
one  else  to  give  an  opinion  based  on  extensive  personal  obser- 
vation, as  to  the  effects  of  these  waters,  he  says:  'I  have 
notes  of  four  cases  only  of  malignant  disease  of  the  uterus 
under  my  own  observation,  all  of  whom  used  the  water,  one 
with  marked  benefit,  and  three  with  no  benefit.     But  I  have 
seen  many  cases  of  malignant  disease  located  elsewhere,  as  in 
breast,  face,  and  extremities,  where  the  effect  was  to  cause 
marked  improvement  in  the  general  health  and  in  the  local 
manifestation    of   the  disease ;   but  there    was  no  positive 
cure/" 

_  It  may  be  added  that  during  August,  1871,  the  author  vis- 
ited the  Sheldon  Springs,  and  while  there  saw  a  man  suffering 
from  epithelioma  of  the  lower  lip,  the  ulcer  having  eaten  away 

to  the  level  of  the  e-um.    His  ^^p  q+o^^.^ 4. xi-_^  i.  _ 

8 


'-r- 


•^mmmmmn'miimim 


156 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


!  i 


to  the  springs  in  June,  1871,  and  remained  for  about  six  weeks. 
During  this  time  he  was  continually  improving.  The  discharge 
lost  its  fetid  odor  and  almost  ceased,  and  he  gained  much  in 
general  health.  He  then  returned  to  his  home  in  Massachu- 
setts. Soon  all  his  symptoms  were  as  bad  as  ever.  Again  he 
went  to  the  springs ;  and,  at  the  time  he  was  seen,  some  weeks 
after  his  return,  had  about  regained  what  he  had  lost.  This 
patient  used  the  water  of  the  Sheldon  Spring. 

Dr.  G.  S.  Brigham  had  a  patient  suffering  from  cancer  of 
the  breast,  who  improved  under  the  use  of  the  Vermont  Spring 
water. 

What  conclusion  do  we  derive  from  these  facts  ?  Not  that 
the  water  will  cure  cancer,  but  that  sometimes  it  is  decidedly 
palliative,  and  is  worthy  of  trial  in  a  malady  so  hopeless.  It 
may  also  be  stated  that  intractable  ulcers  (not  cancers)  have 
undoubtedly  been  healed  under  the  use  of  these  waters,  as  has 
been  the  case  in  the  use  of  other  waters. 

The  method  of  using  the  water  is  to  drink  a  glass  three  or 
four  times  a  day,  or  use  it  exclusively  in  the  place  of  ordinary 
drinking-water,  even  making  tea  and  coffee  with  it,  if  they  be 
used.  Besides,  patients  are  in  the  habit  of  applying  clay  dug 
near  the  spring  and  moistened  with  the  water  as  an  epithem. 
The  clay,  no  doubt,  acts  only  by  its  cooling  tendency ;  the 
water,  however,  as  a  lotion,  may  be  an  active  agent.  The  wa- 
ters of  Celles,  department  of  Ard^che,  France,  since  1837  have 
been  claimed  to  cure  cancer ;  and,  very  singularly,  the  Sheldon 
waters  agree  with  them  in  the  prominent  constituents. 

Memarhs. — No  springs  are  more  delightfully  situated  than 
these,  or  could  be  more  attractive  to  the  invalid.  They  are 
four  in  number — the  Central,  within  the  village ;  the  Vermont, 
half  a  mile  from  the  village;  the  Missisquoi,  one  and  a  half 
mile  northward ;  and  the  Sheldon,  two  miles  from  the  village 
—all  on  the  banks  of  the  Missisquoi  River.  Within  sight  are 
Mount  Mansfield  and  other  of  the  Green  Mountains.  A  cool, 
bracing,  and  pure  air  sweeps  over  the  hills,  and  attractive  ex- 
cursions invite  in  every  direction.  The  altitude  is  stated  as 
two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 


ALKALINE  WATEB8. 


mODLETOWN   SFBINaS. 


167 


Location  and  Post-Offlee  Address.— Middletown,  Rutland  County,  Vermont. 
Access.— From  Albany,  take  RensBelaer  k  Saratoga  Railroad  to  Poultney, 
Blxty-eight  miles  north ;  thence  eight  miles,  by  stage,  to  springs. 
Hotel.— Montvert. 

« 

Analysis. — No  accurate  analysis  has  ever  been  made. 


WELDEN  .  SPRING. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— St.  Albans,  Franklin  County,  Vermont. 
Access. — St.  Albans  is  a  prominent  railroad-station  on  the  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  in  the  extreme  northwest  comer  of  the  State. 
Hotels. — Weldcn,  Tremont,  American. 

Analysis.— By  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1867,  gives  the 
constituents  as  follows :  Carbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  and 
lime ;  chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  potassa  and  lime ;  iodide 
of  magnesium,  crenate  of  iron,  silicate  of  soda,  amounting  to 
over  three  grains  in  a  pint.  The  especial  characteristics  of 
•  this  water  are  the  crenate  of  iron  and  iodide  of  magnesium. 

Bemarks.—^t.  Albans  is  a  delightful  town,  of  five  thou- 
sand inhabitant  overlooking  Lake  Champlain,  two  mUes  dis- 
tant, on  the  we^c.  The  spring  is  situated  on  Edwards  Street, 
south  of  Lake  Street,  about  ten  minutes'  walk  west  of  the 
depot. 

BOCKBBIDaE    BATHS. 

LocaUon  and  Post-Offlce.— Rockbridge  Baths,  Rockbridge  County  Vir- 
ginia. •" 

Access—From  the  north,  to  Washington ;  thence,  via  Orange,  Alcxan- 
dria  &  Manassas  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  mUes  south- 
west;  thence,  via  stage,  nine  miles,  to  the  springs.  From  Richmond,  via 
Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles 
From  the  south'.vor.t,,;m  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  Lynchburg,  Char- 
lottesville, and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad.    From  Cincinnati,  to  Hunting- 

T^^'^'f  ^"'^  '^^*y-^^'  "*"''  ^*^*'  ^y  "^^'•5  *l^ence,  by  Chesapeake 
&  Ohio  Railroad,_two  hundred  and  fifty-one  miles  southeast,  to  Goshen. 
Hotel.— Rockbridge  Baths. 

Analysis.— Kn  analysis  before  us  shows  these  waters  to 
coj-.tam  a  considerable  proportion  of  magnesia  and  iron,  with 


158 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


some    iodine,    though  in  what  combinations  is  not  stated. 
Temperature,  74°  Fahr. 

IVoperties.-These  waters,  as  the  name  implies,  are  mostly 
used  for  bathmg,  and  the  large  supply  of  water  and  elevated 
temperature  render  them  well  fitted  for  this  purpose.  There 
18  a  large  pool  for  gentlemen,  forty  by  sixty  feet,  and  five  feet 
deep,  and  one  somewhat  smaUer  for  ladies.  As  a  tonic  bath 
these  waters  are  of  deserved  merit,  and  find  their  appropriate 
spnere. 

Remarha.— These  springs  are  delightfully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  North  James  River,  and  the  ride  to  them  through 
the  Goshen  Pass  aflfords  views  of  some  of  the  most  picturesque 
scenery  m  Virginia.  Two  miles  from  the  baths,  on  a  little 
island  m  the  North  River,  is  a  sulphur-spring,  which  is  fre- 
quently resorted  to  by  visitors. 

OAPON   SPBINQS   AND   BATHS. 
Vf^f^n^^  ^*'*^"  Addre8S.-Capon   Springs,  Hampshire  County,  . 

Tl.ir"*^I^nr  T-^'  '°"*^'  ^'"^  so'^tb^est,  go  to  Baltimore;  thence,  by 
Bal  imore  &  Ohio  RaUroad,  eighty-one  miles,  west  to  Harper's  Ferry ;  the^ 
thirty-two  mdes,  south,  on  branch  railroad,  to  Winchester;  thence,  twenty! 
three  imles,  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  From  the  west,  go  to  Harper's  Ferry 
ontheBaItmiore&OhioRaUi.oad;  thenceasabove.  From  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Rai  road,  passengers  may  leave  at  Staunton;  thence  stage,  twenty-four  miles 
Wbchester  ^'"'^^  ^^'  *^'''''  sixty-eight  miles,  north  by  railroad,  to 
Hotel. — ^Mountain  House. 

Analysis.-lt.\s  to  be  regretted  that  no  quantitative  anal- 
ysis of  this  valuable  water  can  be  given.  A  qualUative  analy- 
SIS  shows  It  to  contain  soda  and  magnesia,  in  the  form  of  car- 
bonates ;  also  iodine,  bromine,  and  silicic  acid.  This  water  is 
highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Properties.— The  water  has  little  taste  or  odor.  Tempera- 
ture, 66°  Fahr.  Flow,  one  hundred  gallons  per  jninute.  The 
elevation  is  eighteen  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  This  water 
IS  efficacious  in  the  treatment  of  acid  forms  of  dyspepsia,  gas- 
tric catarrh,  uric-acid  aravel.  anri  ,>nf5.r..ii  ,^f  |K,>  ui„j,i,._  .  t. 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


159 


is  one  of  the  best  carbonated-alkaline  waters  in  Virginia.  It 
may  also  be  stated  that,  for  many  years,  farmers  have  brought 
their  horses  to  drink  these  waters,  as  a  remedy  for  botts,  large 
numbers  of  the  larvae  being  thereby  discharged  dead.  As  a 
deduction  from  this  fact,  they  have  been  successfully  prescribed 
for  intestinal  worms  in  children. 

Hemarks,— The  location  of  these  springs,  in  a  gorge  of  the 
North  Mountain,  where  cool,  salubrious  air  may  be  breaihed, 
and  mountain-climbing,  trout-fishing  and  deer-hunting  indulged,' 
renders  it  a  most  deUghtful  resort.  The  hotel,  five  stories  high, 
with  its  grand  Doric  portico,  is  faced  by  a  large  and  tastefully! 
designed  bathing  establishment,  which  is  complete  in  its 
appointments.  Plunge,  shower,  douche,  and  warm  baths,  are 
at  the  option  of  the  visitor. 

There  is  also  a  fino  chalybeate  spring  at  Capon. 


CHAPTER   XI. 


SALUTE    WATEES. 

The  word  saline  is  here  used  in  the  ordinary  acceptation 
of  the  term,  meaning  waters  in  which  chloride  of  sodium  (com- 
mon salt)  predominates.  This  designation  ha.s  been  thought 
objectionable  by  some  authors,  inasmuch  as  all  the  chemical 
salts  contained  in  waters  are  included  under  the  term  saline; 
and,  thus  considered,  the  word  is  not  distinctive.  But  the  first 
impression  presented  to  any  one  on  hearing  the  words  saMne 
water  is,  that  it  contains  a  notable  proportion  of  chloride  of  so- 
dium; and,  thus  restricted,  the  name  seems  exceedingly  ap^ 
propriate.  * 

When  saline  waters  contain  a  very  large  amount  of  chlo- 
ride of  sodium,  they  are  known  as  brines,  and  constitute  true 
salt  wells  or  springs.  Besides  the  chloride  of  sodium'  there 
are  other  chlorides,  also  sulphates  of  potassa,  soda,  lime,  and 
magnesia;  and,  in  a  few  instances,  a  considerable  proportion 
of  carbonates.  It  is  in  these  waters  that  the  rare  ingre- 
dients, iodide  and  bromide  of  sodium,  are  most  frequently 
found,  on  which,  no  doubt,  their  value  in  scrofula  in  a  measure 
depends. 

Many  of  these  waters  contain  considerable  carbonic-acid 
gas,  imparting  to  them  an  agreeable  taste,  and  causing  them 
to  rest  well  on  the  stomach.  When  waters  contain  a  large 
proportion  of  this  gas,  they  are  sometimes  called  acidulous  sa* 
lines.  When  they  contain  much  of  the  alkaline  carbonates, 
they  may  be  termed  alJcaline-saUne  waters. 

Saline  waters  promote  the  action  of  the  intestines— being 

»  See  chloride  ofaodium  in  chapter  on  "  Chemical  Constituents." 


SALINE  WATERS. 


161 


aperient  or  cathartic — augment  the  flow  of  urine,  increase  the 
secretion  of  the  mucous  membranes,  and  promote  epithelial 
desquamation.  They  also  stimulate  the  glandular  and  lym- 
phatic systems,  and  increase  the  flow  of  bile.  Under  their 
use  the  appetite  and  power  of  digestion  are  increased. 

As  a  class,  these  waters  are  valuable  in  the  treatment  of 
scrofula^  in  which  disease  they  should  be  used  both  internally 
and  in  the  form  of  baths.  They  are  also  useful  in  gout  and 
chronic  rheumatism^  in  which  diseases,  however,  thermal  sa- 
lines, or  hot  baths,  are  essential.  Where  ictems  is  due  to  ca- 
tarrh of  the  biliary  ducts,  they  often  relieve  the  difficulty,  and 
gallstones  are  also  favorably  influenced  by  saline  waters,  espe- 
cially if  they  be  of  the  alkaline-saline  class.  Engorged  con- 
ditions of  the  liver  are  especially  amenable  to  their  use.  In 
dyspepsia,  the  mild  alkaline-saline  waters,  containing  consider- 
able carbonic-acid  gas,  as  those  of  Saratoga,  are  often  of  ex- 
ceeding benefit.  Strong  salines  should  be  carefully  employed, 
as  their  protracted  use  sometimes  proves  debilitating. 

Brines  are  chiefly  used  for  bathing.  When  judiciously 
employed  they  prove  valuable  in  scrofulosis,  paralysis,  and  hi 
chronic  rheumatism.  In  these  waters  the  iodides  and  bro- 
mides are  sometimes  found  in  comparatively  large  proportion, 
and  it  is  quite  probable  that  they  contribute  to  their  efficacy 
in  no  small  degree. 

Brine-baths  act  as  a  powerful  stimulus  to  the  cutaneous 
nerves,"  increasing  the  peripheral  circulation,  and,  perhaps,  by 
reflex  action,  influence  remote  organs,  and  even  the  nerve- 
centres.  Elimination  by  the  skin  and  kidneys  is  increased. 
Brine  vapor-baths  stimulate  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
respiratory  organs  and  promote  expectoration. 


•     ST.    CATHARINE'S   WELLS. 

Location  and  Post-Officc  Address.— St.  Catharine's,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Iceess.— St.  Catharine's  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  of 
Canada,  thirteen  miles  west  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  two  hundred  and  eighteen 
miles  east  of  Detroit. 

StCiS. — Stephenson  IIousc,  Wclland  Ilouse,  Spring  Bank. 


aavt 


162 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  oonUiiw— 


SotlDB. 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  Umo ...'., 

Chloride  of  potnseium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of inogrneslum ..'.'.'. 

Chloride  of  calcium \ 

Chloride  of  ammonium  and  slUcin  acid 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Iodide  of  magnesium !!!!!!.'." 

Bromide  of  sodium i. !!.".!!! 

Bromide  of  magnesium. ...... '. . ', . . .' " ' 


Total. 


0.080 
0'.646 


Stephenion-HouM 

M.rrltt'i,  or  WtUand- 

WeU. 

HoiiH  Will. 

Prof.  Croft, 

Prof.  Croft. 

Onlnf. 

Gralni. 

.... 

.880 

.... 

.060 

2.687 

2.060 

217.284 

276.808 

24.760 

29.044 

108.271 

127.202 

0.066 

16.981 

14.429 

868.064 


0.010 
trace. 


449.66S 


on 


Temperature  60*  Fahr.  '      ~  " 

A  concentrated  water,  similar  to  the  mother-lye  of  Kreuz- 
nach,  prepared  by  evaporation,  gives  the  following  result 
analysis : 

One  pint  contains — 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  and  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  • 

Chloride  of  magnesium  , 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Proto-chloride  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  lime  .... 

Iodide  of  magnesium  , 

Bromide  of  magnesium   .  , 

Silica,  alumina,  and  lithia     , 


Grains. 

.       2.08 

'^81.36 

1,289.76 

2,950.40 

13.76 

.    16.32 

2.11 

.      2.01 

2.47 


Total 


6,060.27 
-(J.  E.  Chilton,  M.  D.,  1888.) 


The  large  amount  of  proto-chloride  of  iron  was  probably 
formed  from  the  surface  of  the  iron  vessel  during  evaporation. 

I^roperties.— These  celebrated  waters  are  the  most  perfect 
type  of  iodo-bromated  saline  water  known  in  this  country. 
They  very  much  resemble  the  celebrated  waters  of  Krueznach* 
in  Prussia,  though  containing  the  chloride*  of  sodi  am,  calcium' 
and  magnesium,  in  much  larger  proportions.  Fo/  this  reason' 
when  used  internally,  they  are  diluted  with  ordinary  water-^ 
one-eighth  to  one-fourth  of  a  glass  of  the  well-water,  and  fill 
the  glass  with  pure  water.     But  they  are  especiailv  emnlov^d 


SALINE  WATERa 


163 


in  the  form  of  warm  baths,  which  are  provided  at  all  the  hotels. 
They  have  been  found  beneficial  and  curative  in  goutf  rheu- 
matism, scrofula,  and  certain  forms  of  neuralgia. 

The  concentrated  water  is  used  as  an  embrocation  or  di- 
luted; a  bandage  is  wet  with  it  and  applied  to  swollen  joints 
from  rheumatism  or  sprain,  after  the  first  inflammatory  symp- 
toms have  subsided.  It  produces  counter-irritation,  which  may 
be  limited  to  simple  redness,  or  carried  to  pustulation,  accord- 
ing to  the  strength  of  the  solution  and  the  time  it  remains  in 
contact  with  the  surface.  For  baths,  ten  to  twelve  fluidounces, 
added  to  an  ordinary  bath-tub  half  full  of  hot  water,  affords  a 
similar  bath  to  that  obtained  at  the  springs.  Internally,  one 
or  two  teaspoonfuls  to  a  glass  of  pure  water. 

Remarks.— '^i.  Catharine's  is  pleasantly  situated  within 
three  miles  of  Lake  Ontario,  whither  visitors  frequently  drive. 
The  air  is  pure,  and  the  heats  of  summer  are  seldom  felt.  The 
wells  are  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Welland  Canal— all  within 
the  distance  of  a  mile.  They  vary  in  depth,  from  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  to  five  hundred  feet.  One  of  them— that  at  the 
Stephenson  House— has  been  in  use  since  1813.  At  Spring 
Bank,  the  sanitarium  of  Dr.  Theophilus  Mack,  .every  form  of 
bath  may  be  had,  including  the  famed  Oriental  Turkish  bath. 

FLANTAQENET    SPItlNaS. 

Location,— Prescott  County,  Province  of  Ontario,  Dominion  of  Canada, 
iccess.— Plantagenet  Springs  are  eighty^ight  mUes  west  of  Montreal. 
Same  route  to  Point  Fortune  as  for  Caledonia  Springs,  thence  by  stage. 

Hotels. 

Analym. — None — a  cold  saline. 

iJmar^s.- The  name  of  this  spring,  I  am  informed,  has 
been  changed  to  the  "  Caratraca." 

CALEDONIA    SPRINQS. 

LocaUon.— Prescott  County,  Province  of  Ontario,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Post-Offlce  Address. 

Access.— Caledonia  Springs  are  seventy-two  miles  west  of  Montreal.  Prom 
Montreal  take  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  to  Lachine,  thence  by  steamer  to  Caril- 
lon ;  cross  the  Ottawa  River  to  Point  Fortune,  thence  by  stA^p  to  t^«  sn^5n»- 

Hotels. ^      o-i-i-s,...n^„. 


.<k^^r,y^ 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■^  1^    12.2 
12.0 


us 


IL25  |||  u 


II 


1.6 


n 


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/. 


>> 


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V*    •ss 


y 


# 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


-l."^,A^H 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


'<i> 


164 


H7NERAL  SFBmOS. 


ANALYSIS. 


Ona  pint  oontaliu^ 

GaiBpriDg. 
44*Falir. 
T.  8.  Hnnt. 

Saline  Spring. 

45*Falir. 

T.S.Hant. 

Inlnmtttent  Spria^. 

SO'Fahr. 

T.  8.  Hunt. 

Souns. 
Carbonate  of  soda. 

Gnlni. 

.854 

8.884 

1.078 

*.226 
60.772 

!d88 
.003 

'.109 

'.082 
.  .226 

Gnlni. 

1.284 

8.769 

trace. 

.856 

trace. 

.219 

46.984 

•  •  •  • 

'.685 
.010 

!i28 

trace. 
.809 

Gndni. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

6294 

Carbonate  of  iron. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

931 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Chloride  of  potassium 

222 

Chloride  of  sodium 

S9  2(V( 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

TfiHK 

Clilorlde  of  caI<Snm 

2.091 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Io<i  deof  soaium 

•  •  ■  • 

.016 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  matmesium 

•  •  •  • 

.178 

trace. 

164 

AliimtnA 

Silica 

Total 

66.670 

6  cubic  in. 
4  gallons. 

68.689 

4  cubic  in. 
lOgallonB. 

106.678 

Gab. 
Carbonic  add ...» 

Flow  per  minute 

-(184T.) 

Properties. — ^These  are  valuable  iodobromated  saline  wa- 
ters, very  much  resembling  those  of  DUrkheim,  in  Bavaria. 
They  are  useful  in  scrofula^  gout^  chronic  rheumatism^  etc. 

The  Gras  Spring  evolves,  besides  carbonic  acid,  considerable 
quantities  of  carburetted  hydrogen,  estimated  at  three  hun- 
dred cubic  inches  per  minute.  It  is  pleasantly  saline  to  the 
taste.  The  Saline  Spring,  so  called,  is  similar  to  the  Gas 
Spring,  but  really  less  saline.  It  evolves  very  little  carbu- 
retted hydrogen.  The  Intermittent  Spring  is  two  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  springs  named.  It  is  disagreeably  bitter  as  well 
as  saUne.  The  reaction  of  these  waters  to  test-paper  is  alka- 
line.* 

"LAJSBJNQt   WEIX. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee. — Lansing,  Ingham  County,  Michigan. 

AecesSi — Lansing  is  eighty-five  miles  west  of  Detroit,  on  the  Detroit,  Lans- 
ing &  Lake  Michigan  Railroad.  The  well  is  one  mile  from  the  city,  accessible 
by  steamboat. 

Hotels* — Lansing,  Chapman,  Everett,  Edgar. 

1 "  Geology  of  Oanada." 


SALINE  WATERS. 


165 


ANALYSIS. 
One.  pint  contains     (68^°  Fahr.  Dr.  Jennings) : 

SousB.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda             .            .           .            ,  8.094 

Carbonate  of  magnesia           ....  1.421 

Carbonate  of  iron            ....  0.143 

Carbonate  of  lime      .            .            .           ,           .  7.782 

Chloride  of  sodium           .            .            ,            .  83.-349 

Sulphate  of  potassa     .....  1.664 

Sulphate  of  soda  .                       .           .            .  8.181 

Silica  .......  0.413 


Total 

Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 


65.887 

Cubic  incheB. 

24i 


Properties. — ^This  is  a  strong  saline  water,  containing  a 
su£Scient  quantity  of  alkaline  carbonates  to  ally  it  to  the  aUca- 
line  waters ;  therefore  it  should  be  classed  as  an  alkaline-sa- 
line water.  In  chemical  composition  it  considerably  resem- 
bles the  celebrated  Saratoga  waters,  though  the  presence  of 
sulphates  of  potassa  and  soda  in  this  water  causes  it  to  be 
inore  decidedly  purgative  in  action.  Taken  in  considerable 
quantity,  they  produce  catharsis,  but  in  moderate  doses  t]  jj 
act  freely  on  the  kidneys.  The  iron  contained  in  this  water 
is  sufficient  to  modifj'  the  otherwise  depleting  eflFeot  they 
would  produce  if  long  continued. 

These  waters  are  applicable  to  cases  of  dyspepsia,  accom- 
panied with  abdominal  plethora,  a  class  of  cases  usually  pro- 
duced by  high  living.  We  should  also  expect  good  results 
from  their  use  in  catarrh  of  the  biliary  ducts,  gall-stones,  and 
engorged  liver, 

Memarks. — ^Lansing,  the  capital  of  Michigan,  located  on 
Grand  River,  is  necessarily  the  seat  of  many  public  institu- 
tions, and  resorted  to  by  the  better  classes  from  every  part  of 
the  State.     The  population  is  about  fifty-five  hundred. 

Adjoining  the  well,  which  is  a  mile  up  the  river,  is  a  good 
bath-house.  The  depth  of  the  well  is  fourteen  hundred  feet, 
and  the  flow  is  nearly  a  gallon  per  minute. 


166 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


SPBINa  LAS^  WELL. 

IiQCatloii  and  Post-Offlee.— Spring  Lake,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan. 

leeesSt—Spring  Lake  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  eighty-six  miles  northwest  from  Detroit,  three  miles  east  of 
Grand  Haven.    From  Chicago  to  Grand- Haven,  by  lake-steamer. 

Hotels.— Magnetic  Spring,  Middlemist,  Bumum's. 


One  pint  contains 
80UD8. 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  manganese 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium     . 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Alumina 

Ammonia  .  . 

Lithia 
Silica     . 
Organic  matter 

Total    . 


AITALTSIS. 
(62"'Fahr.  Prof. 


C.G.Wheeler): 

Gralna. 
.      0.006 
trace 
.      0.092 
0.006 
.      0.012 
0.6S6 
.     60.691 
4.626 
.     14.177 
6.837 
.      0.271 
traces. 
.      0.002 
traces. 
.      0.063 
.     .  2.286 

.     78,603 


I^operties.— This  water,  strong  in  chloride  of  sodium,  also 
contains  an  active  proportion  of  the  bromide  of  magnesium. 
In  chemical  composition  this  vrater  much  resembles  the  Edis- 
enquelle  of  Kreuznach.  These  springs,  however,  contain  a 
proportion  of  iodide  of  magnesium. 

Jiemarks.— The  town  of  Spring  Lake  is  located  on  the 
shores  of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  of  the  same  name,  five 
miles  long  and  one  mile  wide.  The  resort  owes  its  rise  to  the 
citizens  of  Chicago,  who  frequent  it  in  considerable  numbers. 
A  good  bath-house  adjoins  the  hotel. 


I                                                            SATiTNE  WATERS. 

■                                                 ST.  LOUIS   ABTESIAir   WEUi. 

■                      IitcafleB.— St  Louis,  Missouri. 

■                                                                           ANALYSIS. 

J 

■                                         One  pint  contains    {ISA"  Fahr.  Dr. 

Litton) : 

H                                                          SOUDB. 

Onbis. 

B                            Carbonate  of  magnesia       .           .           . 

0.121 

B                             Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron. 

• 

0.066 

■                             Carbonate  of  lime .... 

1.329 

■                             Chloride  of  potassium  .           .           • 

• 

1.126 

I                             Chloride  of  sodium.            .           . 

43.826 

I    .                           Chloride  of  magnesium.            .            .           . 

• 

4.792 

I                             Chloride  of  calcium.                       .           . 

8.448 

■                             Sulphate  of  lime  ..... 

• 

6.709 

I                             Silica.         ..... 

• 

0.017 

1                                        Total     ..... 

60.440 

I                                  Oasbs. 

Cubic  inches. 

1                              Carbonic  acid         .... 

0.82 

1                              Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

• 

0.03 

167 


J^operties. — It  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis  that  this  is 
a  good  saline  water.  It  contains  a  small  proportion  of  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen,  but  not  sufficient  of  the  gas  to  entitle  it 
to  the  designation  of  a  sulphur-water.  The  temperature  is 
above  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  St.  Louis,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  technically  speaking,  a  thermal  water. 

Hemarks. — ^This  well  is  located  a'  Belcher's  sugar-refinery. 
It  was  bored  in  order  to  obtain  water  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, but  the  saline  quality  of  the  water  rendered  it  useless. 
The  total  depth  of  the  well  is  3,199  feet ;  however,  most  of 
the  water  is  said  to  flow  from  a  depth  of  1,515  feet.  The 
analysis  was  made  some  fifteen  years  ago,  since  which  time 
the  flow  of  the  water  has  considerably  diminished. 

FRTTIT    FOBT   WELL. 

Loeation  and  Post-Offlce.— Fruit  Port,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan. 

Aewss. — ^From  Chicago,  via  Chicago  &  Michigan  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  to 
Fruit  Port,  a  station  one  hundred  and  sixteen  miles  north;  or  from  Chicago, 
by  lake-steamer,  to  Grand  Haven ;  thence  nine  miles,  by  railroad,  to  Nuncia ; 
thence  six  miles,  by  railroad,  to  Fruit  Port. 

Hotel. — Pomona  House. 


168 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


tmrnm* 


One  pint  contains 

BOLIDB. 

Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  manganese 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassidm 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium  . 
Chloride  of  lune 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Silica  and  silicates  . 
Alumina  . 

Total 


ANALYSIS. 
(48*  Fahr. 


C.  G.  Wheeler) ; 


OraioB. 
0.665 
0.808 
0.680 
0.010 
0.448 
0.064 

68.008 
6.861 

18.888 
6.749 
0.096 
1.826 

traces. 

^.971 


I^operties.^This  water,  like  that  of  the  Spring  Lake  well 
much  resembles  the  celebrated  waters  of  Kreuznach,  in  Prussia* 

Iiemarks.-The  village  of  Fruit  Port  is  on  the  shores  of 
Spnng  Lake.  The  town  and  surrounding  country,  to  the  ex 
tent  of  thirteen  thousand  acres,  is  owned  by  a  Chicago  com- 
pany,  engaged  in  the  development  of  this  fruit  district.  The 
well  is  a  result  of  the  mania  for  seeking  "magnetic"  wells 
which  has  prevailed  in  this  State  since  the  discovery  of  the  St' 
Louis  well,  in  1869.  The  resort  is  well  patronized  by  citizens 
of  Chicago. 

SARATOQA   SPRINOS. 

Location  and  Post-offlce.— Saratoga  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 

Aeeess.— Saratoga  is  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad 
thirty-seven  miles  north  of  Albany.  Tourists  from  the  North  may  pass  orer 
Lake  Champlam,  and  at  Whitehall  take  the  cars  south  to  Saratoft.,  forty- 
one  miles.  °  '       •' 

Hotels.— Congress  Hall,  Grand  Union,  Clarendon,  Everett,  Waverley  Albe- 
marie.  Continental,  American. 

Boardlng-Honses.— Vermont,  Pitney,  Washington  Hall. 

I^operties.^It  will  readily  be  seen  from  the  table  of  anal- 
yses that  the  principal  constituents  of  these  waters  are  chlo- 
nde  of  sodium,  the  alkaline  carbonates,  and  carbonic-acid  gas, 

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110 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


hence  they  may  be  tenned  alkalinesalme  waters,  of  which 
the  famed  Seltzer  Spring  of  Nassau  is  a  typical  example.  In 
pomt  of  merit  the  Saratoga  waters  equal,  if  they  do  not  sur- 
pass, any  of  the  kind  in  the  worid.  The  large  amount  of  car- 
bonic  acid  which  they  contain,  and  the  favorable  combination 
of  mgredients,  render  them  very  easy  of  digestion,  and,  to 
most  persons,  exceedingly  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Many  won- 
der why  it  is  that  during  the  hot  months  of  the  year  such 
numbers  crowd  to  Saratoga,  thinking  it  only  a  whim  of  fash- 
ion;  but,  aside  from  social  attractions  or  amusements,  there  is 
a  positive  value  in  the  water,  and  pleasure  in  drinking  it, 
which  will  always  attract  multitudes  to  its  fountains. 

These  waters  are  etipecially  adapted  to  cases  of  di/spepsia; 
those  depending  on  high  living,  and  an  engorged  condition  of 
the  abdominal  viscera,  are  peculiarly  subject  to  their  beneficial 
influence.  In  Jaundice,  depending  on  catarrh  of  the  biliary 
ducts,  they  are  curative,  and  they  would  undoubtedly  prove 
beneficial  in  cases  of  gall-atonea  with  a  tendency  to  their 
continual  formation  and  passage.  In  engorgement  of  the 
hver,  and  all  conditions  of  abdominal  plethora,  they  are  a 
valuable  remedy.  In  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  they  may  also 
prove  useful,  but  the  decidedly  alkaline  or  calcic  waters  are 
preferable. 

High  Boch—On  Willow  Walk,  near  the  Seltzer  and  Star 
Springs.     This  spring  was  known  to  the  Mohawk  Indians,  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century,  by  the  name  of  «  The  Medicine 
Spring  of  the  Great  Spirit."  It  was,  however,  unknown  to  white 
men  till  many  years  after  the  first  settlement  of  the  country  Sir 
William  Johnson  being  the  first  white  visitor.     For  many  years 
after  its  discovery,  the  sick  or  curious  might  be  seen  foUowing 
the  trails  from  the  settlements  into  the  depths  of  the  wilder 
ness,  there  amid  the  solitude  to  drink  sUently  of  the  mysterious 
water.    In  1773,  Dirick  Scowton  cleared  a  smaU  port;ion  ot 
land  on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  in  the  rear  of  High  Rook 
Spring,  and  built  a  log-cabin,  but  misunderstandings  with  the 
Indians  rendered  it  necessary  to  abandon  the  enterprise.     In 
1774,  John  Arnold,  of  Rhode  Island,  took  possession  of  the 


BALLNE  WATEBa 


171 


house  built  by  Scowton,  and,  having  improved  it,  opened  it  as 
a  tavern,  and  entertained  visitors  during  two  succeeding  sum- 
mers.   This  was  undoubtedly  the  first  pleasure-resort  in  the 
Northern  States,  that  of  Berkeley  Springs,  in  Virginia,  being 
the  first  in  the  Southern.    Arnold  was  followed  the  next  year 
by  Samuel  Norton,  under  the  patronage  of  Isaac  Law,  who 
had  purchased  the  land  from  Rip  Van  Dam.     In  this  purchase 
Law  was  associated  with  Anthony  Van  Dam  and  Jacob  Wal- 
ton.  Troubles  with  Great  Britain  now  occurring,  Norton  aban- 
doned the  enterprise.     In  1789,  Gideon  Putnam,  of  Sutton, 
came  to  the  springs,  leased  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  and 
was  thereafter  the  pervading  spirit  of  improvement.     In  1803, 
he  built  seventy  feet  of  the  present  Union  Hall.     The  name 
High  Rock  is  given  from  the  concretions  that  have  accu...d- 
lated  at  the  orifice  of  this  spring  for  centuries,  and  formed  a 
cone-like  rock  three  feet  in  height,  from  the  centre  of  which 
the  water  issues..   Tlie  rock  is  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron,  precipitated  from    the  water.' 
Similar  concretions  form  at  many  of  the  springs,  but,  owing  to 
the  direction  of  the  flow  of  the  water  and  other  causes,  do  not 
assume  the  same  form. 

A  few  years  ago,  the  proprietors,  desirous  of  closing  the 
lateral  outlet  of  this  spring,  so  that  the  water  would  again  flow 
over  the  top  of  the  rock,  which  it  had  ceased  to  do,  had  the 
rock  undermined,  and  by  means  of  a  derrick  lifted  to  one  side. 
Just  below  the  rock,  four  logs  were  found  placed  at  right  an- 
gles to  each  other,  so  as  to  form  a  curb.     Under  the  logs 
were  boughs  of  trees,  Testing  on  the  black  soil  of  a  previous 
swamp.    Undoubtedly,  some  ancient  visitors  of  the  spring  had 
thrown  brushwood  over  the  swamp-ground  at  the  orifice,  and 
placed  the  logs  around  it.     Below  the  rocks,  the  workmen  fol- 
lowed the  spring  through  four  feet  of  tufa  and  muck ;  next,  a 
layer  of  solid  tufa,  two  feet  thick,  then  one  foot  of  muck,  in 
which  another  log  was  found.     Below  this,  three  feet  of  tufa 
again;  and  there,  seventeen  feet  below  the  apex  of  the  rock, 
they  found  the  embers  of  an  ancient  fire.     By  whom,  and 
when,  was  the  fire  built '? 


172  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

Dimensions  op  High  Rock. 

Circumference  at  the  surface  of  the  ground     . 
Heights  of  rocli  above-ground 
Diameter  of  aperture,  four  inches  below  the  top 
From  the  top  of  the  rock  to  the  water  within    . 
Depth  of  spring  from  the  top  of  the  rock 
Depth  of  water  in  the  rock  above  the  ground 

The  accompanying  section  of  High  Rock  conveys  an  idea 
of  the  formation : 


root. 

Inches 

24 

4 

S 

6 

0 

12 

2 

2 

10 

0 

1 

4 

GBOLOOIOAIi  SEOTION  AT  BABATOOA  SPBINOS. 


Congress  Spring,  in  Congress  Park,  on  Congress  Street. 
In  the  year  1793,  twenty-five  years  after  Johnson's  first 


SALINE  WATERS. 


173 


visit  to  High  Rock,  a  party  of  hunters  on  the  return  home- 
ward discovered  a  trail  which  led  them  to  a  new  spring.  One 
of  this  hunting-party  was  John  Taylor  Gilman,  a  member  of 
Congress  at  the  time.  On  a  subsequent  visit,  in  honor  of  Gil- 
man,  they  named  it  Congress  Spring.  The  water  proved  ex- 
ceedingly agreeable,  and  soon  became  the  favorite  spring, 
retaining  its  popularity  to  this  day.  In  1826,  John  Clarke,  a 
native  of  Yorkshire,  England,  purchased  the  farm  on  which 
the  spring  was  situated.  Soon  after  the  purchase  he  com- 
menced bottling  the  water  for  exportation,  and  from  that 
period  is  dated  the  large  trade  in  bottled  Saratoga-waters. 

Columbian  Spring^  in  Congress  Park,  a  few  rods  south- 
west of  Congress  Spring. 

This  spring  contains  a  larger  proportion  of  iron  than  the 
other  springs,  rendering  it  a  fine  tonic  in  ansemic  cases,  but  to 
be  used  with  reserve  by  those  who  are  plethoric  or  robust. 

Samilton  Spring,  on  Spring  Street,  corner  of  Putnam,  in 
the  rear  of  Congress  Hall. 

This  spring  was  first  discovered  by  Gideon  Putnam.  It 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  iron,  and  may  be  used  in  the 
cases  to  which  the  Columbian  is  adapted. 

Pamlion  Spring,  in  the  valley,  a  short  distance  east  of 
Broadway,  between  Lake  Avenue  and  Caroline  Street. 

Star  Spring,  on  Willow  Walk,  near  the  termination  of  Cir- 
cular Street. 

Empire  Spring,  in  the  north  part  of  the  village,  a  short 
distance  above  the  Star  Spring. 

Washington,  or  White  Spring,  in  the  grounds  of  the  Clar- 
endon Hotel,  South  Broadway. 

Putnam  Spring,  on  Phila  Street,  near  Broadway.  A 
new  shaft  had  been  sunk  here  just  previous  to  my  visit, 
from  which  a  water,  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas, 
flowed  quite  rapidly. 

Saratoga  Seltzer,  a  short  distance  from  High  Rock  Spring. 
The  proprietors  have  attached  a  glass  tube,  some  three  feet 
long  and  one  foot  in  diameter,  to  the  orifice  of  this  sprino", 
through  which  the  clear,  sparkling  water,  filled  with  glittering 


\ 


174 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


bubbles  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  passes  up  rapidly.  According 
to  the  analysis,  this  spring  resembles  the  celebrated  Seltzer, 
in  Germany. 

Saratoga  A  Spring^  a  few  rods  from  the  Red  Spring. 

Bed  Spring^  on  Spring  Avenue,  at  the  intersection  of  Ge- 
neva and  Warren  Streets,  so  named  from  the  red  deposit. 
This  spring,  though  almost  a  century  old,  has  never  been  prop- 
erly developed  until  recently.  Being  less  saline  than  any  other 
spring  at  Saratoga,  it  will  answer  in  some  cases  of  dyspepsia, 
in  which  the  other  waters  prove  irritant.  It  is  claimed  that  it 
is  especially  beneficial  in  cases  of  humid  eczema,  and  other 
diseases  of  the  skin,  taken  internally  and  applied  as  a  lotion. 

Excelsior  Spring^  about  one  mile  east  of  Broadway.  One 
of  the  most  delightful  walks  at  Saratoga  is  along  Spring 
Avenue,  or  Lake  Avenue,  through  the  woods,  to  this  spring. 
This  is  one  of  the  Ten  Springs^  the  remainder,  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity,  being  yet  undeveloped. 

Eureka  Spring,  on  Lake  Avenue,  one  mile  east  of  Broad- 
way. The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  this  spring  is  exceed- 
ingly attractive. 

Hathom  Spring,  on  Spring  Street,  in  the  rear  of  Congress 
Hall.  This  spring  was  discovered  in  1868,  when  clearing 
away  the  d^ris  of  the  ruins  of  Congress  Hall,  preparatory  to 
rebuilding.  In  taste  and  general  character  it  resembles  the 
Congress  water. 

United  States  Spring,  adjoining  the  Pavilion. 

Crystal  Spring,  in  Park  place,  Broadway,  opposite  Con- 
gress Park. 

Indian  Encampment. — A  new  spring  was  bored  here  in 
1871. 

EUis  Spring,  on  the  Ballston  road,  near  the  Geyser. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  immediately  adjoining  the  Eureka 
Spring.  The  proprietors  have  erected  a  commodious  bathing* 
house  of  fifty  baths,  with  ample  accommodations.  Omnibuses 
run  from  the  village  to  these  springs. 

Lake  Sulphur  Spring,  on  the  east  side  of  Saratoga  Lake, 
about  half  a  mile  south  of  Snake  Hill. 


SALINE  WATERS. 


176 


Oeyaer  Spring^  about  two  miles  south  of  the  villa^'^,  on 
the  Ballston  road,  and  a  short  distance  from  the  railroad. 

This  spring  is  one  of  the  curiosities  of  Saratoga.  It  was 
discovered  in  February,  1870.  During  a  dull  season  the  own- 
ers of  a  bolt-factory,  in  which  it  is  located,  concluded  to  bore 
for  mineral  water.  They  chose  the  cellar  cf  the  factory  in 
which  to  operate.  Having  sunk  a  tube  to  the  depth  of  154 
feet,  the  water  burst  forth  in  such  volume  as  to  entirely  inun- 
date the  premises.  On  attaching  a  tube  of  smaller  calibre,  the 
water  was  projected  to  the  height  of  twenty-two  feet,  and  con- 
tinues spouting  forth  in  a  steady  stream.  It  is  highly  charged 
with  carbonic-acid  gas,  so  much  so  that,  when  drawn  from  a 
faucet  into  a  glass,  it  foams  up  like  soda-water.  It  is  also 
exceedingly  rich  in  saline  constituents. 

The  dose  of  Saratoga  water  is  as  follows :  For  a  cathartic 
eflFect,  drink  two  or  three  glasses  leisurely,  before  breakfast, 
then  walk  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  and  take  another  glass  or 
two ;  breakfast  half  an  hour  afterward. 

As  an  alterative,  take  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
An  exception  to  this  rule  must  be  made  in  regard  to  the  Co- 
lumbian, Pavilion,  Hamilton,  and  some  other  springs,  as  they 
contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  iron,  and  should  be  used 
more  guardedly.  The  use  of  these  waters,  however, .  as  an 
alterative  and  tonic,  would  be  in  the  quantity  of  one-fourth  to 
a  whole  glass  three  times  a  day. 

Memarks. — Saratoga  Springs  occur  in  a  valley  which  runs 
north  and  south,  for  many  miles,  through  a  series  of  elevated 
table-lands.  Mountain-ranges  are  seen  in  the  distance,  and 
lakes  and  rivulets  are  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  springs. 
The  village,  with  its  magnificent  hotels  and  elegant  private 
residences,  itd  densely-shaded  streets  and  attractive  walks, 
renders  desirable  what  might  otherwise  be  a  very  hot  place  in 
sultry  July.  The  grounds  of  the  diflFerent  fountains  are  pict- 
uresquely adorned  and  shaded,  and  each  hotel  has  its  embow- 
ered court,  where  delicious  music  is  frequently  discoursed 
throiio"hou+'  +hfi  dav-  Coii«'»'pss  Pa^k  a+  +h^  Routhern  ex+rpni- 
ity  of  Broadway,  is  a  favorite  resort,  whe're,  during  the  morn- 


\ 


176 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ing  hours,  visitors  congregate  at  the  spring,  drink  of  the  wa> 
ters,  and  stroll  along  the  beautiful  walks,  beneath  the  shade 
of  ancient  foresv-trees. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  here  amusements  of  society,  in 
every  form,  prevail ;  for  the  word  Saratoga,  whenever  spoken, 
calls  up  visions  of  the  dance,  of  walks  and  drives,  of  boating 
and  fishing,  and,  unfortunately  too  often,  of  those  dissipations 
which  seem  inseparable  from  civilization. 

The  principal  drive  is  that  to  Moon's  Lake  House,  four  miles 
distant,  on  the  shore  of  Saratoga  Lake.  From  this  point  there 
is  a  pleasing  view  of  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water.  The  lake 
is  nine  miles  long  and  between  four  and  five  miles  wide,  oppo- 
site Snake  Hill.  A  drive  along  the  lake-shore  is  exceedingly 
attractive.  An  excursion  steam-yacht,  from  the  Lake  House, 
makes  frequent  trips  to  interesting  points.  The  avenue  known 
as  the  "Mountain  Drive,"  extending  northward  from  Broadway, 
leads  to  Mitchell's  Glen  House,  a  famous  resort.  A  drive  of 
sixteen  miles  on  the  Mount  Pleasant  road  brings  one  to  Pros- 
pect or  Waring  Hill^  said  to  be  2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
commanding  an  extended  view.  At  GhapmcurCs  BMl^  a  mile 
beyond  the  Lake  House,  there  is  a  fine  view.  The  hill  is  180 
feet  above  the  lake.  Wagmarl^s  Hill,  three  miles  farther,  is 
sixty  feet  higher.  JSdgerty  Hill,  six  miles  northward  from  the 
springs,  on  the  road  to  Luzerne,  gives  a  fine  landscape  view. 
Semis's  Seights^  the  scene  of  the  famous  engagement  between 
Burgoyne  and  General  Gates,  is  in  the  town  of  Stillwater, 
fifteen  miles  fixjm  the  springs. 

EXOELSIOB  SPKCNG. 
LocattoDt — Syracuse,  New  York. 
Analysis. — ^This  is  a  pleasant  saline  water. 


BALLSTON   SPA. 

Location  and  Post-Offiee.— Ballaton,  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 
Acwss.— From  Albany,  via  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad,  twenty-aix 
miles  north,  to  tin  springs.    From  the  north  and  Lake  Ghamplain,  cars  may 


SALINE  WATBBS. 


177 


be  taken  at  Lake  ChampUin  Junction,  via  RenBSelaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad  • 
thence  forty-five  miles  south. 

flotol. — Sans-souci.  ' 

ANALYSIS. 


Om  pint  oontoin* — 

UolttdStatM. 

■  60*  F»hr. 

Ctoology  N.  Y. 

Bdbton  Artadan 

LitiiianWeU. 

S2*  Fkhr. 

C.  F.  Cbudler. 

FiwUln 
ArtwtMiWaU. 

58*  F«hr. 
C.  F.  Ohaodlar. 

Oondo 
DmtoiiMn  Wsll. 

4»»  Fahr. 
C.  F.  Cbmndli?. 

SOUDB. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Grafau. 
2.11 
0.72 

trace. 
8.65 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

68;i2 
6122 

•  •  •  • 
■  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

i'.oo 

Qnini. 
1.084 

18.878 
0.148 

20.676 
0.701 
0.088 
0.897 
4.169 

98.768 
0.065 

c!666 

0.015 
0.465 

trace. 

trace. 
0.009 
0.096 

trace. 

Gnln«. 

8.200 
18.176 

0.146 
17.665 

0.618 
trace. 

0.125 

4.241 
82.418 

0.096 

6!66i 

0.029 
0.5S8 
trace, 
trace. 
0.082 
0.092 
trace. 

Gnriut. 
2.982 

11.729 
0.2(>8 

15.494 
0.950 
0.018 
0.484 
1.154 

80.686 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  llthla 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Carbonate  of  baryta 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

PhoBjphate  of  soda 

trace. 
0.028 
.    0.296 
trace, 
trace. 
0.049 
0.128 
trace. 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Biborate  of  soda. 

Alumina 

Silica 

Organic  matter " 

Total 

60.82 

Cubic  in. 
80.50 

184.968 

Cubic  in. 
68.26 

127.815 

Cubic  in. 
57.61 

114.206 

Cubic  in. 
44.79 

Gab. 
Carbonic  add 

Brop&rtiea. — ^These  waters  present  the  same  properties  as 
those  of  Saratoga.  It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  they  are 
richer  in  mineral  constituents,  that  of  the  Lithia  well  having 
the  exceedingly  large  quantity  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-four 
grains  of  solid  matter  to  the  pint. 

Remarks.— T)a&  fame  of  Ballston  Springs  is  almost  coeval 
with  that  of  Saratoga.  The  village  spring,  the  analysis  of 
which  is  not  given,  resembles  closely  the  Red  Spring  of  Sara- 
toga. Low's  Well  is  said  to  be  similar  to  the  United  States 
Spring  in  composition. 

During  the  coal-oil  excitement,  which  swept  over  the  coun- 
try some  years  ago,  a  capitalist  of  New  York  conceived  the 
idea  of  boring  for  oil  at  Ballston.  He  selected  a  site  on  the 
banks  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Creek,  and  commenced  operations. 
After  much  labor,  and  when  the  well  had  attained  a  depth  of  five 
hundred  and  seventy-one  feet,  water  flowed  from  the  tubing  in 
large  quantity ;  but  oil  was  the  object,  and  the  boring  went°on. 


178 


MINERAL  SPBINGa 


However,  at  the  depth  of  six  hundred  and  seventy-one  feet,  the 
steel  rammer  became  immovably  fixed  in  the  rook,  and  the  un- 
dertaking was  abandoned.  Then  attention  was  turned  to  the 
water  that  flowed  from  the  tube,  and  it  was  discovered  to  be  the 
most  highly  impregnated  with  mineral  ingredients  of  any  in  the 
county.  The  town  of  Ballston  is  an  exceedingly  pleasant  one, 
where  those  who  wish  to  avoid  the  excitement  of  Saratoga 
can  live  quietly,  and  drink  equal,  if  not  superior,  water.    . 


WTLHOIT'S   SODA-SPBINQS. 

Loeitton. — Claokaman  Oountj,  Or^on. 

Pwt-Offlce. — Salem,  Marion  Goanty,  Oregon. 

AcceSB. — From  Salem  go  thirty  miles  northeast  by  road 

H«td.— Wilhoit's  Sprmgs. 

ANALYSIS. 

' '          One  pint  contains  (J.  H.  Veach,  M.  D.) : 

BOUM. 

Oraliw. 

Carbonate  of  soda       .           .           .           . 

.     10.946 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      .... 

10.666 

Carbonate  protoxide  of  iron    .           , 

.      0.760 

Carbonate  of  lime  .           .           , 

4.028 

Chloride  of  sodium      .           .        '    . 

.     26.126 

Sulphate  of  soda   .            ,           , 

0.426 

Sulphate  of  magnesia              .           .          . 

.      0.810 

Iodine        .           .           ,           ,           .           , 

trace. 

Total 

.    62.749 

Oab. 

Cablo  incbei 

Carbonic  acid         ,            .           .           .            , 

42 

Properties. — ^According  to  the  above  analysis,  these  waters 
are  of  great  value.  They  are  of  the  alkaline-saline  class,  and 
closely  resemble  some  of  the  finest  waters  of  Europe,  such  as 
the  Seltzer.  "  The  water  is  strongly  impregnated  with  car- 
bonic-acid gas,  constantly  escaping  from  the  surface,  and  giving 
a  sparkling  eflfervescence  to  the  liquid.  Very  pleasant  to  the 
taste,  it  exhilarates  fully  as  much  as  wine,  on  the  first  day,  and 
on  the  second  operates  as  a  laxative  and  diuretic."  *  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  water  contains  considerable  iron,  and 
should,  therefore,  be  used  somewhat  guardedly. 


SALINE  WATERS. 


179 


c."»     It  will 


Hemarka.— The  springs  are  enclosed  by  groves  of  fir,  pine, 
and  oak,  and  all  the  surroundings  contribute  to  enhance  the 
beauty  of  the  place. 

ALBANY   ABTESIAN   WEIiL. 
Location.— Ferry  Street,  Albany,  New  York. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains     (61°  to  62°  Falir.    Dr.  Meade) : 
SouDB.  '  Qraint 

Carbonate  of  soda         .  .  ^nn 

I  rt     V        X       /.  .  •  •■  •         •'•00 

varbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron  (with  a  little  silica)   .      *     .      * 
Carbonate  of  lime   .  ,  ,  , 

Chloride  of  sodium        .  .'.*.'.    68.00 


2.00 
1.00 
4.00 


Total. 
Gas. 

Carbonic  acid  . 

The  well  is  five  hundred  feet  deep. 


76.00 

Cable  inches. 
.     28.00 

— ("  Geology  of  New  York.") 


OHABIiESTON   ARTESIAN   WELL. 
Locafloii  and  Post-Offlee.— Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains     (87*  Fahr.  Prof.  C.  U.  Shephard,  Jr  V 

SoUDB.  *^  '  '•'' 

Carbonate  of  soda ^^^ 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      .            .            ,     *      ^     *  q'qq. 

Carbonate  of  lime        .            ,            ,      *     ^      *  q*,^- 

Chloride  of  sodium             .           .*.'.'  9459 

Phosphates  of  Ume,  iron,  and  alumma       *           '  onni 

?"'°». oZ 


16.969 
Gabio  Inches. 
0.28 


Total 

Gab. 

Carbonic-acid  gas 

•  •  

I^opertie8.-It  wiU  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  this  is 
an  alkaline-sahne  water,  chloride  of  sodium  slightly  predom- 
mating.  The  water  is  a  thermal,  but  it  seems  better  to  class 
It  here,  as  it  is  principaUy  used  internally.  It  is  a  good  water 
of  the  class.  The  flow  is  flsti'mpte.i  0+  4.,^^r-i-  --" 
minute.     The  well  is  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep. 

V 


\ 


CHAPTER   XII. 

StJLPHFE-WATEBS. 

The  prominent  characteristic  of  these  waters  is  the  pres- 
ence of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  hence  the  peculiar  odor.  Ex- 
ceptmg  the  uniform  presence  of  this  gas,  sulphur-waters  vary 
exceedingly  in  composition.  Some  contain  a  large  proportion 
of  calcic  carbonates,  and  hence  may  be  termed  calcic-sulphur 
waters,;   others,  containing  chloride  of  sodium  in  excess  of 

other  constituents,  may  be  termed  saline-sulphur  waters;  and, 
according  to  the  proportion  of  these  salts,  will  their  action  be 
modified.  Those  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  carbonate 
of  lime  and  sulphate  of  lime  will  usually  prove  constipating, 
while  those  characterized  by  the  presence  of  much  chloride  of 
sodium,  or  sulphate  of  soda  or  magnesia,  will  be  cathartic.  Still 
another  element  enters  into  the  action  of  those  waters,  in  many 
instances:  organic  matters,  known  by  the  names  of  bar6gine 
and  glairine,  undoubtedly  differing  in  composition  in  diflFerent 
springs,  and  producing  varied  results.    However,  as  a  rule,  the 
action  of  these  substances  seems  to  be  sedative;  as  an  illus- 
tration, see  the  Red  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia.     Some  sul- 
phur-waters are  exciting,  others  depressing,  depending  on  the 
quantity  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  the  salts,  and  temperature. 
Many  of  these  waters  are  thermal.     They  all  act  as  diapho- 
retics and  alteratives.     As  a  rule,  they  are  decidedly  diapho- 
retic, a  result  due  to  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen  contained. 
Persons  who  take  considerable  quantities  of  sulphur-water  are 
sometimes  surprised  to  find  articles  of  silver  carried  in  the 
pockets  decidedly  blackened.     This  is  due  to  the  elimination 
of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  in  the  perspiration,  sulphuret  of  silver 

Hpitut  form  Of! 


SCLPHPR-WATEBa  ,,, 

Ifcny  sulphu^watera  undergo  chemical  alteration  after  con- 
J      the  atmosphere.    The  principal  agent  in  this  change, 

.wording  to  Anglada,  is  oxygen.    Under  its  influence  the  ^. 

phurets  are  decomposed,  sulphur  is  precipitated,  and  sulphite. 

are  formed.    At  the  same  time,  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  at- 

mosphere  mutes  mth  a  portion  of  alkaline  bases,  forming  car- 

.in^**  ~'?  °\  f*  '"^^  ^'Jphu'-waters  is  due  to  the  pre- 
cipitetion  of  sulphur;  the  yeUow,  to  the  formation  of  Ziy. 
sulphm-ets;  the  blue  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  slate  held  L 
su.pens.on  m  the  fonn  of  impalpable  powder;  and  the  red,  to 
ae  dCTelopment  of  alg«,  of  this  color,  or  precipitation  of  oxide 

ofi."''''"^7«","'  especially  applicable  to  the  treatment 
fellt         /  ^  '*?"■  *■"''  °^*^=«  ^''"^^  «»P««»»y  those 

;^  '  ^"^  T,  °  ^^"'^^^^  efficacious  in  cases  of  chronic 
pharyngttu  and  laryngitis. 

„J^rr  ^'P^"'-™*^'^  ■"«  valuable  in  the  treatment  of 
gout  and  chrome  rheumatism,  more  because  of  their  elevated 
temperature  than  the  saline  constituents,  unless  they  be  of  the 
tt^'"'^"-^Pi"  el^ss,  though  their  decidedly  diaphoretic  ac 
ton  may  a.d  the  ehmmation  of  mic  acid.  The  warm  waters  also 
prove  exceedmgly  serviceable  in  cases  where  exudations  are 
to  be  absorbed,  such  as  MiJ' joints  and  old  gunshot^ounds. 
The  natural  warm  or  hot  sulphur-waters  are  prefemble;  but 
properly-heated  cold  sulphm^waters  will  answer 

In  chronic  poi^ningiy  metals  sulphur-waters  often  prove 
exceedmgly  beneficial,  by  favoring  ehmination  of  the  poiso^ 
In  cases  of  «»wm«««  of  the  liver,  abdominal  plethora,  and 
hmmorrho^ds,  the  saline^phnr^^te^Uv,  long  been  jLst^v 

IaJ  "1  ^r*""^'^  """''''^  ^"  seconda/and  terfary 
JphAs  sulphur-waters  prove  valuable  as  a  means  of  diagn^^ 
SIS  and  m  conjunction  with  other  remedies,  they  aid  in  elimi- 
natmg  the  venereal  poison.   Persons  in  whom  syp\ili,  is  latent 

are  often  surpnsed  to  see  e^terpal  Tmn;fp„^„4  t>^  i  i 

*ha  „c^    c  J.-L.  — t.-i-a-i  'naniieciaauns  caused  bv 

the  use  of  these  waters.  ^ 


\ 


182 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  much  variation  in  the  quan- 
tity of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  in  the  different  springs.  It  is 
found  desirable  in  some  cases  to  let  the  water  stand  for  some 
hours  before  drinking,  in  order  that  the  superabundant  gas 
may  escape,  and  thus  avoid  the  undue  excitement  of  the  sya- 
tern  caused  by  ingestion  of  large  quantities. 

BLOUNT   SFBINOS. 

Location  and  Po8t-Offle«.--Blount  Springs,  Blount  County,  Alabama. 

Acwsfc— Go  to  Elyton,  a  station  on  the  Alabama  k  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road,  144  miles  southwest  from  Chattanooga;  also,  on  the  line  of  railroad 
(not  finished)  from  Montgomery  to  Decatur,  about  eighty-five  miles  northwest 
from  Montgomery;  thence,  about  thirty  miles  northwest  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — ^Blount  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


t  I 


Cm  pint  conUiii»— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodiam  .... 
Chloride  of  magnesium, 
SiUpliate  of  magnesia . . . 


lUd  Sulpbor. 
Prof,  R.  Brumby. 


Total. 


Gases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydroj^en. 


Onini. 
0.65 
0.24 
0.86 
4.04 
0.76 
0.20 


SwMt  Siilpbnr. 
Prof.  R.  Brumby. 


6.68 

Cubio  In. 
0,76 
1.87 


Gntni. 
0.46 
0.14 
0,66 
8.86 

oiso 


6.81 

Cable  In. 
0.76 
1.87 


JProperties.—A  saline-sulphur  water. 

Bemarka.—The&Q  springs  are  situated  in  a  triangular  val- 
ley, at  an  elevation  of  1,580  feet  above  the  sea.  They  are  six 
in  number.  The  present  hotel  was  built  m  1835;  but  many 
improvements  are  now  in  contemplation,  among  them  the 
building  of  a  new  hotel. 


SANDWICH   SPBINQS, 
Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Sandwich,  Ontario,  Canada. 
A«eess.-From  Detroit,  cross  the  St.  Clair  River,  by  ferry,  two  miles  to 
Sandwich. 

Hote!*=Sandwich  Springs. 


SULPHUR-WATBBa 


188 


.tion  in  the  quan- 
fc  aprings.  It  18 
t  stand  for  some 
perabundant  gas 
Dient  of  the  sy»> 


anty,  Alabama. 
&  Chattanooga  Rail- 
the  line  of  railroad 
five  miles  northwest 
to  the  springs. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  oonteina     (62''Fahr.  Prof.  S.  P.  Duit uxd)  ; 
Souos. 

Oarbonate  of  potassa 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Oarbonate  of  lime        , 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  lime 

SUica 

Total     . 

Oabxs. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Nitrogen     . 

^operties.-This  spring,  it  wiU  be  obse'rved,  "ia'distin- 
guished  by  the  large  amounts  of  chloride  of  magnesium  and 
sulphate  of  lime  which  it  contains  j  also,  the  enormous  volume 
of  sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas. 


erry,  two  miles  to 


OAliEDONIA   SFBINaS. 
Loeatton.— See  these  springs,  described  under  "Salink  Waters,"  p.  168. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  Ihne 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Alumina      .  , 

Silica    .  .  , 

Total 
Oas. 
Carbonic  acid   . 
Row  per  minute     . 


46 


Fahr.  T.  Stebbt  Hunt)  : 


86.001 
Cnbloln. 


4 11 


i84 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


Proper  tes.--T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Esq,  says  of  this  water :  « It 
has  a  feebly  sulphurous  taste  and  odor,  and  darkens  the  salts 
of  lead  and  silver ;  but  the  quantity  of  sulphur  existing,  either 
as  sulphuretted  hydrogen  or  an  alkaline  sulphuret,  is  very  in- 
considerable, and  cannot  be  quantitatively  estimated  by  the 
ordinary  processes.  It  is,  however,  sufficient  to  impart  medi- 
cmal  powers  to  the  water;  for  the  efficacy  of  this  spring  over 
all  the  others,  in  rheumatic  and  cutaneous  aflFections.  is  well 
attested.  According  to  Dr.  Stirling,  for  many  years  a  resident 
at  the  springs,  the  water  was  formerly  more  sulphurous  than 


now. 


PXEDMONT   SPBINOS. 


'    L«eitIoi.— Alameda  County,  California. 

PosMMDce.— Oalcland,  Alameda  County,  California, 
ieeeis.— By  omnibus,  three  miles  distant  from  Oaltland. 
H<l|tel.— Piedmont  Springs. 

Jiemarks.~From  these  springs  there  is  a  most  extended 
^ew,  embracing  the  bay  and  city  of  San  Francisco,  the  Golden 
Gate,  the  bay  of  San  Pablo,  Tamalpais,  and  the  ooast-hiUs  of 
Mann  County.  The  climate  is  mild,  and  free  from  fogs  The 
waters  possess  the  usual  taste  of  waters  of  this  class,  and  are 
said  to  prove  aperient. 

WHITE   SULPHUB   SPBINOS. 
fo Ju""*"  *"*  Post^MBce—White  Sulphur  Springs,  Napa  County,  CaM- 

Acees8.-The8e  springs  are  twelve  mUes  distant,  by  raU,from  Calistow 
Springs,  or  an  hour's  drive  by  carriage.  »»«wg» 

Hotel.— White  Sulphur  Spric58. 

Analysis.— None.     (See  Appendix— £;t.HeIv3nb.) 

VALLEJO   WHITE   SXTLPHUB   SFBINaS. 
Loeatlon  and  Post.Offlee.-Vallejo  Springs,  Solano  County,  California. 
Ai<«e?8.-From  San  Francisco,  thirty  miles,  by  steamer,  to  VaUejo :  thence 

f«>Mr  u-naa,  by  stage.  "'    * 

f?:-?!*-    Springs. 

Analysis. — ^None. 


SUIJPHUR.WATERS. 

oiiBiiir-ooyB  sPBnra. 


18& 


LMttlM  nd  Post-Offlee,— Green-Oovo  Spring,  Clay  County,  Florida. 

leeWBt— From  the  north  and  west,  by  rail,  via  CharlcHton  and  Savannah, 
to  Jacksonville ;  thence,  by  daily  steamer,  thirty  miles  south,  vn  St  John's 
Blrer,  to  the  spring.  Or,  from  New  York,  by  steamer  to  Charleston  or  Savan- 
nah; thence,  by  the  connecting  steamer,  direct  to  the  spring. 

H«toL — Clarendon  House. 

Jnalyaia.—A.  partial  analysis  showed  the  water  to  contain 

sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  iron, 

.and  considerable  sulphuretted  hydrogen.     The  water  should 

be  quantitatively  analyzed.   Temperature,  76"  Fuhr.   The  flow 

is  exceedingly  large. 

JProperttes. — A  water  such  as  this  proves  exceedingly  agree- 
able as  a  bath,  in  a  southern  climate,  and  is  adapted  to  a  num- 
ber of  diseases. 

Hemarka.— These  springs  are  on  the  St.  John's  River,  at  a 
point  where  it  is  five  miles  wide,  and  affords  every  facility  for 
boating,  sailing,  and  fishing.  The  large  flow  of  water  is 
caught  in  a  pool  twenty-five  by  a  hundred  feet,  and  four  feet 
deep,  forming  a  magnificent  swimming-bath,  with  dressing- 
rooms  attached. 

Florida  will  always  be  a  popular  resort  for  those  who  de- 
sire to  escape  the  rigor  of  Northern  winters;  and  certainly  it 
is  pleasant  to  live  in  a  climate  where  spring  follows  close  upon 
fall,  and  tropical  fruits  are  abundant.  During  the  winter  many 
consumptives  rendezvous  at  this  and  other  points  along  the  St. 
John's  River. 

BED   SULPHUR   SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Walker  County,  Georeia 
Aeeess.— From  Chattanooga.  * 

Hotel. 

Analysis. — None. 

Iiemark3.—Red.  Sulphur  Springs,  or  « the  Vale  of  Springs," 
are  at  the  base  of  Taylor's  Ridge.  No  less  than  twenty  springs 
are  found  here  in  the  space  of  half  a  mile.  Near  by,  is  Look- 
out Mountain. 


! 


186 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


OHABLOTSVUiLB   SPBINaS. 

LoeiUoB.— Charlotsville,  near  Simcoe,  Norfolk  County,  Province  of  On. 
tario,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Access.— A  few  miles  from  Port  Dover,  a  landing  on  Lake  Erie. 

A?ialysis.— This  water  is  notable  for  the  large  amount  of 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  contained— over  three  and  a  quarter 
cubic  inches  to  the  pint.  The  amount  of  mineral  ingredients 
is  small. 

PRENOH   LICK   SPRINOO. 

Indbn?"*"  ""*  ''"^*"*^""  Address.-rrcnch  Lick  Springs,  Orange  County, 

Aeeess.-Going  east  or  west,  take  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  to  Shoals 
one  hundred  and  forty-nine  miles  west  of  Cincinnati,  one  hundred  and  ninety! 
one  miles  east  of  St.  Louis ;  thence  fifteen  miles  south,  by  stage,  to  springs 
Prom  the  north  or  south,  take  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad  to  Orleans' 
fifty-six  miles  north  of  Louisville,  five  miles  south  of  Mitchell,  a  station  on 
the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad ;  thence  eighteen  miles,  bv  stage,  to  springs 

Hotels.— French  Lick  (West  Baden,  one  mile  di8tant).f 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda ..... 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron  and  alumina 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Silica 


ProBerplne. 
J.  G.  Rogers,  M.  IK 


Oralna. 
1.816 
0.662 
0.812 
2.696 
0.626 
11.865 
1.006 


Total 

Oasks. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Total 
Chalybeate  Spiings  not  analyzed. 


(1870.) 


I^operties.— These  waters  are  useful  in  all  those  diseases 
to  which  sulphur-waters  are  applicable,  and,  on  account  of  the 
salmes  contained,  especially  to  those  associated  with  engorge^ 
ment  of  the  liver  and  abdominal  viscera.    In  thnsp  ,,a«es  H  ^M 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


187 


\  Province  of  On- 

ke  Erie. 

rge  amount  of 

and  a  quarter 

[•al  ingredients 

a,  Orange  County, 

ailroad  to  Shoals, 
ndred  and  ninety- 
stage,  to  springs. 
Iroad  to  Orleans, 
liell,  a  station  on 
stage,  to  springs. 


Prot«rpln«. 
J.O.  Rogers,  M.  IK 


Oralni. 
1.816 
0.662 
0.812 
2.686 
0.626 
11.865 
1.006 

4!690 

8.666 

17.620 

0.212 

48.816 

Cable  In. 
1.27T 
2.129 

8.402 


(1870.) 

lose  diseases 
jcount  of  the 
i^ith  engorge' 
!  cases  it  Trill 


be  well  to  combine  warm  baths  with  the  use  of  the  water. 
Pluto's  Well  will  be  found  best  adapted  to  most  diseases  for 
which  these  waters  are  beneficial. 

iJemarA?^.— French  Lick  Springs  are  situated  in  the  heart 
of  a  fine,  roUing,  agricultural  country.  They  issue  at  the  base 
of  a  hill  immediately  on  the  margin  of  French  Lick  Creek. 
Near  by,  flows  Lost  River,  abounding  in  the  choicest  fish.* 
Those  who  are  inclined  to  sport,  will  find  game  near  at  hand. 

WEST   BADEN   SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— West  Baden  Springs,  Orange  County,  Indiana. 

Aetess.--Go  to  Shoals,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  by  stage.  Or,  go  to  Or- 
leans,  a  station  on  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad,  fifty-six 
miles  north  of  New  Albany ;  thence  by  stage. 

Hotels.— West  Baden  (French  Lick,  one  mile  distant). 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa 
Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime  , 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  alumina 
Oxide  of  iron    . 
Iodides  and  bromides 
Silicic  acid       . 

Total 


ANALYSIS, 
One  pint  contains  (E.  T.  Cox) 


Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Orygen 

l^trogen.     ,  , 


Oralna. 
0.0^8 
0.1S9 
4.896 

6.m 

9.748 
1.426 
0.910 

o.m 

0.388 
4.619 
1.898 
0.669 
0.011 
traces. 
0.066 

29.478 
Cubioln. 

0.64 

0.61 

0.21 

0.68 


188 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


I^operties.-lt  wiU  be  seen,  from  the  analysis,  that  this  is 
a  salme-sulphur  water,  of  much  value  in  all  those  cases  to 
which  such  waters  are  applicable. 

^emark8,-WeBi  Baden  is  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  agricul- 
tural  section  In  sight  of  the  hotel  flows  Lost  River  and 
French  Lick  Creek,  which  abound  in  choice  fish. 


INDIAJT   SPBINQS. 

location  and  Post-Offlee—Indiau  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana. 

IMMS.--G0  to  Shoals,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  one 

hundred  and  fifty  n,iles  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  nine  miles,  by  stage     Or 

go  to  Bedford,  a  station  on  the  LouisviUe,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad' 

serenty-one  miles  north  of  LouisvUle.  ^    «aiiroad, 

Hotel,-— Sprmgs. 

ANALYSIS. 
^ '  One  pint  contains      (63°  Fahr.  (E.  T.  Cox) 

SOUBS.  '  ' 

Carbonate  of  potassa  . 
Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Sulphate  of  potassa  •   . 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Sulphate  of  alumina     . 
Oxide  of  iron 
Iodides  and  bromides  '. 
Silicic  acid 

Total     . 
Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen. 


RemarJcs.-This  is  a  good  sali..-«u.puur  water,  me  flow 
IS  large  estimated  at  four  hundred  gallons  per  minute,  sufficient 
tor  all  batning  piirDoses, 


ne-sulphur  water.     The  flow 


ysis,  that  this  is 
those  cases  to 

f  a  fine  agricul- 
Lost  River  and 
h. 


nty,  Indiana. 
3ippi  Railroad,  one 
ilea,  by  stage.    Or, 
Chicago  Railroad, 


Grains. 
0.316 
0.462 
2.868 
4.738 
4.921 
O.OOY 
O.SOO 
1.478 
3.799 
2.629 
0.104 
trace, 
trace. 
0.056 

20.467 
Cubic  in. 
1.19 
0.42 
0.49 
0.81 


er.     The  flow 
ute,  sufficient 


SULPHUR-WATERa 
INDIAN   SFBINaS. 


189 


LOMtlOD  and  Po8t-Offlc(&— Indian  Springs,  Butts  County,  Georgia. 

Awess.— Go  to  Forsyth,  on  the  Macon  &  Western  Railroad,  twcnty-five 
miles  north  of  Macon ;  thence  by  stage.  Or,  to  Griffin,  on  the  Macon  &  West- 
em  Railroad,  forty-four  miles  sojith  of  Atlanta ;  thence  by  stage. 

Hotel. 

Analysis. — None. 

LODI   ARTESIAN   WELL. 
Location  and  Post-Office,— Lodi,  Wabash  County,  Indiana. 
Access,— Lodi  is  a  station   on  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad 
fifty-eight  miles  west  of  Indianapolis. 
Hotels.—. 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Pahle) : 


SOLTDB. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda     . 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

Phosphate  of  lime 

Iodide  of  magnesium 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

Silicic  acid 

Sulphur  (mechanically  suspended) 

Nitrogenous  organic  matter 


Grains. 
0.082 
0.252 
62.808 
6.692 
6.991 
0.100 
0267 
0.407 
6.944 
0.160 
trace. 
0,110 
0.065 
0.625 
0.100 


.     84.693 

Cubic  in. 

undetermined. 

.      0.99 
undetermined. 


Total     . 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid         ,  , 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Oxygen  and  nitrogen 

Properties.— 'Vhe  above  analysis, taken  from  the  "Geology 
of  Indiana,"  for  1869,  shows  this  to  be  a  very  valuable  saline- 
sulphur  water.  On  comparison  with  the  celebrated  Blue  Lick 
waters  of  Kentucky,  it  will  be  seen  to  possess  a  close  analogy. 
It  wiU  prove  useful  in  all  those  diseases  to  which  saHne-aulnhur 
waters  are  applicable. 


l-l' 


190 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


LAFATXTTE   WELL. 
toatlQii  «id.P08WMnce.-LaFayette,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indian*. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (66'  Fahr.  C.  M.  WethereU.  M  D  V 
Solids.  '     •*'./. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .  .  ^^f'' 

Carbonate  of  lime  .  .  *  *      ™ 

Chloride  of  sodium      .  .      '  *  *  ,:,„* 

pi,i„  .,„    „  .  •  •  •    40.590 

Chloride  of  magnesium      .  .  „  ;^_^ 

Chloride  of  calcium  *  *  ^.^ 

Sulphate  of  lime     .  .'.*.*      .     '      ^IH 

Iodide  of  magnesium    ... 

Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron  .  .'  '  *      nn«o 

SUica    .  .  •  .  .  0.062 

0.068 


Total 

•  •  • 

Oasis. 

Carbonic  acid 

•  •  • 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen        , 

Nitrogen  .  , 

*  •  •  •  

Ji'operties.^Aji  excellent  saline-sulphur  water,  principally 
used  for  exportation.  '  x-        r    j 

Iiemarks.-^Flow,  four  gallons  per  minute.    Depth  of  well 
two  hundred  and  thirty  feet.  * 


66.668 

Cable  Id. 

1.62 

0.24 

0.61 


TRINITY   SPBHTQS. 
Loeatlonand  Fost-Offlee—Trinity  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana. 
../f."T7     .*L  ^''^'''  *  '*^*'°°   ^'^  *^«  ^^'0  &  Mississippi  Railroad 

east  of  bt.  Louis ;  thence,  eight  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 
Hotel.— Trinity  House.  >  f     & 

Analysis.~Fvora  the  report  of  Dr.  E.  T.  Cox,  State  Geol- 
ogist of  Indiana,  1871,  page  110,  we  extract  the  following: 
The  temperature  of  the  water  of  the  Trinity  Sprmgs  was 
67  Fahr. ;  and  that  of  the  air,  89«  Fahr.  Bubbles  of  gas  es- 
cape  through  the  water,  and  a  whitish  deposit  is  found  on  the 
mside  of  the  curbing.  The  qualitative,  chemical  examination 
of  this  water  gave  the  following  result:  Sulphuric  acid,  car- 
bonio  acid,  sulphydric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  soda,  potash, 


SULPHUR-WATERa 


191 


ixty,  Indiana. 


M. 


D.): 

Oraliu. 

3.690 

1.044 

40.690 

8.707 

0.466 

7.042 

trace. 

0.062 

0.068 


66.668 

Oublo  in. 

1.62 

0.24 

0.61 


er,  principally 
Oepthofwell, 


ty,  Indiana. 
issippi  Kailroad, 
and  ninety  miles 


,  State  Geol- 
e  following: 
Springs  was 
3s  of  gas  es- 
bund  on  the 
examination 
ric  acid,  car- 
ioda,  potash, 


magnesia,  lime.  This  is  also  a  saline-sulphuretted  water,  and 
contains  precisely  the  same  constituents  found  in  the  Indian 
springs." 

UPPER   BLUB   MOK   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce.— Upper  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Nicholas  County, 
Eentuciiy. 

Access. — By  steamboat  to  Maysville,  Kentucliy,  on  the  Ohio  River ;  thence 
by  Maysville  &  Lexington  Railroad  to  within  six  miles  of  the  springs. 

Hotel. — ^Boarding  accommodations. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains     (62  Fahr.,  June  J.  P.  Judge 

and  A.  Fennel) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.018 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•            •            . 

.       8.183 

Chloride  of  potassium 

0.226 

Chloride  of  sodium 

... 

.    64.667 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

4.716 

Sulphate  of  potassa     . 

... 

.      J.622 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

6.617 

Iodide  of  magnesium    . 

•            •            • 

.      0.019 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

0.476 

Alumina :  phosphate  of  lime  and  peroxide  of  iron      .      0.246 

Silicic  acid 

•            •            . 

0.126 

Loss     . 

•            •            • 

.       1.860 

Total 

82.624 

Gasbs. 

\ 

OnblolD. 

Carbonic  acid  . 

•            •            . 

.       6.02 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

•            .            . 

1.02 

(1870.) 

Properties. — These  are  exceptionally  fine  waters  of  the 
saline-sulphur  class.  They  are  aperient  and  alterative  in  ac- 
tion, proving  efficacious  in  engorgements  of  the  liver  and  ab- 
dominal organs,  gall-stones^  gastric  catarr/i,  granular  phar- 
yngitis^ and,  combined  with  warm  baths  of  the  water,  are 
valuable  in  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin. 

i?emarA;«.— These  springs  are  located  on  the  margin  of  the 
Licking  River.  The  water  has  been  deservedly  popular  with 
the  people  of  the  W^st  ever  since  the  early  settlement  of  the 
country,  and  bottled  and  barrelled  water  is  sold  largely  in  all 


192 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


''' 


of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys  Th« 
flow  of  the  waters  is  h^ge.  The  locality  is'weli  5t=d  fo^ 
a  summer  resort;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  such  arran^mente 

fl™!,f  ri'  "f  "'"  P""""  °'  ""P'^y'-K  '^^  ™'«™  i"  every 
form  of  bath  at  the  fountain-source.  ' 

I.OWXB  BLtTB  UOK  SPBIHOS. 
K«.^!"  "*  '"""""-I-""  Blue  Lick  Sprtogs.  NioholM  Oo««.y. 
iMea-From  Maysvlllo,  Kentucky,  .  point  on  the  Ohio  Kvor  .ixt,  Bvp 

ANALYSIS. 

(62°  Fahr.  Robert  Peter,  M.  D.) : 

Groins. 


One  pint  containa 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium        '. 
Chloride  of  sodium      .  . 

Chloride  of  magnesium 
Sulphate  of  potassa      .  , 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Iodide  of  magnesium    . 
Bromide  of  magnesium 

Alumma :  phosphate  of  lime  and  oxide  of  iron 
Silicic  acid 
Loss     .  . 


Total 

Gasbs. 
Carbonic  acid  . 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


O.OIV 
2.967 
0.174 
64.107 
4.049 
1.117 
4.249 
0.006 
0.030 
0.046 
0.138 
2.216 


79.108 
Cable  In. 
.     12.35 
•    ,        •  •  .  2.28 

—"Geology  of  Kentucky,"  voL  lU.,  pp.  861-668. 

JVop«^i«,._These  are  e=.oeptionally  fine  waters  of  the 
saJme-suIphur  class  exceedingly  valuable  in  engorgement,  of 
the  l.ver. nd  abdominal  vispera,  and  aU  diseases  arising  thei 

*W         7  """^  ^^y^  "'^^  °''  »  <"""-^  catarrh,  ^^i,  in 
tte  form  of  warm  bjths,  prove  efficacious  in  diseases  of  ihe 

JBemorfo  -This  spring  was  well  known  to  the  early  set-' 
tiers  of  the  West,  and  from  its  waters  Boone  and  other  pC- 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


103 


neors  obtained  salt  for  curing  their  venison.  While  engaged 
in  its  manufacture  thoy  were  surprised  by  tlio  Indians,  and 
one  of  the  deadliest  battles  in  the  annals  of  border  life  was 
fought  near  the  spring. 

The  principal  spring  is  located  on  the  banks  of  the  Licking, 
about  twenty  feet  above  the  water's  edge.  It  rises  in  an  hex- 
agonal reservoir  of  stone,  six  feet  in  diameter  and  about  five 
feet  deep.  The  flow  of  the  spring  is  so  rapid  that  the  removal 
of  almost  3,000  gallons  in  three  hours  caused  the  water  in  the 
reservoir  to  fall  but  one  foot. 

Besides  the  main  spring  there  are  others,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  ihe  river  and  in  its  bed,  which  on  examination  proved 
to  contain  the  same  ingredients. 

It  will  be  observed,  on  inspection  of  the  analysis,  that  there 
is  a  striking  similarity  between  these  waters  and  those  of  the 
Upper  Blue  Lick. 


BIQ  BONE    SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Po8t-Offlce> — Big  Bone  Springs,  Boono  County,  Kentucky. 

Access. — Go  to  Walton,  a  station  on  the  Louisville  &  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road, eighteen  miles  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  seven  miles  by  stage  to  the 
springs.  Or,  by  steamboat  on  the  Ohio  River  to  Hamilton  Landing ;  thence 
one  mile  and  a  half  to  the  springs. 

Hotel*— Clay  House. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters  has 
been  made.  The  following  is  the  statement  in  the  "  Geology 
of  Kentucky,"  volume  ii.,  page  63 :  "  The  quantitative  analysis 
of  these  waters,  at  their  fountain-head,  indicated  as  their  prin- 
cipal constituents :  Sulphuretted  hydrogen — which  escapes  in 
intermittent  volume,  proving  the  water  to  be  saturated  with 
this  gas — chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate 
of  soda,  sulphate  of  alumina,  bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate 
of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  soda.  This  water  has  an  alkaline 
reaction."  It  is  also  stated  that  "these  are  truly  fine  sul- 
phuretted-saline waters." 

Memarlcs.—lihe  supply  of  water  is  very  abundant,  several 
springs  breaking  forth  in  various  directions,  from  the  boggy 


194 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


flats  forming  the  sources  of  Big  Bone  Lick  Creek.    The  name 
Big  Bone     is  derived  from  the  fact  that  remains  of  masto- 
dons  are  frequently  found  here,  embedded  in  the  bog     Some 
exceedingly  fine  specimens  have  been  obtained. 

« »7^®?  *'®  *^'®®  ^P"°^'  ''"^^^  ^'^  t^e  « Big  Bone,"  the 
Mastodon,"  and  the  «  American  Epsom." 


PAROaXTET   SPRINaS. 
Location.— Bullitt  County,  Kentucky. 
Post-Offlce.-Shepherdsville,  Bullitt  County,  Kentucky. 
Acwss.— Go  to  Louisvaie;  thence  eighteen  miles  south 
^ashvnie  Railroad  to  ShepherdsviUe ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel* — Paroquet  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith)  • 
Souos.  ' ' 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iroju  . 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium     . 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Sulphate  of  alumina    . 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Iodide  of  sodium 
Iodide  of  magnesium 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Silica    . 
Organic  matter 


on  Louisrille  & 


Total     . 

Oasbs. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


65.301 

Cubic  In. 

0.78 

S.16 
Geology  of  Kentucky,"  vol.  11.,  p.  74. 


I^opereies.-These  are  valuable  saline-sulphur  waters,  con- 
taimng  a  large  proportion  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


I 


SULPHUR-WATEBa 


190 


Louisville  8t 


ESOUIiAFIA   SPBINaS. 

Location. — Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 

Access.— About  twenty  miles  from  Maysville  and  twelve  miles  from  Vance- 
burg,  on  the  Ohio  River.    Maysville  is  sixty-five  miles  east  of  Cincinnati. 
Uolel. . 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  of  this  wa^-er  has  been 
made.  According  to  Dr.  L.  J.  Frazee,'  an  anal/ sis  by  Dr. 
Peter  showed  it  to  contain  free  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas, 
bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  chl  )ride  of  so- 
dium, chloride  of  magnesium,  sulphate  of  soda,  a;  id  sulphate 
of  magnesia. 

Properties. — Dr.  Frazee  adds:  "It  is  proper  to  remark 
that  most  of  these  saline  ingredients  are  in  very  minute  quan- 
tities, so  much  so  that  the  chloride  of  sodium,  the  sulphate 
of  soda,  and  the  sulphate  of  magnesia  it  contains,  render  it 
very  slightly  if  at  all  aperient.  Sulphur,  in  the  form  of  sul- 
phuretted-hydrogen gas,  with  which  this  water  is  impregnated, 
may  be  considered  by  far  its  most  important  ingredient.  .  .  . 
The  principal  effect  of  the  water  appears  to  be  to  stimulate 
the  secretory  action  of  the  system  generally,  but  more  espe- 
cially that  of  the  skin  and  that  of  the  kidneys." 

Bernards. — The  Esculapia  Springs  are  situated  between 
two  lofty  ranges  of  hills,  lying  almost  parallel.  At  the  base 
of  one  occurs  the  sulphur  spring,  and  at  the  base  of  the  other 
a  chalybeate  spring. 


GBAYSON   SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Grayson  Springs,  Grayson  County,  Kentucky. 

Access.— From  Louisville,  via  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad,  forty-two 
miles  south  to  Elizabethtown  ;  thence  twenty-six  miles  west,  via  Elizabeth- 
town  &  Paducah  Railroad,  to  Grayson  Springs  Station ;  thence  two  miles 
and  a  half  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotel.— -Grayson  Springs. 

Analysis. — ^These  waters  contain,  according  to  Dr.  Peter,' 

»  "  Transactions  Kentucky  State  Medical  Society,"  1872 ;  report  on  "  The  Mineral  "Waters 
of  Kentucky,"  by  L.  J.  Frazee,  M.  D. 

'  Frazeo,  "The  Mineral  WatcrB  of  Kentucky." 


100 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  phosphate  of  soda 
sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas,  and  carbonic-acid  gas.  * 

IiemarJc8.—T\x2^e  springs  rise  in  a  valley,  and  within  a 
circuxt  of  a  few  hundred  feet  there  is  a  number  of  sources, 
differing  but  little  m  constitution.  A  chalybeate  spring  is  said 
to  have  been  discovered  on  the  grounds.  Since  the  completion 
of  the  Ehzabethtown  &  Paducah  Railroad,  this  resort  has  been 
considerably  patronized. 

OLYMPIAN   SPRINaS. 

iMatlon  and  Post-Offlce.-Olympian  Springs,  Bath  County,  Kentucky. 
^J^^Tr.    I  '""  ?  ^^^'"gt^".  Kentucky;  thence,  by  Lexington  &  Big 
Sandy  Railroad,  about  thirty-flve  milea  east,  to  Mount  Sterling;  thence  by 
stage     During  1873  the  Lexington  &  Big  Sandy  Railroad  will  probably  be 
hniBhed  to  withm  three  miles  of  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Olympian  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains  (Salt  Sulphur,  Dr.  Peter): 

Carbonate  of  magnesia       .  , 

Carbonate  of  iron        ... 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

Chloride  of  potassium  , 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium  , 

Sulphate  of  lime    .  . 

Bromine  and  iron        .  .  •  * 

Alumina     •  .  .  , 

Silica    ... 

•  •  • 

Water  and  loss 


Total     . 

G-ABEB. 

Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Grains. 
0.904 
trace. 
1.742 
1.334 
20.762 
6.924 
trace, 
trace, 
trace. 
0.181 
9.826 

41.612 


not  estunated. 
not  estimated. 


I^operties.—  Thia  is  a  fine  saline-sulphur  water,  seldom 
cathartic,  promptly  diuretic.  The  flow  is  six  gallons  per  min- 
ute. 

BemarJcs.— These  springs  are  situated  in  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  where  the  surface  is  exceedingly  rough  and 


SULPHUR-WATEKS. 


197 


picturesque,  approaching  mountainous.  Besides  the  water 
of  which  the  analysis  is  given,  there  is  also  a  so-called  black- 
sulphur  spring,  and  a  chalybeate.  The  chalybeate  tastes  de- 
cidedly of  iron,  according  to  Dr.  Drake. 

FOX  spitiNas. 

Location.— Fleming  County,  Kentucky. 

Access.— Fox  Springa  are  about  ton  miles  from  Floraingaburg,  which 
place  ia  twelve  milca  south  of  Maysvillo,  a  town  on  the  Ohio  River. 

Hotel. 

Analysis.— Dt.  Frazec,  in  his  report  on  "The  Mineral 
Waters  of  Kentucky,"  says  these  are  sulphur-waters  similar 
to  the  Esculapia  Springs. 

Remarks. — This  is  said  to  be  a  pleasant  resort.  There  is 
also  a  chalybeate  water  here. 


3er  min- 


ESTILL   SPBINQS. 

For  location,  etc.,  see  "Estill  Springs,  Puroatite  Waters." 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Red  Sulphur,  Robert  Peter,  M.  D.) : 

80UD8.  QroOas. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .  .  .    "        •  •  0.168 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .  .  .  •      0.605 

Carbonate  of  lime  .  .  .  .  •  1.4'72 

Chloride  of  sodium      ,  .  .  »  ,0.612 

Sulphate  of  potaasa  ....  0.670 

Sulphate  of  soda l-"54 

Sulphate  of  magnesia        ....  O.O'ZS 

Silica 0-044 

Organic  and  volatile  matters  .  .  .  0.292 


Total     , 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


6.190 
GuUc  in. 
5.01 
0.07 


Properties.— It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  a  light  sulphur- 
water,  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen  arising,  in  all  probability, 
from  decomposition  of  a  sulphate.  There  .are  two  other 
springs,  the  white  and  black  sulphuTj  containing  almost  the 


108 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


same  ingredients  in  about  tbe  same  proportion.  The  black 
sulphur,  however,  contains  one-half  grain  (0.502)  of  carbonate 
of  iron  to  the  pint.  . 

LOUISVILLB   ARTESIAN   WELL. 
Location  and  Po8t-offlee« — LouiBville,  Kentucky. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains      (763^''  Fahr.  Prof.  J.  Lawrence 

SOLIM. 

Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron  . 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potiisaium 
Chloride  of  sodium       , 
Chloride  of  mngncaium 
Cliloride  of  aluminum 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Chloride  of  lithium       , 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  alumina     . 
Sulphate  of  lime    . 
Phosphate  of  soda 
Iodide  of  magnesium 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Silica  .  . 

Organic  matter 
Loss 


Total     . 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid  , 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Nitrogen 


Smith) : 
Oraina. 
0.237 
0.204 
0.032 
0.B20 
0.628 
11M0 
1.847 
0.101 
8.216 
0.013 
0.403 
9.037 
9.C07 
0.225 
8.679 
0.193 
0.044 
0.088 
0.111 
0.089 
1.018 

113.989 
Cnblo  In. 

0.77 

0.25 

0.17 


Properties. — ^It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  a  saline-sulphur 
water,  and  a  valuable  one. 

Remarks. — This  well  is  located  at  the  paper-mill  of  A..  V. 
Du  Pont  &  Co.,  on  Tenth  Street,  near  Main.  It  is  2,086  feet 
deep,  and  occupied  sixteen  months  in  boringr.     The  temoera- 


SULPHUR  WATERS. 


100 


ture  of  the  water,  as  given  in  the  analysis,  is  as  it  iBsues  from 
the  orifice  of  the  well.  A  self-registering  thermometer,  sunk 
to  the  bottom  of  the  well,  indicated  SCj"  Fahr.  Considering 
the  point  of  constant  temperature  below  the  surface  at  Louis- 
ville as  63°  Fahr.,  we  have  an  increase  of  one  degree  of  tem- 
perature for  every  sixty-seven  feet  below  that  point. 
The  water  is  bottled  for  exportation. 

DRENNON   SPRINGS. 

LMatlon.— Henry  County,  Kentucky. 

Aeeess.— Go  to  Newcastle,  Uenry  County ;  thence  about  ten  miles  north- 
wardly, 

HoteK — None. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 

Properties. — "  This  is  a  very  fine  mineral  water,  acting  not 
only  on  the  skin,  but  as  a  mild  aperient,  diuretic,  and  diapho- 
retic."—( G^eo%^ca^  Survey  of  Kentucky,  vol.  iii.,  p.  52.) 

iJcmarA;*.— Twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago  this  was  one 
of  the  most  fashionable  resorts  in  the  West.  During  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  seasons  the  cholera  appeared  at  the 
springs,  and  the  guests— panic-stricken— departed  precipitate- 
ly.   During  a  following  year  the  property  was  burned. 


BEDFORD    SFRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Bedford  Springs,  Trimble  County,  Kentucky. 

Access.— Go  to  Sulphur  Station,  on  the  Louisville  &  Cincinnati  Short  Line 
Railroad,  thirty-six  miles  east  of  Louisville,  seventy-one  miles  west  of  Cin- 
cinnati ;  thence,  six  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel.— Bedford  Springs. 

Ancdysis.— In  the  "Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky,"  vol. 
ii.,  page  79,  the  constituents  of  this  spring  are  noted  as  fol- 
lows :  Chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia, bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  carbonate 
of  soda— alkaline  to  test-paper.  The  Epsom  Spring,  in  the 
same  vicinity,  contaitis  the  same  ingredients,  excep-  —la-  su.- 
phate  of  magnesia  is  in  larger  proportion. 


200  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

WHITE   SUIiPHUR  AND   TAB   SFBINaS. 

LocatlOOt — Brcckenridgo  County,  Kentucky. 

Post-Ofl9ce< — Cloverport,  Brcckcnridge  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — Take  daily  steamers  from  Louisville,  on  the  Ohio  River,  to  Clo- 
verport,  one  hundred  and  ten  miles  southwest ;  thence  four  miles  south  b; 
carriage. 

Hotel* — White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 

Remarks. — The  springs,  four  in  number,  issue  at  the  base 
of  a  high  cliflF.  Their  general  character  is  that  of  sulphur- 
waters.  One  spring,  however,  is  peculiar :  on  its  surface  a 
black  substance  floats,  similar  in  appearance  to  tar ;  hence  the 
name.  Observations  as  to  the  therapeutic  value  of  this  sub- 
stance are  wanting. 

The  surrounding  country  is  rough  and  the  scenery  pictu- 
resque. 

BE  SOTO    SPBINaS^ 

LocatiOQt — De  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Post-OflScCt — Mansfield,  De  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Access. — By  steamboat  on  the  Red  River  to   Shreveport;  thence,  forty 
miles  by  stage,  to  Mansfield. 
Hotel. — At  Mansfield. 

Analysis. — ^Within  a  radius  of  thirty  miles  of  Mansfield 
are  several  valuable  sulphur  and  chalybeate  waters. 

Remarks. — At  some  of  these  springs  cabins  have  been 
erected,  and,  during  the  summer  months,  they  are  a  popular 
resort  for  the  neighboring  inhabitants.  The  hotel  at  Mans- 
field is  on  the  site  of  a  spring. 

WHITE    SULPHUR    SPRINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— White  Sulphur  Springs,  Catahoula  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

Access. — By  steamboat  to  Harrisonburg,  on  the  Washita  River,  or  Alex- 
andria, on  the  Red  River ;  thence,  from  the  first  point  thirty-five  miles  by 
coach ;  from  the  second,  twenty-five  miles.  Each  of  these  places  is  between 
seventy-five  and  one  hundred  miles  northwest  from  the  junction  of  the  Red 
River  with  the  MississippL 

Hotel. — Springs. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


201 


rt;  thence,  forty 


itahoula  Parish, 


Analysis. — No  quantitativre  analysis  of  the  springs  has 
been  made.  A  qualitative  one  shows  them  to  contain  the 
usual  ingredients  of  sulphur-waters,  with  a  trace  of  iron. 

Properties. — These  waters  are  said  to  be  useful  in  diseases 
of  the  skin,  hepatic  engorgements,  and  dyspepsia. 

Remarks. — The  springs  are  situated  in  the  midst  of  that 
portion  of  Catahoula  Parish  known  as  the  "  piney-woods  re- 
gion." The  surrounding  country  is  undulating  and  covered 
with  the  long-leaf  Southern  pine.  Near  by  is  Trout  Creek,  a 
crystal-clear  stream,  the  waters  of  which  abound  in  large 
brook-trout. 

ALPENA    WELL. 

Location  and  Fost-OfHce. — Alpena,  Alpena  County,  Michigan. 

Access. — Go  to  Bay  City,  one  hundred  and  eleven  miles  north  of  Detroit, 
on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad;  thence  by  steamer,  on  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  ahout  one  hundred  and  ten  miles  north  to  Alpena. 

Hotels* — ^Alpena  House,  Union  House,  Star  Hotel. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(52° 

Fahr.    Prof.  S.  P. 

Duffield) : 

B0LID8. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa 

• 

* 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

•                        • 

.       1.364 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

• 

• 

4.661 

Carbonate  of  iron 

•                        • 

.       0.170 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

• 

• 

4.787 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                        • 

.       8.532 

Sulphate  of  lime     .  • 

• 

• 

3.757 

Alumina  and  silica        . 

• 

•                       • 

• 

.       0.386 

Total 

23.^57 

GA8B8. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonie  acid  . 

•                        • 

.       1.05 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

• 

4.42 

Nitrogen 

•                        • 

.      -0.03 

Properties. — ^These  waters  abound  in  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen, and,  according  to  the  analysis,  there  are  but  few  springs 
in  this  country  or  Europe  equally  rich  in  this  ingredient.  (As 
to  magnetism  of  the  waters,  see  remarks  on  this  subject.) 

Remarks. — Alpena  is  situated  on  the  shores  of  Thunder 


202 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Bay,  an  inlet  of  Lake  Huron.  It  is  but  seventy-five  miles  south 
from  Mackinaw.  From  its  northern  latitude  and  situation  on 
the  lake-shore,  the  temperature  is  cool  and  refreshing  during 
the  hot  months  of  summer.  The  village  numbers  some  3,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  the  outgrowth  of  a  large  lumber  business 
which  centres  thera.  The  waters  flow  from  an  artesian  well 
900  feet  deep. 

SHABON   SPBINOS. 

Location  and  Post-Office  iddress.— Sharon  Springs,  Schoharie  County, 
New  York. 

Access. — Take  Albany  &  Susquenanna  Railway  direct  to  the  springs,  fifty, 
nine  miles  west  of  Albany.  Coming  from  the  west,  take  Erie  Railway  to 
Binghamton ;  thence,  by  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railway,  one  hundred  and 
eleven  miles  to  springs.  Or,  New  York  Central  Railroad  to  Palatine  Bridge, 
fifty-five  nules  west  of  Albany ;  thence  nine  miles  by  stage. 

Dotels.— Pavilion,  Union  Hall,  Eldridge. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains 

White  Sulphur 

Spilntr. 

48"'  Fahr. 

J.  R,  ChUton,  M.  D. 

Red  Sulphur. 

48"  Fahr. 

Prof.  Lawrence  Reed. 

Gardner  Magneda. 

48*  Fahr. 

Prof.  Lawrence  Reed. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

OraiDi. 

•  •  •  • 

•  •   •  • 

6!  28 
.80 

5!s6 

18.95 
0.28 

•  •  •  ■ 

•  •  •  • 

Graini. 
0.048 
0.061 
1.122 
0.041 
0.091 
0.008 
2.870 

12.080 

0.111 
0.066 

Graini. 
0.042 
0  100 

Carbonate  of  magnesl/i 

Carbonate  of  lime 

0.842 
0.164 
0.064 
0.020 
2.460 
11.68T 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

llydroaulphuret  of  sodium  and  hydro- 
sulphuret  of  calcium 

Hydrosulphuret  of  calchun  and  mag- 
nesium   

0.781 
0.060 

Silicic  acid 

•  Total..' 

20.11 

Cubic  In. 
2!" 

15.978 

Cubic  In. 
0.67 
1.81 
0.60 

16.190 

Cubic  In. 

0.277 
0.760 
0.876 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Atmospheric  air 

Total 

2.83 

1.402 

Chalybeate  Spring,  see  page 

J^roperties. — As  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis,  these  waters 
are  comparatively  light,  and  for  this  reason  may  be  taken  in 
considerable  quantities.  In  most  instances,  however,  from  two 
to  four  glasses  will  be  found  to  answer.    To  produce  the  alter- 


SULPHUR.WATERS. 


203 


Sve  miles  south 
id  situation  on 
ireshing  during 
ers  some  3,000 
imber  business 
1  artesian  well 


Schoharie  County, 

>  the  springs,  fifty. 
c  Erie  Railway  to 
one  hundred  and 
0  Palatine  Bridge, 


Md 


Gardner  Magneil*. 

48"  Fuhr. 

Prof.  Lawrence  Reed. 


Grslni. 
0.042 
0.100 
0.842 
0.154 
0.064 
0.020 
2.460 

11.687 


0.781 
0,060 


16.190 

Cubic  In. 

0.2T7 
0.750 
0.876 


1.402 


,  these  waters 
y  be  taken  in 
ever,  from  two 
duce  the  alter- 


ative effect,  one  or  two  glasses  should  be  taken  an  hour  before 
meals  and  on  retiring,  and  continued  for  some  weeks.  When 
a  cathartic  effect  is  desired,  and  the  water  does  not  act  readily, 
the  action  may  be  aided  by  taking  a  Sedlitz  powder,  or  from 
half  to  a  tablespoonful  of  Epsom  salts,  and  afterward  rely 
alone  on  the  water. 

The  bathing  arrangements  are  ample.  The  flow  of  water 
is  abundant,  estimated  at  120.  gallons  per  minute. 

Bemarks.— In  describing  Sharon  Springs,  we  cannot  do 
better  than  quote  from  a  writer  in  Harper's  Monthly,  June, 
1856,  though  with  slight  transposition  of  the  sentences: 

"  The  mineral  springs  at  Sharon  gush  out  from  the  bed 
of  a  small  brook,  and  from  a  steep,  wooded  slope  on  its  mar- 
gin. For  more  than  half  a  century  their  healing  virtues  have 
been  known,  and  parents  often  took  their  children,  who  were 
afflicted  with  cutaneous  disorders,  and  dipped  them  in  the  wa- 
ters. Upon  the  slope  from  which  the  fountains  gush,  a  curious 
phenomenon  is  exhibited ;  within  the  space  of  a  few  rods  are 
iive  different  springs— chalybeate;  white  sulphur,  red  sulphur, 
magnesia,  and  pure  water.  The  two  principal  springs  are  the 
white  sulphur  and  magnesia ;  the  first  on  the  margin  of  the 
brook,  the  other  higher  up  on  the  slope. 

"  Although  the  village  and  the  springs  lie  in  a  ravine,  they 
are  900  feet  above  the  Mohawk  Valley.  The  eye,  turned  to 
the  north  and  east,  comprehends  one  of  the  grandest  and  most 
beautiful  prospects  imaginable.  The  hilly  country  seems  sub- 
dued into  a  gently-rolling  plain ;  and  the  woods,  fields,  villages, 
farm-houses,  and  brooks  like  silver  threads,  have  the  appearance 
of  a  gorgeous  piece  of  tapestry,  excelling,  in  richness  of  con- 
ception, form,  and  color,  any  thing  the  looms  of  Gobelin  ever 
produced.  Beyond,  stretches  the  great  valley,  whose  northern 
slopes,  and  the  hills  of  Herkimer,  Fulton,  and  Saratoga,  fade 
away  in  mysterious,  aerial  perspective  of  azure,  vermilion,  and 
gold.  And  far  beyond  all,  in  dim,  spectral  mass,  loom  up  the 
loftier  peaks  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains." 

Besides  the  charming  scenery  immediatelv  at  the  sprinn-s 
there  are  delightful  rides  to  Cherry  Valley  and  Cooperstown,' 


204 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  latter  place  commanding  a  view  of  Otsego  Lake,  nine  miles 
in  extent,  and  celebrated  for  salmon  and  trout-fish.  Two  miles 
distant  from  Cherry  Valley  are  the  Tekaharawa  Falls  {see 
Cherry  Valley  Springs).  Twenty  miles  distant,  by  railway, 
is  How^s  CavCf  one  of  the  most  wonderful  natural  curiosities. 
The  cave  has  been  explored  for  seven  miles,  and,  during  the 
season,  is  illuminated  for  a  distance  of  three  miles  from  the 
main  entrance,  so  that  the  visitor  is  relieved  of  the  annoyance 
of  smoking  torches. 


MASSENA   SPBINGS. 

Loeatlon  and  Post-OflSec  Address.— Massena  Springs,  St.  Lawrence  County, 
New  York. 

Access. — From  the  east  and  south,  via  New  York  Central  and  Rome  &  "Wa- 
tertown  Railroads,  to  Potsdam  Junction,  twenty-five  miles  east  of  Ogdensburg ; 
thence  fourteen  miles  northeast,  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  Or,  go  to  Rouse's 
Point  (outlet  of  Lake  Champlain) ;  thence  eighty-two  miles  west,  by  Ogdens- 
burg &  Lake  Champlain  Railroad,  to  Brasher  Falls ;  thence  ten  miles  north- 
west,  by  stage,  to  springs.  From  the  west,  via  New  York  Central  and  Rome  & 
Watertown  Railroads,  to  Potsdam  Junction.  Or,  through  Lake  Ontario  and 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Ogdensburg,  whence  a  boat  runs  during  the  sea- 
son  to  Dodge's  Landing,  within  three  miles  of  th.e  springs.  Or,  continue  down 
the  river  to  Cornwall,  whence  by  ferry  and  carriage  to  the  springs. 

Hotels. — Harrowgate,  Hatfield  House. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Ferd.  F.  Meyer) : 

'     BoLIDS. 

OpAfnfl 

Carbonate  of  iron 

• 

vjriniun« 

.       0.045 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

0.422 

Chloride  of  potassium 

•                      • 

.       0.063 

Chloride  of  sodium 

9.961 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•                   • 

.       3.741 

Sulphate  of  soda     . 

0.437 

Sulphate  of  lime 

•                      • 

.      7.616 

Hyposulphite  of  soda 

0.626 

Phosphate  of  soda 

•                      • 

.      0.165 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

0.084 

Sulphuret  of  sodium     . 

•                   • 

.       0.176 

Silicate  of  soda  and  organic 

compounds    . 

1.397. 

Total     . 

•                      • 

24.633 

Gab. 

Cubic  in. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

• 

0.663 

SULPHUR-WATEilS. 


205 


akc,  nine  miles 
sh.  Two  miles 
iwa  Falls  {see 
int,  by  railway, 
iral  curiosities, 
md,  during  the 
miles  from  the 
the  annoyance 


Lawrence  County, 

1  and  Rome  &  Wa- 
ist of  Ogdensburg ; 

Or,  go  to  Rouse's 
3  west,  by  Ogdens- 
e  ten  miles  north- 
mtral  and  Rome  & 

Lake  Ontario  and 
ns  during  the  sea- 
Or,  contiime  down 
springs. 


Grains. 
0.045 
0.422 
0.063 
9.961 
3.V41 
0.437 
7.616 
0.626 
0.166 
0.084 
0.176 
1.397. 


.   24.633 

Cubic  in. 

0.663 


I^operties.— These  are  saline-sulphur  waters,  much  resem- 
bling those  of  Eilsen,  in  the  principality  of  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  but  much  richer,  however,  in  chloride  of  sodium.  I 
need  not  add  that  they  are  exceedingly  valuable  waters  of  this 
class.  They  have  proved  of  decided  utility  in  dartrous  dis- 
eases of  the  skin,  scrofula,  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  and  gravel. 
Their  use  should  be  combined  in  most  cases  with  the  tepid 
and  warm  bath. 

Jiemarks.— The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Raquette  River,  a  broad  and  rapid  stream,  flow- 
ing into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  affording  fine  opportunity  for 
fishing.  As  early  as  the  close  of  the  last  century  these  waters 
were  discovered  by  surveyors,  who  noticed  the  oozy  ground 
around  them  filled  with  the  hoof-prints  of  the  moose  and  deer, 
these  animals  visiting  the  spot  to  drink  of  the  water.  The 
Indians  had  used  them  as  remedies  for  ulcerations,  it  is  said, 
as  long  as  tradition  tells ;  and,  as  early  as  1815^  white  people 
occasionally  sought  them  for  the  relief  of  cutaneous  diseases. 

The  quantity  of  water  taken  during  the  day  should  not,  as 
a  rule,  exceed  three  or  four  tumblers.  Bathing  facilities  are 
ample. 

The  drives  in  the  vicinity  of  Massena  are  very  attractive. 
A  favorite  visit  is  to  the  Indian  village  of  St.  Regis,  about 
twelve  miles  distant. 

DBYDEN    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office.— Dryden,  Tomplsins  County,  New'York. 

AecesSi — From  east,  west,  nortli,  and  south,  go  to  Auburn,  New  York,  on 
New  York  Central  Railroad ;  thence  by  Southern  Central  Railroad  to  Dry- 
den,  thirty-six  miles  south.  Or,  go  to  Owego  on  the  Erie  Railway ;  thence 
by  Southern  Central  Railroad  to  Dryden,  thirty-two  miles  north. 

Hotel. — Dryden  Springs  House. 

Analysis. — ^These  waters  have  never  been  thoroughly  an- 
alyzed, either  quantitatively  or  qualitatively.  However,  it  is 
known  that  they  contain  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  chloride  of 
sodium  in  notable  proportions.  One  is  said  to  be  so  stron"-ly 
impregnated  with  sulphate  of  magnesia  "  that  you  can  readily 


206 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


imagine  yourself  taking  a  dose  of  Epsom  salts."  There  are 
also  chalybeate  wells  here.  The  waters  are  cold,  varying  in 
temperature  from  48  to  54°  Fahr. 

Bemarks. — Dryden  Springs  are  elevated,  cool  in  summer, 
and  a  pleasant  resort. 

OHITTENANGO    SPBINQS. 

4 

Loeation. — Madison  County,  New  York 

Post-OflSce  Address* — Chittenango,  Madison  County,  New  Yak. 

Ace^gg, — Chittenango  is  a  station  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three  miles  west  of  Albany,  and  fifteen  miles  east  of 
Syracuse.    From  station,  three  miles  south  by  stage  or  carriage  to  springs. 

Hotel. — White  Sulphur  Springs  Hotel. 

•ANALYSIS, 


One  pint  contains^ 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. . . . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  strontla 

Hydrosulphate  of  sodium.. 
Hydrosulphate  of  calcium . 

Hyposulphite  of  soda , 

Alumina 

Silica 


Total. 


Gases.i 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  Hydrogen . 


White  Salphur. 

49*  Fahr. 

Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler. 


Grains. 
1.631 
O.OOT 
0.019 
0.129 
trace. 
0.027 
0.244 

10.177 
trace. 
0.014 


0.010 
0.035 


12.293 

Prof.  Collier. 

Cubic  in. 

4.5 

0.1 


Cave  Spring. 

49°  Falir. 

Prof.  C.  F.Chandlor. 


Graini; 
1.776 
0.014 
0.029 
0.196 
trace. 

6!  948 
13.265 
trace. 
0.043 
0.140 
0.032 
0.027 
0.064 


16.634 

Prof.  Collier. 
Cubic  In. 

8.2 

0.4 


Magnesia. 

49°  Fahr. 

Prof.  C.  F.Chandler. 


Grains. 
1.439 
0.029 
0.041 
0.229 
trace. 

i!589 
14.385 
trace. 
0.094 
0.116 
0.002 
trace. 
0.072 


17.996 

Prof.  Collier. 

Cubic  in. 

2.8 

1.6 


Properties. — These  waters  may  be  taken  in  the  usual  quan- 
tity of  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day,  on  an  empty  stomach. 
It  will  be  noticed  that,  in  solid  constituents,  they  are  closely 
allied  to  the  calcic  waters. 

MemarJcs. — The  traveller,  leaving  the  station,  follows  the 
narrow  valley  of  the  Chittenango  Creek  a  mile  or  more  beyond 
the  village,  and  the  springs  are  seen,  gushing  out  from  a 


■  Analysis  by  Prol.  Collier,  in  1870. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


207 


shelving  ledge  of  rocks  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  stream. 
Ascending  a  neighboring  summit  to  the  height  of  200  feet,  a 
most  pleasing  view  is  had  of  the  entire  valley,  and  Cazenovia 
and  Oneida  Lakes.  About  two  and  a  half  miles  above  the 
springs  the  valley  terminates,  and  the  stream  falls  perpendicu- 
larly 140  feet,  forming,  with  the  deep  gorge  and  surroundings, 
a  scene  well  worth  a  visit. 


mCHFIELD    SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post>Offiee  Address. — Richfield  Springs,  Otsego  County,  New 
York. 

Access. — From  Utica,  ninety-five  miles  west  of  Albany  on  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  take  cars  on  Utica,  Chenango,  &  Susquehanna  Valley  Rail- 
road, direct  to  the  springs,  thirty-five  miles.  From  Binghamton,  two  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  miles  northwest  oi  New  York  on  the  Erie  Railway,  by  Utica, 
Chenango,  &  Susquehanna  Valley  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  three  miles  to 
springs.    The  first  named  is  the  direct  route. 

Hotels. — Spring  House,  Hosford  House,  American  House. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Reid) : 
Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia       ....  1.480 

Carbonate  of  lime        .....  0.8Y0 

Chlorides  of  sodium  and  magnesium         .           .  0.187 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .....  3.750 

Sulphate  of  lime     .....  2.500 

Hydrosulphate  of  magnesia  and  lime             .            .  0.260 

Undetermined         .           .            .            .           .  19.187 


Total     . 
Oab. 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


28.224 
Cubic  In. 
8.3 


The  above  is  an  analysis  made  many  years  ago.  A  new 
analysis  is  much  needed. 

BemarTes. — The  village  of  Richfield  Springs  is  delightfully 
situated  upon  a  narrow  plain  near  the  head  of  Canaderaga, 
or  Schuyler's  Lake,  which  forms  the  chief  attraction  to  the 
visitor.  The  lake  is  but  one  mile  distant  from  the  hotel,  and 
conveyances  pass  to  and  fro  every  half-hour.  The  lake  is  five 
miles  in  length,  and  a  mile  and  a  quarter  at  its  greatest 


208 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


breadth.     High  hills  surround  it  on  every  side  except  to  the 
northward. 

The  waters  of  these  springs  were  sought  by  the  Indians 
long  before  the  advent  of  the  white  man,  and  tradition  tells  a 
story  of  one  of  their  healing  prophets,  who  dwelt  on  a  beauti- 
ful island  in  the  midst  of  the  lake.  Hither  the  Iroquois  would 
come  for  the  relief  of  their  maladies.  During  the  night  he 
would  glide  silently  to  the  shore  in  his  canoe,  seek  the  foun- 
tains, and  return  with  the  magic  waters.  He  became  proud 
and  powerful,  and  at  last  assumed  to  be  twin-brother  to  the 
Great  Spirit.  Such  blasphemy  was  visited  with  dire  punish- 
ment. One  morning  a  bridal  party  went  forth  to  receive  the 
prophet's  benediction,  but  on  arriving  at  the  lake-shore  found 
the  island  had  disappeared.  The  Great  Spirit  in  his  wrath 
had  thrust  it  with  the  proud  prophet  so  deep  in  the  earth, 
that  it  is  said  the  waters  of  the  lake  where  it  stood  are  un- 
fathomable by  human  measurement. 


AVON  SFBINGS. 

Loeation. — Livingston  County,  New  York. 

Post-Offlce  Address* — Avon,  Livingston  County,  New  York. 

AceesSi — Avon  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  Railway,  sixty -five  miles  east  of.Buf- 
falo  ;  eighteen  nules  south  of  Rochester  ;  three  hundred  and  sixty-seven 
miles  northwest  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — United  States,  Avon  Springs  Hotel  (at  the  depot),'  Congress 
Hall,  Knickerbocker  Hall. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conUdns — 

Upper  Spring, 

61*  Fahr. 
Prof.  Hadley. 

Lower  Spring. 
J.  B.  CUlton,M.D. 

New  Bath  Spring, 

60*  Fahr. 

Prof.  Beclu 

Solids. 
Gflrhonate  of  lim6. 

Graini. 
1.000 
2.300 

2.666 

1.260 
10.600 

Grains. 
8.G66 

I'.m 

1.T16 

6.201 

7.180 

trace. 

Graint. 
8.870 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.710 

Chloride  of  calcium 

SulDhate  of  soda 

4.840 

8ult)hflte  of  moGTiifisia 

1.010 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.440 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Total 

17.060 

Cubic  in. 
0.70 
1.50 

19.814 

Cubic  in. 
0.49 
1.26 

10.870 

Gases. 

Carbonic  acid ......  =  ..!-.  =  . 

fiulDhuretted  h  vdroeren 

Cubic  In. 

SULPHUR-WATERS. 


209 


Properties. — It  will  be  seen  by  analysis  that  these  are  valua- 
ble sulphur-waters,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  celebrated 
Spa  of  Neudorf,  in  Electoral  Hesse.  The  flow  is  large  from 
the  lower  spring,  being  fifty-four  gallons  per  minute.  Bathing 
arrangements  are  extensive.  Dr.  Salisbury,  quoted  by  Dr. 
Francis,  of  New  York,  deceased,  says  :  "  Generally  speaking, 
four  or  six  half-pint  tumblers  of  the  water  drank  during  the 
day,  prove  mildly  cathartic,  and,  under  its  long-continued  use 
in  this  dose,  no  debility  ensues,  but  appetite  and  strength  are 
much  increased.  In  doses  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  glasses,  it 
acts  powerfully  on  the  bowels,  kidneys,  and  skin."  * 

Memarks. — The  location  of  these  springs,  in  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  portions  of  Western  New  York,  together  with 
the  efficacy  of  the  waters,  conspires  to  make  this  a  most  attrac- 
tive resort.  And  the  place  is  not  without  historical  interest. 
Near  the  Avon  railway-station,  at  the  foot  of  the  slope,  is  the 
battle-field  of  the  French  under  De  Nouville,  in  1687,  where 
the  invaded  Senecas  drove  them  from  their  hunting-grounds. 
And  eight  miles  distant,  at  the  Geneseo,  General  Srdlivan  re- 
taliated with  severity  upon  the  Indians  for  their  cruelties  at 
Cherry  Valley  and  Wyoming. 


liONammts  well. 

Location. — Rochester,  New  York. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (52°  Fahr.) : 
SouDB.  -  QralDB. 

Carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  with  trace  of  oxide  of 

iron  .  .  .  .  .  .       1.48 

Chloride  of  sodium  .  ,  .  .  6.52 

Sulphate  of  soda  .  ,  .  ,  .6.99 


Total      . 

Gabks. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


14.99 

Cubic  Inch. 

small  quantity. 

2.16 

— ^"Geology  of  New  York.* 


Pamphlet  on  "  Mineral  Waters."    By  Dr.  Francis.    1834.    (Astor  Library.) 


aio 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


CHERRY  VALLEY   SPRINGS. 

Location.— OtsoRO  County,  New  York. 

Post-Office  Address. — Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  County,  New  York. 

Access. — Take  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railroad  direct  to  Cherry  Valley, 
sixty-eight  miles  west  of  Albany ;  thence  two  miles  to  the  springs.  From 
the  west,  take  Erie  Railway  to  Uinghaniton ;  thence  by  Albany  &  Susque- 
hanna Railroad,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  to  Cherry  Valley ;  thence  two 
miles  to  springs. 

Hotels. — None  at  the  springs,  though  one  in  contemplation.  Several  in 
the  village  of  Cherry  Valley. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contolni— 


Soiros. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia, 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonato  of  lime 

Chlorldo  of  i)otns8lum. . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magoosium 
Chloride  of  calcium. . . ; . 

Sulphate  of  Boda 

Sulphate  of  ma^osla. . . 

Sulphate  of  lime 

IlydroBulphate  of  Boda 

Silica  and  alumina 

Silex 

Organic  matter 

Total 


Bnth-IIouiu  Sprlnir. 
J.  B.  Chilton,  M.  D. 


1T.589 


Spring  North  of  Bath- 

Hoiiie, 

Prof.  Perklni. 


Gratni. 

Ontlnf. 

2.227 

1.245 

0.80« 

1.177 

1.844 

0.811 

1.566 

0.266 

0.460 

0.850 

.... 

1.886 

8.070 

, 

7.210 

18.688 

0.078 

0.046 

, 

0.455 

0.085 

.... 

28.110 


Remarks. — The  above  analysis  of  the  Bath-House  Spring 
shows  these  waters  to  be  worthy  the  improvements  that  are 
contemplated.  At  present  there  are  facilities  during  the  sum- 
mer months  for  taking  baths  at  the  springs. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  a  portion  of  New  York  ren- 
dered historical  by  conflicts  with  the  Indians.  Stories  are 
told  of  fierce  struggles,  and  of  white  men  seized  and  carried 
into  captivity.  Not  long  ago  Judge  Campbell  still  lived  here, 
who,  in  1778,  when  six  years  of  age,  was  captured,  with  his 
mother  and  family,  and  taken  first  to  Niagara,  thence  to 
Caughnawaga,  near  Montreal,  where  they  remained  for  two 
years,  finally  to  return  to  Cherry  Valley. 

Near  the  springs  are  the  Tekaharawa  Falls,  which  were 
thus  described  fifty-four  years  ago  by  the  late  Aivan  Stewart ; 


SULPnUR-WATERS. 


211 


"  At  the  distance  of  one  mile  northeast  of  the  village  a  small 
brook  takes  its  rise,  and  runs  north  about  a  mile  and  a  half, 
when,  passing  into  a  dark  wood  of  hemlock,  it  is  precipitated 
down  a  fall  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet  of  perpendicular 
height,  where  it  is  lost  in  a  dark  gulf  below.  ...  In  approach- 
ing from  the  south  one  advances  to  the  very  border  of  the 
gulf  before  he  dreams,  or  fancies,  from  any  feature  of  the 
ground,  that  such  a  yawning  abyss  is  within  five  yards  of  his 
feet.  If  sublimity  be  in  any  measure  allied  to  horror,  or  con- 
nected with  the  grandeur  of  objects,  one  must  feel  its  full  force 
the  first  moment  his  sight  meets  the  rocks  which  pave  the 
bottom  of  this  tremendous  chasm." 


CLIFTON  sPBuras. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— Clifton  Springs,  Ontario  County,  New 
York. 

Access.— Clifton  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Auburn  Branch  of  the  New 
York  Central  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  eleven  miles  west  of  Albany ;  sixty- 
three  miles  west  of  Syracuse ;  thirty-nine  miles  east  of  Rochester ;  ninety- 
seveij  miles  east  of  Buflfalo. 

Hotel.— Clifton  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  J.  R.  Chilton) : 
SouDs.  GralnB. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  ....  1.64 

Carbonate  of  lime  .....    1.2X 

Chloride  of  sodium    .....  1.16 

Chloride  of  magnesium    .  .  ,  .  .0.61 

Chloride  of  calcium    .....  0.61 

Sulphate  of  soda  ......    o.97 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  ....  2.06 

Sulphate  of  lime  ......    8.66 

Organic  matter  .....        trace. 


N    Total le.Yl 

**  Sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  abounds,  but  the  quantity 
having  been  materially  lessened  while  conveyed  to  New  York,  the  proper 
amount  could  not  be  ascertained." — (1852.) 

Properties, — ^This  is  a  good  calcic-sulphur  water,  especially 
indicated  when  a  case  otherwise  requiring  sulphur-waters  is 


212 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


complicated  by  disease  of  the  bladder,  to  whioli  caloio  waters 
are  applicable. 

liemarka. — These  waters  were  first  utilized  in  1800  by 
the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  accointnodation  of 
those  who  resorted  to  them  from  the  surrounding  country. 
At  that  time  the  springs  flowed  out  on  the  borders  of  a  marsh 
in  the  midst  of  a  forest.  Now  Clifton  is  an  exceedingly  popu- 
lar resort. 

COLUMBIA    SFBINaS. 

Location. — Columbia  County,  New  York. 
Po8t-Offlee.— Hudson,  Columbia  Connty,  Now  Yoik. 
AccCHS. — Take  cars  on  Hudson  Uivcr  Railroad,  or  boat  on  tho  rivor,  to 
IIudHon,  one  hundred  and  tifteen  miles  north  of  New  York,  and  twenty-sovon 
miles  Bouth  of  Albany  ;  thence  four  miles  northeast  to  springs  by  curriugo. 
Uotel. — Columbia  Springs  Uouso. 

ANALYSIS.* 
One  pint  contains  (Atwood) : 


Boimt. 

■ 

/ 

OnilnB. 

Carbonate  of  limo 

.      2.'724 

Cldoride  of  potassium 

0.U9 

Clilorido  of  sodium 

.     10.690 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

8.929 

Scsqui-chlorido  of  iron 

.      0.427 

Sulphate  of  limo     . 

S.llT 

Phosphate  of  soda 

.       0.2f>7 

Hyposulphato  of  soda 

1 

1.018 

Loss     . 

.      0.102 

Total   . 

2*7.323 

Gab. 

Cubic  Iroh. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

.       0.66 

This  is  an  exceedingly  pleasant  resort,  where  quiet,  salu- 
brious air,  and  rural  scenery,  may  be  enjoyed. 


WHITE    SUIiPHUB   SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Oflice. — Cairo,  Greene  County,  New  York. 
AccesSi — Go  to  Catskill,  one  hundred  and  nine  miles  north  of  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad ;  thence  ten  miles. 
Hotel. — ^White  Sulphur  Springs  House. 

1  A  new  analysis  Is  desirable. 


SULPIIUR-WATERS. 


213 


Analysis. — Noiio  bus  been  mudo. 

Jiemarks. — These  Hprings  aro  situated  in  the  Catiikill  Moun- 
tains, at  an  elevation  of  one  thousand  feet  above  the  'evel  of 
the  sea. 

SHOOOO    SFBINGS. 

LOMtlOBi — Warren  County,  North  Carolinu. 
AddreNSt — Warrenton,  Warren  (Jounty,  North  Curolina. 
Accew* — From  Uulci^^h,  via  lluleij^li  &  (iuHtoii  Uiiilroud,  Hixty-two  miles 
north,  to  Warrenton ;  thenco  nine  miles  by  Htago. 
Ilotfh — Hiiildinga  mowtly  dostroyod. 

Analysis. — The  waters  are  said  to  be  of  the  saline-sulphur 
class.  Dr.  Jos.  A.  Drake,  of  Hilliardston,  who  has  been  famil- 
iar with  them  for  many  years,  writes  that  "  they  are  slightly 
aperient  and  decidedly  diuretic." 

WARREN    WHITE    SULPHUR. 

Location! — Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

POMt-Offlce* — Ridgcway,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

Access. — Go  to  Ilidgeway,  a  station  on  the  Raleigh  &  Gaston  Railroad, 
fifty-seven  miles  northeast  of  Raleigh,  and  forty  miles  southwest  of  Wel- 
don ;  thence  ten  miles  by  private  conveyance  or  stage. 

Uoteh — Warren  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Memarks. — Springs  closed  since  the  war,  except  in  1866. 
It  is,  however,  proposed  to  reopen  them. 


WHITE    SULPHUR   SPRINGS. 

Location. — Delaware  County,  Ohio. 
Post-Offlce. — Lewis  Centre,  Delaware  County,  Ohio. 
Access. — Go  to  Delaware,  a  station  on  the  Cleveland  &  Columbus  Rail- 
road, twenty-four  miles  north  of  Columbus ;  thence  by  stage. 

Analysis. — These  are  very  feeble  sulphur-waters.  Prof. 
E.  S.  Wayne,  who  made  the  analysis,  informs  me  that  there 
are  about  four  grains  of  solid  constituents  to  the  gallon,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  with  a  trace 
of  the  chlorides. 

Memarks. — A  few  years  ago  this  was  a  fashionable  resort, 


214 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


but  the  positive  value  of  the  water  was  not  sufficient  to  main- 
tain its  temporary  popularity.  The  property  was  sold  to  the 
State,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  an  industrial  reform-school  for 
girls. 

WHITE   SULPHUR   SPMNQS. 

Loeatlon  and  Post-Offlee.- White  Sulphur  Springs,  Catawba  County. 
North  Carolina. 

Aecess.-From  Baltimore  by  rail,  via  Richmond,  to  Salisbury,  North  Caro- 
.  hna;  thence,  via  Western  Railroad  of  North  Carolina,  to  the  sprmgs 
Hotel.— White  Sulphur  Springs. 

MlNNEaUA    SPRINGS. 

Locatton  and  Post-Offlee.— Minnequa  Springs,  Bradford  County.  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ieeess.— Go  to  Minnequa,  a  station  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad, 
thirty-six  miles  south  of  Elmira,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  miles  north 
of  Harrisburg. 

Hotel. — Minnequa  Springs. 

ANALYSIS.! 

One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Grece'i : 
Solids.  °°' 

Carbonate  of  soda 

•  •  • 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  lime 

*  •  •  . 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  •  • 

Sulphate  of  lime  .... 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina 
Sulphur  •  •  .  .  . 

Organic  matter      ..... 


Grains. 
0.1 3« 
0.159 
0.091 
trace. 
0.129 
0.062 
0.462 
0.167 
0.093 


Total 
Oas. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


1.299 
Cubic  inchee. 
0.60 
undetermined. 


I^opertks.— According  to  the  analysis  the  water  appears 
to  be  a  chalybeate-sulphur  water.  It  is  said  to  be  agreeable 
to  the  taste,  on  account  of  the  carbonic  acid  contained.  The 
flow  is  estimated  at  six  gallons  per  minute. 

>  rrom  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  1872. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


216 


Remarks. — The  springs  are  located  in  the  Towanda  Val- 
ley, at  an  estimated  elevation  of  several  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea-level.  The  cultivated  hills  surrounding  the  valley  form 
an  agreeable  landscape,  while  neighboring  woods  and  streams 
supply  opportunities  for  huntsmen  and  fishermen. 

TOBK   SUIiPHXJB   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — York  Sulphur  Springs,  Adams  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

icecss> — Go  to  Oxford  Station,  ten  miles  east  from  Gettysburg,  on  the 
Hanover  Branch  of  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad;  thence  nine  miles  by 
stage. 

Hotels. — ^York  Springs.  .         . 

Analysis. — The  old  analysis  is  inaccurate. 

Hemarks. — ^These  springs  were  discovered  in  1790,  and  at 
that  time  attracted  much  attention.  They  have  ever  since 
been  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  of  Baltimore  and  the  adjoin- 
ing country. 

CABLisiiE  sPBnras. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Carlisle  Springs,  Cumberland  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Access* — ^From  Philadelphia,  via  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  to  Hams- 
burg,  one  hundred  and  six  miles  vrest ;  thence,  via  Cumberland  Valley  Rail- 
road, eighteen  miles  southwest  to  Carlisle ;  thence  four  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel. — Springs. 

Analysis. — None.     They  are  mild  sulphur^waters. 

Memarhs. — The  springs  issue  at  the  baee  of  the  Blue 
Mountain.  Not  far  distant  is  Canodoquinnet  Creek,  furnish- 
ing opportunity  for  fine  fishing.  These  springs  are  very 
pleasantly  located,  and  are  much  resorted  to  by  families  from 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore. 


GLENN   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Glenn  Springs,  Spartanburg  District,  South 
Carolina. 

Access. . 

Hotel. , 


216 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


Anahjsis.~l^o  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters  has 
been  made.    A  qualitative  examination  by  Prof.  C.  U.  Shepard, 

sulphate  of  hme,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

SITKA,    AliASKA. 

As  a  matter  of  curiosity  more  than  utility,  we  insert  the 

pV-r'"^./^''T'  ^'°°'  ^  ^^**^"  *^  *^«  ^"thor,  from  H.  J. 
Phillips,  M.  D.,  Post-Surgeon  U.  S.  A.,  at  Sitka : 

"Sitka  may  be  reached  in  the  following  way:   Steamers 
leave  San  Francisco  weekly  in  summer  for  Portland,  Oregon 
Fare,  thirty  dollars,  including  meals.     From  Portland  a  small 
but  safe  steamer  leaves  for  Sitka  about  the  end  of  every 
month.     Fare,  seventy  dollars,  with  meals. 

q.  "-J^^T*^  *^^^"  ^'  ^'°°*  ^^P«"  F^^ttery  through  the 
Straits  of  Fuca  m  among  islands  through  narrow  passes, 
bounded  on  either  side  by  high  snow-capped  peaks,  all  the 
way  to  Sitka.  It  is  the  longest  and  most  wonderful  inland 
navigation  m  the  world,  extending  over  twelve  hundred  miles 
and  well  repays  the  traveller  for  his  trouble  and  time.  There 
IS  no  hotel  m  Alaska,  but  plenty  of  empty  houses.  All  the 
Russians  who  could  pay  their  fares  have  left,  and  only  those 
who  cannot,  now  remain,  as  the  place  is  retrograding  very  fast 

caUed  here  ; Geysers'  or  Warm  Sulphur.  The  height  of 
these  respectively  above  the  sea  is  eighteen  and  twenty-two 
feet;  the  flow  about  one-half  gallon  per  minute.  The  tern- 
perature  of  the  first  is  104°  Fahr. ;  of  second,  96°  Fahr 

These  springs  were  much  frequented  and  used  by  the 
Russians  before  the  session  of  the  Territoiy  to  the  United 
fetates  Two  log-houses  erected  by  the  old  Russian  Fur  Com- 
pany  have  been  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  but  the  two  large 
wooden  tanks  still  remain.  These  springs  were  highly  rec 
ommended  for  the  cure  of  syphilis  and  rheumatism,  with  the 
former  of  which  diseases  the  Russians  and  Indians  here  are 

—^■^■■^,<\tiy  cdlcn  up. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


217 


"  There  is  a  chalybeate  spring  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
city  of  Sitka,  flowing  from  a  rock  on  the  side  of  a  road  called 
Davis  Avenue.  No  analysis  has  ever  been  made  of  the  water. 
It  was  used  by  the  Russians,  and  since  that  period  occasion- 
ally by  visitors. 

"  There  is  a  mountain  eleven  miles  long,  and  twelve 
hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  main-land  of 
Alaska,  and  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Chilchat  River,  which 
is  supposed  to  be  composed  almost  entirely  of  iron.  From 
the  sides  of  this  mountain  issue  numerous  chalybeate  springs." 

The  following  abstract  from  the  hospital  register  at  Sitka 
is  interesting : 


Warmest  day  of  summer,  August  9,  1870 
Coldest  day  of  summer,  June  2,  1870 
Warmest  day  of  winter,  December  1,  1869 
Coldest  day  of  winter,  March  11,  1869 
Mean  annual  temperature,  1870 


Mean  Fahr. 

67° 

.44" 

46' 

.     8° 

44» 


AliBUBG   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — ^Alburg  Springs,  Grand  Isle  County,  Ver- 
mont. 

Iceess* — ^From  New  York  or  Boston,  purchase  tickets  via  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroad  to  Alburg  Springs  Station,  sixteen  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Albans,  and  one  mile  distant  from  the  springs.  From  the  west,  go  to 
Schenectady  or  Troy ;  thence  north,  via  Rutland  &  Burlington  Railroad.  Or 
go  down  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Montreal ;  thence,  via  Rouse's  Point,  or 
St.  Albans,  to  springs. 

HotelSt — ^Alburg  Springs  House,  Missisquoi  House. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (C.  T.  Jackson,  M.  D.) : 
BoLiDfl.  Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium            ....  1.095 

Chloride  of  magnesium  ....       0.627     • 

Chloride  of  calcium  and  carbonate  of  lime            .  0.601 

Sulphide  of  potassium  and  sulphate  of  potassa  .       1.237 

Sulphate  of  soda    .            .            .            .            .  .          0.887 

Insoluble  matters        .            .            .            .  .0.100 

Organic  acid  of  the  soil  (crenic  acid)  and  loss      .  0.260 


Total 


4.797 


218 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


(The  water  gives  off  a  large  quantity  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  is 
distinctly  alkaline  from  excess  of  sulphide  of  potassium. — 0.  T.  J.) 

A  qualitative  analysis  of  these  waters  has  been  made  by  Prof.  0.  F. 
Chandler,  of  New  York,  who  finds,  in  addition  to  the  above  ingredients,  the 
bicarbonate  of  lithia  and  strontia. 

Memarka. — These  springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort  since 
the  year  1816,  when  Timothy  Sowles,  Elisha  Reynolds,  and 
Stephen  Sweet,  farmers,  were  induced  to  take  boarders.  The 
springs  are  located  on  the  shores  of  Missisquoi  Bay,  amid 
the  beauties  of  lake  and  mountain  scenery.  There  are  two 
springs,  the  northern  one  being  somewhat  ferruginous  in 
character.  They  are  about  eighty  rods  from  the  water's  edge, 
and  thirty  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Champlain. 


JORDAN'S  WHITE    SULPHUR   SPRINGS. 

LocatlAll. — Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

P08t-0fflce. — Stephenson's  Depot,  Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  the  north,  go  to  Harper's  Ferry,  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  eighty-one  miles  west  of  Baltimore ;  thence,  on  Winchester  Branch 
of  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Stephenson's  Depot,  twenty-eight  miles 
southwest ;  thence,  by  stage  to  the  springs,  two  miles  southeast  of  the  depot. 
From  the  south,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad,  to  Strasburg ; 
thence  north;  twenty-three  miles,  by  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Stephen- 
son's. 

Hotel. — Jordan's. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (T.  Antisell) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  potassa 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

,      Sulphate  of  lime 

Alumina  .  .  . 

Silicic  acid  ' .  . 

Total      . 
Oas. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

The  proportion  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  much  larger 


1.213 

.       0.360 

trace. 

.      0.002 

0.096 

.      0.262 

0.641 

.      0,001 

0.032 

.      2.606 

Cubic  in. 

0.26 

SULPHUR-WATERS. 


210 


than  here  given,  this  analysis  only  showing  the  amount  in  the 
bottled  water  after  it  had  been  standing  for  some  time. 

Properties. — TheSe  are  light  waters,  and  may  be  taken  in 
considerable  quantity.  When  the  waters  do  not  act  as  an 
aperient,  and  it  is  desirable  to  produce  this  effect,  it  is  aided 
by  adding  a  teaspoonful  of  table-salt  to  each  glass  of  water 
for  two  or  three  doses. 

MemarTca. — Tha  springs  are  located  in  the  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah,  five  miles  distant  from  Winchester.  The  build- 
ings and  spring  are  embowered  in  a  grove  of  tall  aspens,  on 
either  side  of  a  stream  of  running-water.  From  the  hills,  at 
the  rear  of  the  hotel,  fine  views  may  be  had  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  Alleghany  Mountains.  Immediately  in  the  vicinity  of 
these  springs  the  contests  between  Jubal  Early  and  Sheridan 
occurred,  and  Winchester  is  said  to  have  changed  masters 
eighty-seven  times. 


HIGHGATE   SPBINaS. 

Loeatlon  and  Po8t«Ofl9ce  Address. — ^Highgate,  Franklin  County,  Ver- 
mont. 

Access. — Highgato  ia  three  and  a  half  miles  from  Swanton,  a  station  on  the 
Vermont  Central  Railroad,  nine  miles  north  of  St.  Albans. 

Hotels. — Franklin  House,  Champlaiu  House. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contain!— 

Cbamplitln  Spring. 
A.  A.  Hayet. 

T.  Starry  Hunt. 

Souns. 
Oarbonato  of  DotaBsa 

Onint. 
0.4B9 
0.1R8 
0.162 
0.12T 

trace. 
0.093 
0.021 

O'.OM 

6'.ii2 

0.102 

Graini. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

1.718 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.729 

Carbonate  of  lime 

0,176 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 

Chloridft  <>f  notflflHiiim      . • 

Clilorido  of  sodium 

2.980 

Bulpliato  of  soda 

0.806 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Potassa  and  boracio  acid 

Crenic  acid 

Silicic  acid 

Total 

1.228 

6.853 

— "  Geology  of  Vermont."    (1867.) 

These  springs  are  situated  on  the  Missisquoi  River,  amid 
exceedingly  attractive  scenery. 


220 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


NEWBURY    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— Newbury,  Orange  County,  Vermont. 

Aecess.— From  New  York,  via  New  York  &  New  Haven  Railroad,  New 
Haven,  Hartford  &  Springfield  Railroad,  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  and 
Connecticut  &  Passumpsic  Railroad,  to  Newbury,  two  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  miles  northeast  of  New  York. 

Hotel. — Springs. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Hall) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda    . 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

Carbonate  of  lime     . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia    . 

Phosphate  of  iron    . 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Nitrate  of  potassa    . 

Hydrosulphate  of  soda 

Silica  and  suspended  clay 

Organic  matter  and  ammonia 

Total 
Gas. — Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  undetermined. 


Grains. 
0.50 
0.80 
2.20 
0.04 
0.30 
0.05 
0.05 

trace. 
0.05 
0.04 
1.10 
0.08 


STBIBLINa   SPBINGS. 

(For  location,  access,  etc.,  see  description  of  these  springs  under"  Cha* 
tTBEATE  Waters.") 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (No.  II.,  D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D.) : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa          .       "     .            .            .  0.093 

Carbonate  of  soda        .....  0.780 

Carbonate  of  magnesia       .            .            .            .  0.251 

.  Carbonate  of  iron        .....  0.016 

Carbonate  of  lime  .....  1,204 

Chloride  of  sodium      .....  0.080 

Sulphate  of  lime     .....  0.156 

Silicic  acid        ......  0.080 


Total 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid  . 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


2.660 
Cubic  in. 
1.80 
0.03 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


221 


TELLOW   SULPHUR   SPRINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — ^TcUow  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery  County, 
Virginia. 

Access* — From  the  north  via  Washington :  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manas- 
sas Railroad,  and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Christiansburg,  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty-four  miles  southwest  from  Washington ;  thence,  three  and  a 
half  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  From  the  south  and  southwest,  strike 
the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad;  thence  to  Christiansburg.  From  the 
west,  via  Huntington  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Charlottesville, 
junction  with  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad ;  thence  to  Christiansburg. 

Hoteli — ^Yellow  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (65°  Fahr.  Prof.  W.  M.  Gilham): 
Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron 


Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  alumina     . 
Sulphate  of  lime    . 
Phosphate  of  magnesia 
Phosphate  of  lime 
Organic  extractive  matter 

Total 

Oas. 
Carbonic  acid    . 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


0.173 
0.011 
1.080 
0.012 
0.009 
0.013 
0.093 
2.637 
0.397 
7.912 
0.001 
0.002 
0.466 

12.872 
Cubic  in. 
1.26 
undetermined. 


Properties, — ^These  are  fine  calcic-siilphur  waters,  with  an 
active  proportion  of  purging  sulphates. 

Memarhs. — ^These  springs  are  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  over  two  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  mountain-top  rfses  but  sixty 
feet  above  them.  Visitors  dwell  amid  the  most  beautiful  moun- 
tain scenery,  and  breathe  a  cool  and  bracing  atmosphere,  even 
during  the  heats  of  July  and  August.  Although  these  springs 
have  been  established  as  a  resort  but  a  few  years,  they  have 


\ 


222 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


met  with  the  favor  of  the  public.    Bishop  Madison,  as  long 
ago  as  1810,  highly  commended  them. 

The  proprietors  have  arranged  for  baths  of  any  tempera- 
ture desired. 

BTTFPALO    SPBINaS. 
Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— Buffalo  Springs,  Mecklenburg  County, 

leeess.— From  Richmond,  take  cars  on  Richmond  &  Danville  Railroad  to 
Scottsburg  Depot,  one  hundred  and  one  miles  southwest  of  Richmond  • 
thence,  fifteen  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  ' 

Hotel.— Buffalo  Springs. 

AN>XT8I8. 
One  pmt  contains : 

Chloride  of  sodium  .  .  ,T'' 

Chloride  of  magnesium  .  .  .      •  ^^.^^^ 

Sulphate  of  soda '      ^.les 

bulphate  of  magnesia  ...  .1 OOO 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron        .  .     '  *      0325 

Sulphate  of  lime  .  .  .  .      *  ^      ^^^^ 

Total 
GAS.  •  •     .       • 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

I'roperiies.-Although  the  above  analysis  is  very  imper- 
fect, still  It  enables  us,  in  some  measure,  to  estimate  its  prop- 
erties.  ^    ^ 

OOYNEB'S   SPRINaS. 

Location. — Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Post-Offiee.— Bonsacks,  Roanoke  County,  Virginia. 

Aecess.-Bonsack3  is  a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  twenty-six  mUes  southwest  from  Washington;  two  hundred 
and  eighty-six  miles  northeast  by  rail  from  KnoxviUe,  Tenn.  Springs  are 
one  mile  from  Bonsacks.  (By  giving  the  conductor  notice,  passengers  will 
be  left  at  the  sprmgs-platform,  only  two  hundred  yards  distant  from  the 
notel.) 

Hotel. — Coyner's  Springs. 
Analysis.— None  has  been  made. 

IlemarJcs.-2heve  are  five  springs  here,  the  principal  ones 
known  as  the  White,  the  Black,  and  the  Blue,  the  names  be- 


1.926 
Cubic  In. 
0.16 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


228 


ing  due  to  the  color  of  the  sediment  deposited  by  the  water. 
The  proximity  of  these  springs  to  the  main  lino  of  railroad 
from  the  Southwest  to  Washington  and  the  East,  together 
with  the  agreeable  surroundings,  renders  this  a  pleasant  rest- 
ing-plaoe  to  the  tired  traveller. 

EaaiiESTON'S   SPRINGS. 

Locatton  and  Post-Offlee.— Eggleaton's  Springs,  Giles  County,  Virginia. 

AeeesSt — From  Washington  via  Orango,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Central  (?),  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
four  miles  southwest ;  thence  forty-one  miles  north  to  the  springs. 

Hotelf— Eggleston's. 

Analysis. — None. 

Memarks. — ^These  springs  are  located  in  one  of  the  most 
attractive  mountain  districts  of  Virginia,  far  out  of  the  or- 
dinary course  of  travel,  and  on  this  account  all  the  more  inter- 
esting to  the  tourist.  New  River  here  bends  in  a  wide,  majes- 
tic curve,  over  which  towering  cliffs  of  gray-stone,  two  hundred 
and  ninety-five  feet  high,  cast  their  shadows.  The  river  has  a 
depth  at  this  point  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  A  few 
miles  distant  is  Peter's  Mountain  and  the  "  Narrows,"  where 
the  river  forces  its  way  through  a  ragged  defile  in  the  moun- 
tain. 

An  exceedingly  novel  and  romantic  way  of  reaching  the 
springs,  is  to  leave  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad  at  New 
River  Bridge,  and  float  twenty-five  miles  down  the  stream  in 
one  of  the  bateaux  which  ply  on  its  waters. 


BOTETOURT    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce. — Botetourt  Springs,  Roanoke  County,  Virginia. 
Aecessi — By  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad  to  Salem ;  thence  nine  miles 
by  turnpike. 

Analysis. — There  are  two  springs — one  sulphur,  one  cha- 
lybeate. 

JRemarJcs. — Some  thirty  years  ago  this  was  a  popular 
Bummer  resort,  and  deservedly  so,  both  on  account  of  the 


224 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


value  of  the  water,  the  beauty  of  the  scenery,  and  salubrity 
of  the  climate.  But  in  1843  the  property  was  purchased  by 
a  company,  and  converted  into  an  institute  for  young  ladies. 
From  the  name  of  its  principal  benefactor,  it  has  been  called 
the  "  Hollins  Institute."  It  lias  had  a  prosperous  career,  and 
is  now  in  charge  of  Prof.  Charles  L.  Cocke,  A.  M. 


COLD    WHITE    SULPHUR    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Oiflce.— Gold  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Rockbridge 
County,  Virginia. 

Access* — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight 
miles  southwest ;  thence  by  stage  two  miles  to  sprmgs.  From  Richmond  via 
Oordonsville,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eighty  miles  to  Goshen.  From  West  via 
Oiucinnati  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east,  on  the  Ohio 
River ;  tbQuce,  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to  Goshen,  two  hundred  and 
fifty-one  miles  southeast. 

Hotel.— Cold  White  Sulphur. 

Analysis. — None.    The  teftiperature  of  the  water  is  57^° 
Fahr.,  and  the  flow  five  gallons  per  minute. 


MONTGOUERT   WHITE   SULPHUR   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce  Address. — White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery 
County,  Virginia.  • 

Access. — ^Visitors  from  North  or  South  should  buy  tickets  to  Big  Tunnel, 
a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  fifty-nine 
miles  southwest  of  Washington ;  thence  by  tramway.     . 

Botel. — Montgomery  White  Sulphur. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — ^These  are  decidedly  sulphurous  waters,  appli- 
cable to  those  diseases  which  are  advantageously  treated  by 
waters  of  this  class.  They  are  well  located,  and  are  a  desira- 
ble place  of  resort. 


FAUaUIER   WHITE   SULPHUR   SPRINGS.     . 

Location. — Fauquier  County,  Virginia. 
Post'Offlce. . 

Access. — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 


SULPUUR-WATERa 


225 


to  Warrenton  Junction,  forty-seven  miles  west ;   thence  by  Warringtoo 
Branch  Railroad  and  stage,  total  distance  about  flfty^ix  miles. 
Hotel. — (Burned  during  the  war.) 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  evoi 
been  made.     Temperature  56°  Fahr. 

Properties.— Tlxe  water  is  purgative  and  diuretic. 

Bemarks. — Previous  to  the  war  this  was  an  exceedingly 
fashionable  resort.  The  waters  seem  to  possess  decided  value, 
and  it  may  again  be  improved  by  suitable  accommodations. 

HTJaTTENOT   SPBINQS. 

I  OMtlon. — Powhatan  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — Seventeen  miles  from  Richmond.  . 

Hotel. — Huguenot  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  be^en  made.  Prof. 
Rogers  found  it  contained  the  usual  ingredients  of  sulphur 
waters  in  small  proportion. 

Bemarks. — The  springs  are  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
they  rise  on  a  tract  of  land  granted  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  a  band  of  Huguenot  refugees  in  1685.  The  waters 
are  considerably  resorted  to  by  citizens  of  Petersburg  afid 
Richmond. '  On  the  same  ground  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring. 


BTTHNEIl'S   SPRINas. 

Location  and  Post-office.— Burner's  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— Prom  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
to  Woodstoclc,  one  hundred  and  one  miles  west ;  thence  via  stage,  eight 
miles,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Burner's  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Bemarks. — These  springs,  seven  in  number,  and  therefore 
sometimes  called  Seven  Fountains^  are  situated  at  the  western 
base  of  the  Massanutten  Mountain.  The  springs  are  known 
as  the  Blue  and  the  White  Sulphur-waters,  the  Willow,  the 
Chalybeate,  etc.  The  location  of  this  resort  is  exceedingly 
beautiful. 


flse 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 
BOANOKE   BED   BXTLPMJJIL   8PBIN08. 


Locatloilt — Roanoko  County,  Virginia. 
Po8t-Offle«. . 

iMesg.— From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  ManaHsas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  k  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Salem,  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
iniIo»  southwest ;  thence  ten  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel.— Red  Sulphur. 

Analyaia. — None. 

Memarka.— These  waters  deposit  a  red  sediment,  and  were 
so  named  from  this  fact.  In  medical  action  they  are  supposed 
to  resemble  the  old  Red  Sulphur-Springs  of  Monroe  County. 

DAQQAB'S    SPRINQ. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Daggar's  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

ieeess.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  k  Manassas  Railroad 
and  Virginia  k  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Buford's,  two  hundred  and  fifteen  miles 
southwest;  thence  by  stage,  twenty -eight  miles. 

Hotel. — Springs. 

Analysis. — None.     It  is  a  mild  sulphur-water. 

Remarks. — This  resort  was  opened  forty  years  ago,  by  Mr. 
Daggar,  from  whose  hands  it  passed  to  J.  W.  Dibrell,  and  is, 
therefore,  sometimes  called  DibrelVs  Spring.  It  is  a  favorite 
resort  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  surrounding  country. 

GRAYSON   SUIiPHUB   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce.— Grayson  Sulphur  Springs,  Carroll  County, 
Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  k  Manassas  Railroad 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Raikoad,  to  Wytheville,  three  hundred  and  thirteen 
miles  southwest ;  thence,  twenty  miles  southeast  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Grayson  Sulphur. 

Analysis. . 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  situated  to  the  west  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  and  on  the  banks  of  New  River.  The  surround- 
ing scenery  is  exceptionally  beautiful  Many  years  before 
they  were  improved,  the  neighboring  inhabitants  resorted  here 
during  the  summer  season.  Since  the  hotel  was  built,  the 
springs  have  received  considerable  patronage. 


SULPUUa.WATEBa 


OREBNBBIBB   WHITE   StJLPHUB   SPBINQS. 


229 


Loeatlon  and  Post-OlTlce.— Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Sprbgs,  Oreonbrior 
County,  West  Virginia. 

Access.— White  Hulplmr  Sprinfia  is  a  station  on  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  twenty-scvon  miles  weat  from  Richmond,  and  one 
hundred  and  ninety-two  miles  eaat  from  Huntington,  a  point  on  the  Ohio 
River  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east  of  Cincinnati.  From  Washing- 
ton,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohro 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  miles. 

Hoteh — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. » 


On*  pint  conUInn — 

Prof.  A.  A.  lUysi. 
«3*  Knhr. 

Prof.  W.  D  Rogw. 
63°  Fahr. 

Solids, 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Qntlni. 
6.'884 

6!i26 

4!42T 
1).7U4 

0.482 

Grnliii. 
0.146 
0.441 
0.065 
0.020 
0.008 
1.1(» 
2.379 
9.143 
0.003 
0.010 
trace, 
undetermined. 
0.001 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  majfnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

Protosulphato  of  Iron 

Earthy  phosphates 

Iodine  (combined  with  sodium  or  maffnesium) 

Organic  matter ' 

Silicates  (silicate  of  potassa,  of  soda,  of  m'agnesia,  and'a 
trace  of  oxide  of  iron)  

Total 

*  .  •  • 

Gabes. 
Carbonic  acid 

16.207 

Cublo  In. 
1.41 
0.08 
0.06 
0.83 

18.394 
Cubic  In. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Oxygen ;.     _       

Nitrogen 

1.06 
0,8T 
0.05 
0.04 

Flow,  thirty  gallons  per  minute. 

I^roperties.— These  waters,  so  well  known  in  the  United 
States,  very  much  resemble  the  celebrated  cold  sulphur^ waters 
of  Nenndorf,  in  Electoral  Hesse.  The  combination  of  the  purg- 
ing sulphates,  the  salts  of  lime,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  in 
the  same  water,  is  a  valuable  one,  and  gives  to  the  water  a  wide 
range  of  application;  though  its  effects  in  a  given  disease  may 
not  be  so  decided  as  that  of  a  water  containing  a  larger 
proportion  of  one  of  the  constituents,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
remainder.     It  is  an  excellent  aperient  and  alterative  sulphur- 

»  Five  minutes'  walk  southward,  from  the  sulphur-spring,  ie  a  chalybeate  spring 
11 


228 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


water,  possessing  certain  action  on  the  kidneys.  The  diseases 
to  which  it  is  applicable  are,  engorgements  of  the  livery  dar- 
trous  akin-diseaseSy  chronic  poisoning  by  metals^  diseases  of 
the  bladder,  as  catarrh  and  gravel ;  and,  as  an  adjuvant,  in  the 
treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis.  As  a  result  of 
its  action  on  the  liver,  it  relieves  dyspepsias  and  Jaundice,  due 
to  congestion  of  this  organ.  In  dyspepsias  associated  with 
obstinate  constipation  it  also  proves  valuable.  In  many  of 
these  diseases  the  warm  or  hot  bath  should  be  combined  with 
the  internal  use  of  the  water.  For  this  purpose  the  proprie- 
tors have  erected  a  number  of  well-arranged  baths,  the  '■  ;  er 
being  heated  in  the  tub  by  steam,  a  method  much  preferable 
to  that  of  heating  in  tahks  and  thence  drawing  to  the  bath. 

In  conversation  with  Dr.  Moorman,  resident  physician  at 
the  springs,  he  informed  me  that  the  water  is  decidedly  in- 
jurious in  scirrhus  of  the  stomach,  organic  disease  of  the 
heart,  and  phthisis  pulmonalis.  He  also  states  that,  in  using 
the  water  in  urinary  affections,  its  action  should  be  carefully 
scrutinized,  in  order  that  irritation  be  not  produced,  and  copi- 
ous diuresis  should  never  be  sought. 

Usually  this  water  decreases  the  number  of  beats  of  a 
rapid  pulse,  by  allaying  the  diseased  conditions  on  which  the 
excited  circulation  depends ;  and  it  is  a  rule,  that  it  never 
proves  beneficial  when  it  perseveringly  excites  the  frequency 
of  the  circulation.^ 

For  general  use  the  water  should  be  taken  in  the  quantity 
of  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day.  For  the  purpose  of  pur- 
gation, three  glasses  an  hour  before  breakfast  and  three 
glasses  an  hour  before  dinner. 

Hemarhs.— These  springs  are  the  Mecca  of  all  Virginia 
tourists,  the  resort  of  the  gay  and  fashionable,  a  place  where 
pleasure-seeking  reigns  supreme.  They  are  located  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley,  near  the  summit  of  the  Greenbrier  Mountains, 
nearly  two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea.  Within  this  valley, 
overlooked  by  mountain-summits,  we  behold  the  magnificent 
hotel,  with  its  extended,  white-columned  porticos.    In  front,  the 

»  Moorman,  "Mineral  Waters  of  tHe  United  States  and  Canada,"  p.  119. 


SULPHUR-WATEBS. 


229 


broad  lawn  spreads  out  before  us,  interwoven  by  various  wind- 
ing  walks.     Encompassing  the  lawn  on  either  side  are  long 
lines  of  shining  white  cottages,  embowered  beneath  the  shade  of 
ancient  oaks;  while,  at  the  distant  extremity,  the  famous  spring 
bubbles  beneath  a  pavilion.    Taking  one  of  the  by-paths,  to 
the  right  from  the  lawn,  we  soon  find  ourselves  in  the  roman- 
tic "Lovers' Maze."    Here,  under  a  dense  shade  of  forest- 
trees,  obscurely-winding  paths  lead  in  every  direction,  amid  a 
thick  growth  of  laurel,  till  one  is  completely  lost.     At  various 
points  we  find  ourselves  at  the  edge  of  a  precipitous  declivity^ 
whence  extended  views  may  be  had  of  the  deep  vaUey  below, 
and  the  mountain-ranges  in  the  distance.     And  over  the  natu- 
ral beauties  of  the  place  the  "season"   hrows  a  spell  of  life 
and  revelry.     Ladies  and  gentlemen  throng  the  porticos,  pass 
and  repass  across  the  lawns,  and  each  embowered  seat  in  the 
"  Lovers'  Maze  "  has  its  appropriate  occupants.     One  wakes 
drowsily  at  mom,  and  lounges  through  the  day,  only  to  pre- 
pare for  the  brilliant  scenes  of  the  levee  and  ballroom. 


SALT   SULPHUR   SPRIiras. 

Loeatlon  and  Post-Offlce.-Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County  West 
Virginia. 

Aceess.--From  the  north  go  to  Washington ;  thence  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
&  Manassas  Railroad,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alderson's  Sta- 
tion, two  hundred  and  forty-nine  miles  west  from  Richmond ;  thence  about  fif- 
teen  miles  south.  Or,  leave  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  at  Alleghany  Station  • 
thence  via  Sweet  Springs,  twenty-nine  miles,  to  the  springs.  From  the  west' 
via  Cincinnati  to  Huntington,  a  point  on  the  Ohio  River,  one  hundred  and 
sixty.five  miles  east;  thence  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to  Alderson's 
one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  southeast.    {See  Analysis,  page  230.)  ' 

I^opertie8.--The8e  waters  are  alkaline  in  reaction,  and 
somewhat  bitter  to  the  taste.  They  contain  an  active  propor- 
tion of  purging  sulphates,  and  are  valuable  waters.  The 
Iodine  Spring,  according  to  the  analysis,  much  resembles  the 
waters  of  Challes,  in  Savoy,  both  containing  similar  salts,  and 
the  unusual  ingredients,  in  sulphur-waters,  of  iodine  and  bro- 
nnne.     These  waters  are  applicable  to  engorgements  of  the 


nr 


230 


MINERAL  SFRINQS. 


ANALYSIS. 

Old  Sprinf^, 

49°  F»l»r.  to  Be"  F»Iir. 

Prof.  W.  B.  Rogen. 

Iodine  Sprini;, 

SBj"  F»hr. 

D.  Stewart,  M.  D. 

Solids. 
r«ArhoTifitfi  of  notassa  *• 

Gmlni. 

0.414 
1.2S3 
0.197 
0.033 
0007 
2.796 
2.276 
10.613 
0.012 
trace. 

trace. 
1.155 

Ontini. 
0.291 

1.860 

0.875 

Carbonate  of  lime       •■** 

4.126 

Chloride  of  Rodiiim          .    . 

0.188 

Chloride  of  macrnesium 

0.035 

Chloride  of  GalGium ...!•••• 

0.070 

Htilnhafce  of  soda.       : ....- 

8.000 

Sulnhate  of  mamesia 

2.500 

8.500 

Peroxide  of  iron. 

0.183 

0.079 

Bromine. ........    .   

0.081 

Silicic  acid         

0.220 

Alumina 

0.023 

0.091 

Onranic  matter  fwith  sulohar^ 

Total    

18.785 

Cubic  in. 
1.66 
0.43 

21.561 

Gases. 
Oarboiiic  acid 

Cubic  in.  • 
4.82 

Sulnhuretted  hvdrocren 

2.39 

Uver^  dartrous  sJcin-diseases^  and  chronic  metallic  poisoning. 
The  waters  of  the  Iodine  Spring  are  said  to  prove  especially 
beneficial  in  cases  of  scrofula  and  syphilis. 

There  are  facilities  for  employing  the  water  in  the  form  of 
warm  baths. 

JRemarks, — North  of  the  Iodine  and  Salt  Sulphur  Spring 
is  another  water  known  as  the  Sweet  Sulphur  Spring,  the  first 
discovered  of  the  group,  but  for  many  years  neglected.  It  is 
lower  in"  temperature,  and  more  pleasant  to  the  taste  than  the 
other  waters,  and,  when  they  prove  too  cathartic  in  action, 
may  be  temporarily  substituted.  The  name  salt  applied  to 
these  waters  is  inappropriate,  as  it  conveys  a  wrong  impres- 
sion of  their  constituents. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  a  charming  valley  on  the 
banks  of  the  Indian  Creek,  and  are  shut  in  on  every  side  by 
hills  and  mountain-summits.  Eight  miles  distant  to  the 
southeast  the  graceful  outlines  of  Peter's  Mountain  are  seen, 
while  Swope's  Mountain  is  but  two  miles  distant  to  the  north- 
west. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


231 


BED   STTLPHTm   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County  West 
Virginia.  * 

Access.— From  the  North  go  to  Washington ;  thence  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
&  Manassas  Railroad,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alderson's,  two 

hundred  and  sixty-nine  miles  west  from  Washington ;  thence  miles 

eouthwest.  Prom  south  and  southwest,  go  to  Dublin  Depot,  two  hundred  and 
eighty-two  miles  southwest  from  Washington,  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee 
Railroad ;  thence  thirty-eight  miles  north  by  stage.  From  west,  via  Cincin- 
nati and  Ohio  River  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east; 
thence  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to 

Alderson's ;  thence miles  south. 

Hotel) — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contams,     (64°  Fahr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.) : 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia  .... 
Carbonate  of  lime    . 

•  ■  •  •  » 

Sulphate  of  soda      '      . 
Sulphate  of  lime       .... 
Sulphur  compound  (organic  matter,  W.) 
Silicious  and  earthy  matter 

Total 

Gases. 

Carbonic  acid 

•  •  .  . 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen ..... 

This  analysis,  having  been  made  from  water  sent  to  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  is  not  an  index  of  the  quantity  of  gas  as  it  exists 
at  the  spring.  There  it  evolves  considerable  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen. 

The  chemical  character  of  the  sulphur  compound  is  given 
by  Prof.  Hayes,*  as  follows : 

1.  When  separated  from  a  solution  by  evaporation  or  by 
drying  from  a  gelatinous  state,  it  forms  greasy  films,  which  do 
not  darken  solutions  of  lead  or  copper. 

2.  In  pure  water  they  slowly  dissolve,  and  the  solution 
gives  salts  of  the  compound  with  the  bases. 


»  Burke  on  the  "  Virginia  Springs,"  p.  101. 


232 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


3.  Solution  of  carbonate  of  soda  dissolves  them,  and  a 
fluid  results  which  froths  by  agitation. 

4.  In  caustic  solutions  of  alkalies  the  films  dissolve,  and  the 
solutions  are  slightly  yellow-colored.  These  solutions  have 
the  peculiar  odor  of  soap-lyes.  They  do  not  blacken  metals, 
nor  color  metallic  solutions.  Acids  decompose  the  solutions, 
and  the  sulphur  compound  separates  in  the  form  of  a  bulky 
jelly  generally ;  some  oxyacids,  giving  flocks. 

5.  Nitric  acid  dissolves  the  films,  and  the  salts  of  baryta 
and  lead  do  not  indicate  the  presence  of  sulphuric  acid.  On 
heating  the  solution  a  yellow  matter  separates,  which  resem- 
bles that  produced  by  acting  on  azotized  bodies  by  this  agent ; 
sulphuric  acid  is  thus  produced,  and  the  yellow  precipitate  re- 
quires a  large  proportion  of  nitric  acid  for  its  complete  oxida- 
tion. The  result  of  this  action  is  an  acid  which  gives  a  deep- 
yellow  color  with  ammonia  in  excess. 

6.  Chlorine  in  muriatic  acid  separates  from  the  sulphur 
compound  some  white  flakes,  which  are  finally  oxidized,  and 
a  colorless  solution  formed,  in  which  sulphuric  acid  exists. 

7.  Alcohol  did  not  dissolve  the  compound. 

In  another  portion  of  his  report,  Prof.  Hayes  says :  "  The 
peculiar  sulphur  compound  which  forms  a  part  of  the  saline 
contents  of  this  water  has  never  been  described,*  if  it  has  ever 
before  been  met  with ;  while  in  the  natural  state,  and  out  of 
contact  with  atmospheric  air,  it  is  dissolved  in  the  water,  and 
forms  a  permanent  solution.  Air,  acids,  and  other  agents, 
separate  it  from  the  water  in  the  form  of  a  jelly,  and  alkaline 
carbonates,  alkalies,  water,  and  other  agents,  redissolve  it. 
It  has  no  acid  action  on  test-fluids,  but  bears  thpt  character 
with  bases,  and  forms  compounds  analogous  to  salts.  In  its 
decomposition  ammonia  is  formed,  and  hydro-sulphuric  acid  is 
liberated ;  or,  if  heat  be  employed  in  the  experiment,  sulphur 
is  separated.  It  combines  with  the  oxide  of  silver,  and  forms 
a  salt  of  a  reddish-purple  color,  in  the  form  of  a  flocculent 
precipitate,  which  dissolves  in  pure  water ;  with  the  oxide  of 
lead  a  yellowish-white  powder,  and  with  the  oxide  of  copper  a 


11842. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


238 


pale-blue  salt  in  fine  powder.  In  these  compounds  it  remains 
unaltered,  and  may  be  separated  from  them  and  transferred  to 
other  bases.  Mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  water,  and  ex- 
posed to  a  temperature  of  80°  Fahr.,  it  decomposes,  and  emits 
a  most  offensive  odor  of  putrefying  matter  with  hydro-sul- 
phuric acid." 

The  red  deposit  which  occurs  in  the  springs  is  considered 
by  Prof.  Hayes  to  be  an  algoid  growth  from  the  viscid  deposit 
of  the  sulphur-compound. 

Properties.—As  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis,  this  water 
contains  but  a  small  proportion  of  saline  constituents,  the 
chief  ingredient  being  the  sulphur-compound.  This  sub- 
stance, in  many  of  its  reactions,  resembles  hydrosin  or  the 
soluble  organic  matter  of  sulphur-waters,  though  the  num- 
ber of  corresponding  tests  are  not  sufficient  to  establish  the 
identity.* 

The  action  of  these  waters,  taken  internally,  is  decidedly 
sedative.  In  corroboration  of  this  fact  wo  may  give  the  testi- 
mony of  Dr.  Jos.  Scott.  He  went  to  the  springs  with  a  pulse 
which,  for  some  months,  had  ranged  from  100  to  110,  accom- 
panied with  occasional  cough  and  hsemorrhage  from  the  luno-s. 
He  drank  the  first  day  four  pints,  the  second  day  six  pints,  the 
third  day  eight  pints.  On  the  third  day  the  pulse  fell  to  70 
in  the  morning,  and  80  to  84  in  the  evening,  and  so  continued 
while  using  the  water.  Dr.  Henry  Huntt  arrived  at  the 
springs  with  pulse  115,  cough  and  pulmonary  hjemorrhage. 
He  confined  himself  to  low  diet,  and  drank  six  glasses  of  the 
water  during  the  day— two  before  breakfast,  one  at  eleven  a. 
M.,  one  at  five  p.  m.,  and  two  at  bedtime.  In  ten  days  the 
pulse  was  reduced  to  78.  Dr.  Woodville,  of  the  Sweet 
Springs,  tells  me  he  has  experienced  the  sedative  action  of 
the  water  on  the  heart  in  his  own  person  when  in  a  state  of 
health. 

This  water  seems  to  possess  a  peculiar  tendency  toward 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lungs,  allaying  irritation  and 

^    »  Compare  Honry-,  "Analyse  CJhlmique  das  F-a-.-.s  Minerales,"  p.  -l&l,  Paris,  1353.    Also 
'Nouveau  Dictionnaire  de  M6diclne  et  de  Chlrurgle,"  tome  xil.,  p.  240,  Paris,  1870. 


234 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


diminishing  expectoration.  It  also  acts  on  the  intestines  and 
kidneys.  In  small  quantities  it  is  cathartic^  in  larger  quan- 
tities diuretic.  According  to  Dr.  Huntt,  its  beneficial  elfects 
are  most  decided  when  it  acts  freely  on  the  kidneys.  The 
water  should  first  be  taken  in  moderate  quantities — two  or 
three  glasses  each  day — and  gradually  increased  till  diuretic 
action  is  produced.  The  time  recommended  for  taking  the 
principal  draughts  is  at  bedtime  and  before  breakfast,  an  ad- 
ditional glass  being  taken  once  or  twice  through  the  day. 

The  water  by  its  sedative  action  proves  hypnotic  in  some 
oases. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  water  proves  decidedly  beneficial 
are  chronic  bronchitis^  chronic  pharyngitis^  and  chronic  laryn- 
gitis. In  these  diseases  they  equal,  if  not  surpass,  any  known 
waters.  It  has  iilso  given  temporary  relifif  in  cases  of  phthisis 
pulmonalis  of  the  chronic  form,  not  by  any  specific  curative 
influence,  but  in  its  action  in  allaying  congestion  and  irritation 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lungs. 

ItemarJcs. — These  springs  are  beautifully  situated  on  In- 
dian Creek,  at  the  edge  of  a  mountain-enclosed  plain.  The 
mountains,  rising  on  either  side,  are  clothed  to  the  summit 
with  the  pine.  The  approach  is  by  roads  that  lead  through 
most  charming  scenery. 


BliXTX:  STTLFHXTB  SFItlNQS. 

Loeatlon. — Greenbrier  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access. — ^From  Greenbrier  "White  Sulphur  Springs,  a  station  on  the  Chesa- 
peake &  Ohio  Railroad,  twenty-three  miles  west  by  stage. 
Hotel.— (Burned.) 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks, — ^This  was  once  a  well-improved  spring,  and  may 
at  some  future  time  again  be  a  place  of  resort. 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


CHALYBEATE      WATEES. 


These  springs,  as  the  name  indicates,  are  strongly  impreg- 
nated with  iron,  or  iron  is  the  principal  active  ingredient. 
This  last  clause  is  added,  inasmuch  as  some  waters  may  not 
contain  an  exceedingly  large  proportion  of  iron,  yet,  owing  to 
absence  of  other  salts,  this  is  the  predominant  agent.  In 
each  class  of  waters,  springs  are  found  containing  iron ;  in- 
deed, there  are  not  many  that  do  not  contain  it  in  some  pro- 
portion. The  iron  is  usually  found  as  a  bicarbonate,  though 
in  some  instances,  in  which  sulphuric  acid  is  in  excess,  it  exists 
as  a  sulphate. 

Waters  of  this  class  are  usually  limpid  and  devoid  of  odor. 
They  have  an  astringent  and  inky  taste  if  the  iron  is  present 
in  large  quantity,  but,  if  the  water  be  highly  charged  with 
carbonic-acid  gas,  this  taste  is  disguised. 

The  effect  of  iron-waters  is  to  increase  the  appetite,  pro- 
mote digestion,  stimulate  the^  activity  of  the  heart,  and  red- 
den the  blood.  ■ 

The  chalybeate  waters  whiph  prove  most  valuable  are 
those  containing  a  large  amount  of  carbonic-acid  gas  and  but 
a  small  proportion  of  other  constituents. 

Pure  acidulous  chalybeates  prove  of  exceeding  benefit  in 
cases  of  anaemia  and  chlorosis.  And  not  only  are  they  used 
in  cases  in  which  a  deficiency  in  redness  of  the  blood-globules 
is  the  prominent  indication :  they  are  also  valuable  as  an 
adjunct  to  treatment  by  other  waters.  It  is  not  unfrequent 
for  patients,  who  have  undergone  a  course  of  alterative  treat- 
ment, to  be  sent  to  springs  of  this  class  as  an  appropriate 


236 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


termination.  These  waters  are  also  useful  in  cases  of  indi- 
gestion, amenorrhoea,  dysmenorrhoea,  hysteria,  paralysis,  and 
sterility,  in  which  anaemia  is  a  prominent  indication. 

Many  waters  containing  considerable  iron  are  also  strongly 
impregnated  with  saline  (chloride  of  sodium)  or  alkaline  con- 
stituents, and  may  be  termed  aaUne-chalyheates  or  alkaline^ 
chcUybeates.  Tliey  will  be  found  under  the  class  Saline  or 
Alkaline  Waters.  It  need  hardly  be  added  that,  in  prescrib- 
ing these  chalybeates,  we  apply  them  to  those  anoBinio  cases 
in  which  the  other  constituents  of  the  spring  arc  especially 
applicable. 

The  so-called  Alum  Waters  of  Virginia  have  been  included 
in  this  class,  inasmuch  as  iron  is  one  of  the  most  prominent 
constituents.  Of  all  the  mineral  waters  these  are  among  the 
most  decided  in  the  curative  eflFect.  The  peculiarity  of  these 
waters  consists  in  the  large  proportion  of  alumina  and  the 
presence  of  free  sulphuric  acid ;  the  last-named  ingredient  oc- 
curring in  only  two  or  three  places  in  this  country  outside  of 
Virginia,  as  at  the  Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs,  New  York,  and 
the  Tuscarora  Acid  Springs,  Canada.  These  waters  are  of  a 
yellowish  tint,  and  have  a  strongly  astringent,  accompanied 
with  a  styptic  taste.     In  temperature  they  are  cold. 

In  what  manner  these  waters  prove  efficacious — whether 
by  the  peculiar  combination  of  alum  with  other  ipr^redients, 
or  by  some  undiscovered  agent — is  unknown.  It  is  worthy 
of  notice  that,  while  from  the  chemical  character  of  the  water 
we  should  expect  an  astringent  action,  the  fact  is  that  they 
frequently  act  as  a  mild  cathartic.  The  diseases  in  which  they 
are  curative  are  scrofula  in  all  of  its  forms,  and  chronic  diar- 
rhoea^ except  cases  accompanied  with  considerable  congestion 
of  the  mucous  membranes  and  liver.  They  are  also  decidedly 
beneficial  in  chronic  eczema  and  leucorrhoea^  occurring  in  scrof- 
ulous individuals. 

BAIIiET    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Bailey  Springs,  Lauderdale  County,  Alabama. 
Access* — Go  to  Tuscumbia,  a  station  on  the  Memphis  &  Charleston  Rail- 
road, one  liUudfcd  and  forty-five  miles  cast  from  Memphis,  one  hundred  and 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS! 


237 


flixty-four  miles  west  from  Chattanooga,  flfty-two  miles  east  fiom  Corinth, 
and  forty-three  miles  west  from  Decatur ;  thence,  via  Florence  Branch,  to 
Florence,  forty  minutes ;  thence,  nine  miles  northeast,  by  stage. 
DoMt — Bailey  Springs. 

Analysis. — The  following  qualitative  analyses  have  been 
made: 


Rock  Spring. 

(Prof.  Tuomey.) 
Carbonate  of  potassa  (traces). . 
Carbonate  of  soda. 
Carbonate  of  iron. 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Sulphur,  perhaps  combined  with  soda. 


Chalybeate  Sfrino. 
(Dr.  Curry.) 
Carbonate  of  potassa. 
Carbonate  of  soda. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Oxide  of  iron. 
Carbonic-acid  gas. 
Sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas. 

Accompanying  his  analysis,  Prof.  Tuomey  says :  "  I  regret 
that  I  had  it  not  in  my  power  to  make  a  quantitative  analysis 
of  this  far-famed  water.  My  analysis  was  conducted,  however, 
with  as  much  care  as  possible ;  yet  it  is  proper  to  state  that, 
under  favorable  circumstances,  an  analysis  in  which  a  large 
quantity  of  water  could  be  used  might  develop  other  ingredi- 
ents in  addition  to  those  given. 

"  The  iron  is  in  greater  abundance  than  would  appear  from 
the  deposit  below  the  outlet  of  the  spring.  It  is  even  thrown 
down  slowly  during  the  process  of  concentration  by  boiling. 

"  The  prominent  ingredients  are  carbonic  acid,  iron,  and 
soda." 

Properties. — These  waters  are  alkaline-chalybeate,  and  we 
would  expect  them  to  prove  useful  in  a  number  of  diseases. 
Dr.  H.  A.  Moody  informs  me  that  they  have  proved  especially 
beneficial  in  scrofula  and  dropsy,  the  latter  more  particularly 
when  associated  with  disease  of  the  kidneys,  or  enlargement 
of  the  liver  or  spleen.  Dropsy  being  but  a  symptom  of  some 
other  disease,  they  act  in  this  respect  as  a  palliative  by  diure- 
sis. Tn  leucorrhoea,  amenorrhoea,  dysmenorrhma,  and  irrita- 
bility of  the  bladder,  they  are  said  to  prove  of  service. 

BemarJes. — These  springs  are  situated  in  a  fertile  and  roll- 
ing country.     The  hotel  is  on  the  summit  of  a  semicircular 


238 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


hill,  horseshoe  in  form ;  and  in  the  valley,  under  cover  of  a 
shed,  are  the  springs,  five  in  number — the  Hock,  the  Chalybe- 
ate, the  Soda,  the  Ah' :-,  .';<d  the  Freestone. 

A  short  distance  ipMn  ilie  springs  is  Shoal  Creek,  where 
curious  Indian  roinaina  may  be  seen ;  and  those  fond  of  sport 
may  amuse  thcn.selves  with  fishing.  Muscle  Shoals,  six  miles 
distant,  present  a  series  of  broken  water-falls,  the  roar  from 
which  may  be  hoard  for  several  miles. 


FBY'S    SODA   SPRING. 

Location. — Siskiyou  County,  California. 

Access. — Go  to  Sacramento  ;  thence,  by  Oregon  division  of  Central  racifio 
Railroad,  to  Red  Bluft";  thenco  by  stage,  about  ninety  miles,  to  the  spring. 
The  Oregon  Railroad,  when  iinis^hed,  will  pass  within  half  a  mile  of  the  spring. 

llotel. — Fry's  Soda  Springs. 

Analysis. — "  The  water  is  a  chalybeate,  there  being  an  ex- 
tensive ferruginous  deposit  around  the  spring ;  it  is  also  high- 
ly impregnated  with  carbonic  acid,  sparkling  like  soda-water. 
The  temperature  of  the  water  was  52°  Fahr.  in  Sept(^niber, 
1863."  ' 

MemarJcs. — These  springs  are  located  at  the  bottom  of  the 
canon  of  the  Upper  Sacramento,  at  an  elevation  of  two  thou- 
sand three  hundred  and  sixty-three  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
sides  of  the  gorge  are  studded  to  the  summit  with  pine,  fir, 
and  cedar,  while  the  banks  of  the  river  are  beautiful  with  the 
"  vivid  incessant  green  "  of  the  eternal  spring  which  rules  in 
California.  Here  we  are  but  a  short  distance  from  the  base 
of  Mount  Shasta,  fourteen  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty 
feet  high,  almost  equal  in  altitude  to  Mont  Blanc. 

The  ascent  of  Mount  Shasta  is  most  readily  made  from 
this  side.  Persons  wishing  to  make  the  ascent,  procure 
horses  and  guides  at  Sisson's  Ranch,  eight  miles  from  the 
springs.  "  The  best  season  of  the  year  for  the  ascent  is  in 
July  or  August.  Before  July  the  snow  is  hardly  gone  from 
the  camping-ground  from  which  the  ascent  to  the  summit  and 
return  is  to  be  made  in  one  day,  and  after  that  month  the  in- 

»  "Geological  gurrey  of  CaUfomia,"  Tol.  1.,  p.  831. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


989 


oessant  fires  in  the  surrounding  forests  fill  the  air  with  smoke, 
and  take  away  all  distinctness  from  the  distant  view.  Tho 
plan  adopted  by  those  ascending  the  mountain  is  to  pass  the 
first  night  at  Camp  Ross,  near  the  line  of  perpetual  snow ; 
and  from  that  j)oint  to  start  sulficiently  early  to  keep  always 
on  the  hard-frozen  snow,  tho  heat  of  the  sun  by  mid-day  sol't- 
oning  it  nearly  to  tho  summit,  so  as  to  make  climbing  almost 
if  not  quite  impossible  ;  while  the  ascent  on  the  frozen  surface 
is  quite  easy,  especially  if  one  has  the  soles  of  his  boots  well 
provided  with  nails.  Our  party  started  at  3^^  A.  m.,  and 
reached  the  sunmiit  by  11^  a.  m.,  but  others,  not  encumbered 
as  we  were  by  barometers  and  instruments,  would  be  able  to 
make  the  ascent  in  considerably  less  time.  Of  courst;  a  night 
near  the  full  of  the  moon  is  preferable,  although  the  usual 
bright  starlight  of  the  summer  will  answer  to  enable  one  to 
pick  his  way  over  the  snow.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  Straw- 
berry Flat  in  season  to  camp  early  and  comfortably  at  the 
base  of  the  snow,  and  to  have  plenty  of  warm  clothing,  as  the 
temperature  at  an  altitude  of  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and 
twenty-nine  feet  will  probably  be  pretty  near  the  freezing- 
point  before  morning.  There  is  abundance  of  wood  and 
water  at  Camp  Ross,  and  the  trail  from  Strawberry  Flats 
sufficiently  good,  to  allow  those  wishing  to  save  their  strength, 
to  ride  the  whole  way."  * 


STAFFORD    SPRINGS. 

Loeatlon  and  Post'Oflice. — Stafford  Springs,  Tolland  County,  Connecticut. 

AeceS8« — Go  to  Willimantic,  thirty-two  milea  cast  of  Hartford,  on  tho 
Hartford,  Providence  &  Fishkill  Railroad  ;  thence  twenty  miles  north  to 
Stafford. 

Bfotelt — Stafford  Springs  House. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made.  In 
Trumbull's  "History  of  Connecticut"  (1818),  the  following 
occurs :  "  The  springs  are  two  in  number.  The  first  dis- 
covered contains  iron,  held  in  solution  by  the  carbonic  acid, 
or  fixed  air,  natron  or  native  alkali,  a  small  proportion  of  marine 
»  "Gteologlcai  Survey  of  California." 


240 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Bait,  iodine,  soda,  magnesia,  and  some  earthy  substances.  The 
other  is  charged  principally  with  hydrogen  gas  of  sulphur ; 
it  also  contains  a  very  minute  portion  of  iron.  The  spring 
first  discovered  has  been  pronounced  by  chemists  to  be  one  of 
the  best  chalybeate  springs  in  the  United  States."  Prof.  C 
U.  Shepard,  in  his  report  of  the  "  Geological  Survey  "  of  the 
State,  1837,  states  that  these  springs  are  "  the  most  impor- 
tant in  the  State.  No  escape  of  gas  perceptible.  Sides  of 
reservoir  were  lined  with  a  thick  flocculent  precipitate  of 
oxide  of  iron  caused  by  the  decomposition  of  the  carbonate 
of  iron  from  access  of  air." 

GREENOASTLE    SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce< — Qrecncastlc,  Putnam  County,  Indiana. 

Access. — Grecncastlo  ia  thirty-eight  miles  west  from  Indianapolin,  by 
either  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  or  St.  Louia,  Yandalia,  Terro  Haute 
&  Indianapolis  Railroad.  Also  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  miles  north 
from  Louisville,  by  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad. 

HotelSt — Jones  House,  Centre  House. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contalnr— 


SOLIDB. 

Cnrbonate  of  potassa 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  maffnosia 

Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  Iron. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  80<^,a 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Alumina 

Silicic  acid 

Loss,  and  undetermined 


Total. 


North  or  Doggy 

Spring, 

66*  Fohr. 


Onlni. 

0.011 

0.012 

0.588 

0,061 

1.819 

0.099 

0.017 

0.181 

0.020 

0.011 

0.012 


2.771 


Middle  or  Dew- 
drop  Spring, 
K3*  Fahr. 


Gnlni. 

0.009 

0.008 

0.667 

0.298 

1.486 

0.087 

0.012 

0.129 

0.009 

0.001 

0.028 


2.788 


Remarks. — There  is  another  spring  on  the  grounds,  known 
as  the  South  or  Diamond  Spring.  It  is  similar  to  those  of 
which  the  analysis  is  given. 


CATOOSA   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Catoosa  Springs,  Catoosa  County,  Georgia. 
icccsSt — Go  to  Ringgold,  a  station  on  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad, 


CHALYBKATE  WATERS. 


241 


twenty-two  miles  southeast  from  Chattanooga,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  milei 
northwest  of  Atlanta ;  thence  four  and  a  half  miles  cast,  by  stage,  to  the 
■prbgs. 

Hoteh — Catoosa  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  exact  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 
The  waters,  however,  are  reported  as  strongly  chalybeate. 
There  are  also  sulphur-waters  here.     {See  Appendix.) 

Remarka, — Tliere  are  very  many  springs  at  this  point,  all 
rising  within  the  space  of  tvvo  acres.  They  were  much  re- 
sorted to  before  the  war,  but  the  buildings  subsequently  needed 
repair.  Thoy  are,  however,  open  for  visitors,  and  are  being 
reimproved. 

MADISON   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Madison  Springs,  Madiaon  County,  Georgia. 

Access. — From  Augusta  via  Georgia  Railroad,  to  Union  Point,  seventy-six 
miles ;  thence,  via  Athens  Branch,  to  Athens,  three  and  a  half  hours  ;  thence 
by  stage. 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None. 


ESTHiL   SPRINaS,    KENTUCKY. 

(For  location,  etc.,  see  "  Estill  Springs,  Pcbgativk  Watj^s.") 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Peter) : 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia        . 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium       .  . 

Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 

Alumina  and  trace  of  phosphates 
Silica 
Organic  and  volatile  matter 

Total     . 
Gas. 
Carbonic  acid 


Grains. 
0.836 
0.238 
1.159 
0.066 
0.080 
0.087 
1.224 
2.084 
trace. 
0.233 
1.028 

6.629 
Cubic  In. 
4.16 


wmwanKMiWWi 


242 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


XNIGETSTOWN   SFBINQ. 

Loeation  and  Post-Offlce. — Kuightstown,  Henry  County,  Indiana. 

Access. — Enightstown  is  a  station  on  the  Indianapolis  &  Chicago  division 
of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  thirty-four  miles  east  of 
Indianapolis. 

Hotels. . 

Analysis. — No  complete  analysis  of  this  water  has  been 
made.  Dr.  T.  C.  Fox,  State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  in  a  letter 
to  the  author,  remarks :  "  From  a  qualitative  examination  of 
some  of  the  water  sent  to  my  office,  it  proved  to  be  almost  a 
pure  chalybeate,  having  only  about  twenty-five  grains  of  solid 
constituents  in  an  imperial  gallon,  mostly  calcic  and  magnesic 
salts." 

SCHXnrLER    COUNTY    SPRINGS. 

Location.— Schuyler  County,  Illinois. 

ANALYSIS.! 
One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Blaney) : 


Solids. 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Protosulphate  of  iron 
Silica     . 
Alkaline  sulphates 

Total    . 


Grains. 
O.S'ZS 
9.242 
8.745 
0.164 
0.979 

19,503 


Dr.  Blaney  remarks  that  the  water  "  has  an  acid  reaction, 
a  strong,  styptic  taste,  a  trace  of  organic  matter,  and  an  ob- 
scure trace  of  chlorides." 


HOPKINTON    SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Hopkinton,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Access. — From  Boston  to  Westborough,  a  station  on  the  Boston  &  Albany 
Railroad,  thirty -two  miles  west ;  thence,  about  three  .ailes  southeast. 
Eotel. 

Analysis. — The  waters  are  said  to  contain  carbonic  acid, 
carbonate  of  lime,  and  iron. 

»  "  Geology  of  TiHnois,''  vol.  iv.,  p.  89. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


243 


OWOSSO   SPBINa. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce< — Cwosso,  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan. 
Access. — Owosso  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  sev- 
enty-nine miles  northwest  from  Detroit. 
Ilotel* — National. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains : 
Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

« 

1.413 

Carbonate  of  iron         .            .            .            , 

.       1.443 

Carbonate  of  lime  .... 

. 

2.228 

Chlorides  of  sodium  and  potassium 

.      0.262 

Silica  and  alumina  . 

. 

0.077 

Total 


6.423 


Properties. — This  is  a  strong  chalybeate  water ;  but,  that 
the  proportion  of  iron  is  as  large  as  shown  in  the  analysis,  I 
very  much  doubt.     It  should  be  reanalyzed. 

MeniarJcs. — The  town  of  Owosso  is  situated  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad  and  the  Jackson, 
Lansing  &  Saginaw  Railroad.  The  population  is  over  two 
thousand. 

SCHOOLET'S  MOUNTAIN  SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office  Address. — Schooley's  Mountain,  Morris  County, 
New  Jersey. 

Access. — From  New  York  via  Morris  &  Essex  Railroad  to  Hackettstown, 
sixty-two  miles  west,  thence  two  and  one-half  miles  by  stage. 

Hotels. — Belmont  House,  Heath  House. 

Analysis. — None.     Said  to  be  a  pure  chalybeate. 

Remarhs. — ^This  is  an  exceedingly  popular  resort,  on  ac- 
count of  its  accessibility  and  the  beautj.  of  the  surrounding 
scenery. 

The  spring  issues  from  the  earth  near  the  summit  of  the 
mountain,  and  is  conveyed  some  distance  to  a  convenient 
place  by  pipes.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  50°  Fahr., 
the  taste  strongly  chalybeate.  The  water  contains  consider- 
able carbonic-acid  gas,  and,  for  this  reason,  is  acceptable  to 
the  stomach.  The  discharge  is  small — about  one-half  gallon 
per  minute. 


244 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


OOOPEB'S   WEIX. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Cooper's  Well,  Hinds  County,  Mississippi. 

iccess. — ^From  New  Orleans,  one  hundred  and  eighty-three  miles  north, 
via  New  Orleans,  Jackson  &  Great  Northern  Railroad,  to  Jackson ;  thence, 
twelve  miles  west,  by  stage. 


Hotel.— Cooper's  Well. 


One  pint  contains, 
Solids. 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium     . 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime  , 

Sulphate  of  alumina 
Peroxide  of  iron 
Crcnate  of  lime       . 
Silica    .  .  . 

Total 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid   . 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen 


ANALYSIS. 

(50°  Fahr.   Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith) : 

Grains. 
1.046 
0.435 


0.540 
0.076 
1.463 
2.910 
6.265 
0.765 
0.420 
0.039 
0.225 

13.183 

Cubic  In. 

4.0 

1.6 

4.6 


I^operties.— This  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  chalybeate 
water,  containing  a  proportion  of  purgative  salts,  and  bearing 
considerable  resemblance  to  the  waters  of  Booklet,  near  Kis- 
singen,  in  Bavaria.  This  combination  adapts  the  waters  to 
numerous  conditions  in  which  ancemia  is  associated  with  con- 
stipation or  abdominal  plethora.  It  is  found  exceedingly  val- 
uable in  certain  dyspepsias,  in  dropsy,  and  in  chlorosis.  In 
chronic  diarrhoea  this  water  has  long  enjoyed  high  repute. 
The  waters  act  as  a  diuretic  or  aperient,  according  to  the 
quantity  taken  and  the  mode  of  drinking. 

RemarTcs. — This  is  the  most  noted  mineral  water  in  Mis- 
sissippi, and  has  long  been  a  favorite  with  the  people  of  the 
Southern  country. 

The  artesian  well  whence  the  water  flows  is  one  hundred 


anu  scvL-u  luct  ucci 


;p,  U.UU  tnu  now  is  eAcecdiiigiy  abuiiduut. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


245 


OOEAN  SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Po9t-Offlc«« — Ocean  Springs,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi. 

Access. — Ocean  Springs  is  a  station  on  ttie  New  Orleans,  Mobile  &  Texas 
Railroad,  eighty-three  miles  east  from  New  Orleans,  and  fifty-seven  miles  west 
from  Mobile.  Or  the  springs  may  be  reached  by  coast-steamers  from  either 
New  Orleans  or  Mobile. 

Hotels. — Morris  House,  Egan  House. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint 
Solids. 

contains 

(J.L. 

Smith): 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  potassium 

t 

• 

• 

trace. 

Chloride  of  sodium 

• 

• 

• 

5.9'71 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

• 

• 

• 

0.621 

Chloride  of  calcium 

• 

• 

• 

0.485 

Protoxide  of  iron    . 

• 

• 

• 

0.689 

Iodine              .           . 

• 

• 

• 

trace. 

Alumina 

• 

• 

• 

trace. 

Organic  matter             . 

• 

• 

• 
• 

• 
• 

trace. 

Total 

7.666 

Oases. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid 

• 

• 

1.22 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

• 

• 

0.16 

— "  Geology  of  Mississippi." 

Properties. — This  water  is  a  saline-chalyheate,  abounding 
in  iron,  which  no  doubt  is  held  in  solution  in  the  form  of  a 
carbonate.  The  unusual  combination  of  chloride  of  sodium, 
carbonate  of  iron,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  especially  adapts 
it  to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  skin  allied  to  a  scrofulous 
diathesis. 

HemarJks. — The  name  of  these  springs  is  derived  from  their 
proximity  to  the  ocean,  the  beach  being  but  half  a  mile  distant, 
and  affording  ample  facility  for  sea-bathing.  The  springs  are 
much  resorted  to  by  citizens  of  New  Orleans  and  Mobile. 


OAK-OBCHABD  AOID  SPRINGS. 

Location. — Genesee  County,  New  York 
Post-Offlcc. — Medina,  Orleans  County,  New  York. 
AccesSt — Go  to  Medina,  a  station  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
forty  miles  west  of  Rochester,  thence  six  miles  south  by  carriage.     Or  go  to 


246 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Batavia,  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  thirty-two 
miles  west  of  Rochester,  thence  twelve  miles  north  by  carriage. 
Uotel.— {Closed.) 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (J.  R.  Chilton,  M.  D.) : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia         .                       .            .  1.036 
Sulphate  of  alumina      .....      1.210 

Sulphate  of  lime     .                                                 .  4.950 

Protosulphate  of  iron              .           .  .1 790 

Silica           .            .            .            .            .            .  0.130 

Organic  matter              .            .            .            ;  .      0.422 

Free  sulphuric  acid             .            .           .            .  10.370 

Total      ......     19.907 

Properties. — This  spring  is,  in  one  respect,  the  most  re- 
markable in  this  country.  The  occurrence  of  notable  quanti- 
ties of  sulphuric  acid  in  siDrings  in  a  free  state  is  exceedingly 
rare.  Only  two  other  springs  of  this  character  are  known  in 
this  country,  that  of  the  neighboring  town  of  Byron  in  the 
same  county,  and  the  Tuscarora  Sour  Spring  in  the  county  of 
Wentworth,  Canada.  None  of  the  kind  are  known  in  Europe. 
"  An  earth  somewhat  similar  to  that  found  in  Byron  is  said  to 
exist  in  great  quantities  at  a  village  called  Danlakie,  in  the 
south  of  Persia,  between  three  and  four  days'  journey  from 
Bushire,  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  natives  employ  it  as  a 
substitute  for  lemons  and  limes  in  making  their  sherbets." 
These,  with  Paramo  de  Ruiz  and  Rio  Vinagre,  New  Granada, 
South  America,  comprise  all  the  known  springs  containing 
free  sulphuric  acid  in  considerable  quantity. 

The  Oak-Orchard  water  has  been  used  with  advantage  in 
a  number  of  diseases.  Prof.  J.  H.  Armsby,  of  Albany,  says  : 
"  The  diseases  in  which  I  have  found  it  most  useful  are  as  fol- 
lows :  ill-conditioned  ulcers,  diseases  of  the  skin,  passive 
haemorrhages,  diarrhoeas  depending  on  an  atonic  condition  of 
the  mucous  membranes,  in  depraved  and  impoverished  con- 
ditions of  the  body  from  specific  disease  and  from  intemper- 
ance." 

When  drunk  the  water  is  diluted  with  an  equal  quantity 


d,  thirty-two 


JrainH. 
1.035 
1.210 
4.950 
1  190 
0.130 
0.422 
0.370 

9.90*7 

!  most  re- 
jle  quanti- 
cceedingly 
known  in 
:on  in  the 
county  of 
in  Europe. 
1  is  said  to 
kie,  in  the 
rney  from 
ly  it  as  a 
sherbets." 
'  Granada, 
jontaining 

vantage  in 
any, says : 
are  as  fol- 
a,  passive 
ndition  of 
ished  con- 
intemper- 

,1  quantity 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


247 


of  pure  water.  From  half  a  wineglass  to  a  wineglass  three 
times  a  day  is  thus  taken.  In  treatment  of  ulcers  the  water 
is  taken  internally,  and  also  applied  directly,  lint  being  satu- 
rated with  the  water  and  changed  twice  daily. 

SHABON  SPBINaS. 

Locatloil)  etCt — See  these  springs,  under  Sulphur-waters. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Maiscb) : 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sylphate  of  soda     . 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Protosulphate  of  iron  . 
Organic  matter        . 

Total      . 


Grains. 
1.120 
trace. 
.46'? 
1.019 
7.975 
0.176 
8.660 

14.316 
(1861.) 


UINESAIi    SPBINO. 

LoeatiODt — Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

Access. — Near  Oceanvili  ,  £wo  miles'  drive  from  Long  Branch. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  analj-sis  has  been  made  ;  one  gal- 
lon is  said  to  contain  onis  and  a  quarter  grain  of  carbonate  of 
iron. 

ADAMS   COUNTY    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Mineral  Springs,  Adams  County,  Ohio. 
A(cess< — From  Cincinnati,  seventy-five  miles  east,  by  steamboat  on  the 
Ohio  River,  to  Rome ;  thence,  nineteen  miles  north  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Mineral  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  been 
made;  a  qualitative  analysis,  by  Prof.  E.  S.  Wayne,  states 
that  there  are  fiftee:?  grains  of  solid  matter  to  the  pint,  com- 
posed of  chloride  of  magnesium,  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate 
of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  calcium,  and  oxide  of 
iron.  The  flow  of  the  spring  is  about  one  gallon  per  minute, 
and  the  temperature  oG'^  Fahr. 


248 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Memarks. — These  springs  are  located  in  that  portion  of 
Ohio  which  most  nearly  is  entitled  to  the  name  of  mountain- 
ous. The  springs,  two  in  number,  are  situated  in  a  valley  at 
the  base  of  a  high  hill,  several  hundred  feet  in  altitude,  known 
as  Peach  Mountain.  From  the  surrounding  elevations,  far  ex- 
tended and  attractive  views  may  be  had,  while  the  woodlands 
and  streams  supply  amusement  for  the  sportsman.  "  Point 
Lookout,"  three  miles  from  the  springs,  is  frequently  visited 
by  those  who  delight  in  an  extended  view. 


CBESSON    SFBINQS. 

Loeation  and  Post-Offlcei — Cresson,  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — Cresson  is  a  station  on  tho  Pennsylvania  Central  Railrbad,  two 
hundred  and  fifty-two  miles  west  of  Philadelphia,  and  one  hundred  and  two 
miles  east  of  Pittsburg. 

Iloteli — Mountain  House. 

Analysis. — None.  Principal  spring  said  to  be  a  chalyb- 
eate. 

Memarks. — Cresson  is  resorted  to  more  because  of  its 
mountain  elevation  than  the  value  of  the  waters.  The  air  is 
pure  and  bracing,  and  the  thermometer  seldom  rises  to  75° 
Fahr.  in  the  hottest  days  of  summer.  Guests  sleep  under 
blankets  the  entire  season.  The  mountains  furnish  abundant 
opportunity  for  excursions,  while  many  delightful  drives  wind 
through  the  valleys.  The  springs  are  seven  in  number,  the 
principal  one  being  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Alleghany  Portage  Railway,  now  abandoned, 
but  still  showing  the  manner  of  constructing  railways  many 
years  ago. 

BLOSSBUBa    SPRINGS. 

Locfition. — Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — From  New  York,  via  Erie  Railroad,  to  Corn  ag,  two  hundred 
and  ninety  miles  northwest ;  thence,  via  Blossburg  &  Oomiug  Railroad,  to 
Blossburg,  forty-one  miles  south. 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None.  The  waters  are  said  to  bear  some  re- 
semblance to  the  al!im-water«  of  Virginia, 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


249 


FAYETTE   SPBINaS. 

LOMtlOl  and  Post-Offlce.— Fayette  Springs,  Fayette  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

ACM88. — From  Pittsburg,  via  Pittsburg,  Baltimore  &  Washington  Rail- 
road, to  Connellsville,  fifty-seven  miles  south  ;  thcni;e,  via  Fayette  County 
Branch  Railroad,  to  Uniontown,  fourteen  miles  south  ;  thence,  twelve  miles  by 
stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — ^Fayette  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — ^These  springs  are  located  in  the  Laurel  Moun- 
tains, amid  most  romantic  scenery,  where  cool  mountain-air 
may  be  enjoyed. 

MONTVALE    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Mon'^ale  Springs,  Blount  County,  Tennessee. 

Iccess. — Go  to  Knoxville  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad ;  thence, 
via  Knoxville  &  Charleston  Railroad,  to  Maryvillc,  sixteen  miles  northwest ; 
thence,  nine  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Montvale  Springs. 

ANALT8I8. 


On«  pint  contalni — 

60°  Fahr. 
Prof.  J.  B.  Mitchell. 

so"  F«hr. 
J.  R.  Chilton,  M.  D. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  Iron 

Oralna, 
0.800 
1.657 
0.246 

6;564 
1.500 
9.276 

6;662 

Gnbu. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•  ■  •  ■ 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  *  • 

Chloride  of  inaKnesium 

0  012 

Chloride  of  calcium 

0  013 

Sulphate  of  soda 

1  102 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

2  134 

Sulphate  of  lime 

10  243 

Oxide  of  iron 

0  14!>> 

Alumina 

Silica 

Organic  matter 

0  0U6 

Total 

18.604 

13  663 

some  re- 


(1867.) 

Properties. — These  are  calcic-chalybeate  waters.  They  have 
considerable  reputation  in  chronic  diarrhoea  and  scrofula.  In 
dropsy,  associated  with  engorgement  of  the  liver,  they  act  fa- 
vorably, both  as  a  diuretic  and  by  their  effect  on  that  organ. 

'  In  a  note  accompanying  his  analysis,  Dr.  Chilton  says :  "  The  oxide  of  iron  was  de- 
posited ic  the  bottle ;  it  was  probably  held  in  sohitlou  iu  Uio  water  by  ciubouic  acid." 


250 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


In  large  quantities,  the  waters  are  cathartic ;  in  moderate 
quantities,  laxative  and  diuretic. 

Memarks. — These  springs  are  situated  in  a  mountain-glen, 
amid  the  heights  of  the  Chilhowee  Mountains.  Here,  amid 
the  pleasures  of  mountain-rambles,  the  various  sports  of  field 
and  stream,  and  the  luxury  of  cool,  pure  mountain-air  one 
may  pleasantly  pass  the  summer  days. 

Three  miles  distant  is  a  sulphur-spring. 


iliil 


BEEBSHEBA   SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBee. — Beersheba  Springs,  Grundy  County,  Tenncsseo. 

Access. — Go  to  TuUahoma,  a  station  on  the  Nashville  &  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road, sixty-nine  miles  southeast  from  Nashville,  and  eighty-two  miles  northwest 
from  Chattanooga ;  thence,  thirty-fouf  miles  northeast  by  rail,  to  McMinnville ; 
thence,  about  twelve  miles  by  stage.  Or,  go  to  Cowan,  a  station  on  the  Nash- 
ville &  Chattanooga  Railroad,  sixty-four  miles  northwest  from  Chattanooga ; 
thence  by  stage. 

Hotel. — Beersheba  Springs. 

Analysis. — The  water  has  never  been  analyzed,  but  is 
said  to  be  a  fine  chalybeate.     Temperature,  58°  Fahr. 

Memarks.— The?,e  springs  are  situated  near  the  summit  of 
a  spur  of  one  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains.  The  scenery  is 
wild  and  attractive.  The  temperature  is  cool  during  the  sum- 
mer months.  A  register  of  temperature  taken  at  the  hotel, 
from  July  20  to  August  1,  1872,  gave  the  following  result : 
Mean  temperature  for  twelve  days:  6  A.  m.,  72°  ;  12  m.,  79.8°; 
6  p.  M.,  78.8°  Fahr. 

Being  convenient  of  access  from  Nashville  and  Chatta- 
nooga, the  springs  are  much  resorted  to  by  the  wealthy  of 
those  cities. 

RAWLEY    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office  Address. — Rawley  Springs,  Rockingham  County, 
Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
to  Harrisonburg,  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  miles  west,;  thence,  twelve 
miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  Or,  via  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Har- 
per's Ferry  thence  by  Winchester  branchy  to  Harrisonburo"  (connections  not 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


251 


moderate 

tain-glen, 
'ere,  amid 
s  of  field 
i-air    one 


Tennessee, 
aooga  Rail- 
a  northwest 
cMinnville ; 
n  the  Nash- 
lattanooga ; 


1,  but  is 

• 

ammit  of 
3enery  is 
the  sum- 
;lie  hotel, 
^  result : 
vr.,79.8°; 

I  Chatta- 
jalthy  of 


good).    Or,  by  rail  to  Staunton,  Virginia ;  thence  north,  twenty-five  miles  by 
stage,  to  Harrisonburg. 
Hotel* — Rawley  Springs. 

ANALYSIS.  ' 


One  pint  contains      (61°  Fahr. 

Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia            . 

.       0.086 

Carbonate  of  iron               .           . 

0.203 

Carbonate  of  manganese          . 

.       0.002 

Carbonate  of  lime  .           .           . 

0.065 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 

.      trace. 

Carbonate  of  lithia            .           . 

trace. 

Chloride  of  sodium      ,           , 

.*    0.006 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

O.OU 

Sulphate  of  soda         .            , 

.      0.068 

Sulphate  of  lime     .            . 

0.013 

Alumina           .           ,           . 

.      0.006 

Silica          .            .           ,           , 

0.085 

Organic  matter 

.       0.036 

Loss            .... 

0.0^3 

Total     . 

.       0.644 

Gab. 

Cubic  ir.. 

Carbonic  acid         .            .           . 

.           • 

0.7V 

(1870.) 

Properties. — ^This  water  is  the  best  pure  chalybeate  in 
Virginia,  and  proves  efficacious  in  chlorosis^  leucorrhcea, 
amenorrhcea,  and  menorrhagia,  when  depending  on  ansemic 
conditions,  and  all  maladies  caused  by  an  impoverished  condi- 
tion of  the  blood.  It  forms  an  admirable  tonic  after  the  al- 
terative treatment  by  other  waters. 

Remarks. — ^These  springs  are  delightfully  situated  on  the 
southern  slope  of  the  North  Mountain,  amid  salubrious  air 
and  pleasing  landscapes. 


im  County, 

s  Railroad, 
ice,  twelve 
ad,  to  Har- 
ections  not 


SWEET    CHAIiTBEATE    SPBINQS. 

Loeatlon  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— Sweet  Chalybeate  Springs,  Alleghany 
County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
H  fortv-one  miles  west:  thpn«fl.  hv  stn.or«  nino  milAfl    *«  tKo  anrinwq      From 

12 


252 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Richmond,  via  QordonBville,  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  milee,  to  Alleghany 
Station.     From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one 
hundred  and  sixly-five  miles  cast ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  miles  southeast,  to  Alleghany  Station. 
Hotel* — Sweet  Chalybeate  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (te"  to 'TO"  Fahr.  Prof.  W.  B.  Rogers): 
SoLiDB.  OraliiB. 


Chloride  of  sodium 

•            • 

0.011 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•            • 

.       0.196 

Chloride  of  calcium 

0.003 

Sulphate  of  soda          .           . 

•            • 

.       0.404 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

0.89Y 

Sulphate  of  lime          .           . 

•            • 

.      4.110 

Sesquiozide  of  iron            . 

•            « 

0.092 

Total     . 

.      6.050 

Gab. 

Cubic  In. 

Carbonic  acid 

18. 

Properties, — This  is  a  fine  calcic-chalybeate  water,  contain- 
ing a  proportion  of  purgative  salts.  The  taste  of  the  water 
is  sweet  and  ferruginous.  The  water  is  beneficially  employed 
in  cases  of  anaemia^  chlorosis^  leucorrhcea^  and  other  diseases 
associated  with  an  impoverished  condition  of  the  blood.  It 
has  also  proved  decidedly  efficacious  in  neuralgia  and  gas- 
tralgia. 

Remarhs, — "jThese  springs,  formerly  called  the  Red  Sweet 
Springs^  are  situated  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful  valleys  of 
Virginia.  They  are  four  in  number,  and  flow  from  the  base 
of  a  curiously-incrusted  ledge  of  rocks.  Although  there  are 
four  different  sources,  they  do  not  diflFer  essentially  in  chemical 
constitution,  unless  it  be  the  upper  one,  which  is  somewhat 
similar  to  the  Old  Sweet  Springs,  one  mile  above.  On  the 
19th  of  August,  1871,  I  found  the  average  temperature  of  the 
four  sources  to  be  76°  Fahr.  The  flow  of  the  springs  is  eight 
hundred  gallons  per  minute.  The  red  substance  covering  the 
bottom  of  the  springs  is  not  an  oxide  of  iron,  but  an  algoid 
growth. 

Besides  the  use  of  the  water  internally,  it  is  largely  used 


CHALYBEATE  WATERa 


268 


as  a  bath.  Swimming-baths  have  been  constructed,  about 
twenty  by  thirty  feet  in  area.  Doubtless  the  good  results  ob- 
tained in  many  maladies  treated  here  are  principally  due  to  the 
use  of  these  baths.  The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  76°  Fahr, 
The  temperature  at  this  resort  is  usually  cool  and  agree- 
able. A  record  taken  at  the  office  of  the  hotel  gives  the  fol- 
lowing results : 

Average  Temperature.  6A.jf.  12  m.  6  p.m. 

From  Jul^r  2  to  September  6,  18Y0  .        .        703^°        841^"        78"  Fahr 
From  July  24  to  August  19,  1871        .        .     66  80  78  * 


ROOKBHIDaE  ALXTM  SPBIiras. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee,— Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia. 

Aeeess.— From  the  North  to  Washington ;  thence,  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
t  Manassas  Railroad,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-eight  miles  southwest ;  thence,  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 
From  Richmond,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  miles,  to  Goshen.  From  the  southwest,  via  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Rail- 
road,  Lynchburg,  Charlottesville,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad.  From 
the  west,  via  Cincmnati  and  the  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Raih-oad,  two  hundred 
and  fifty-one  miles  southeast,  to  Goshen. 

Hotel* — Rockbridge  Alum. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains — 

No.  1. 
A.  A.  Hayei,  M.  D. 

No.il. 
A.  A.  H«yeB,  M.  D. 

No.  4. 
A.A.Hayes,M.D. 

Solids. 
Chloride  of  sodinm 

Grains. 
0.068 

6!i35 
0.180 
0.460 
1.846 
0.176 
0.818 
2.847 

Oraini. 

0.126 
0.221 
0.220 
0.408 
0.608 
2.288 
0.088 

I'.m 

0.856 

Graina. 
0.066 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

o'.m 

0.418 
0.687 
8.011 
0.168 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Alumina 

Crenate  of  ammonia 

Bilicnte  of  soda 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

o!689 
0.213 
0.127 

Silicic  acid  (free) 

Organic  matter 

Total 

6.614 

Cubic  in. 
0.7 

6.167 

Cubic  in. 
1.9 

6.800 

Cubic  in. 
1.1 

GA8. 

Carbonic  acid 

(1852.) 


Properties. — These  waters  are  clear  and  odorless.     They 
^_S; — ^..  a  s./rong!y  astrmgeni;  aiiu  styptic  taste.     In  tcnipera- 


c^%  ^-^^ 


^ 

w 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


L^|28     |2.5 
|jo  ■^™     !!■■ 

Ui  1^    12.2 


u    Hi 

lU 


1°    12.0 


II 

m 


|i.25  i  1.4 


V] 


7] 


r 


7. 


.% 


■,^»  .V 


-^^ 


w 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


».    ^ 


.:i^     ^ 

'¥"' 


254 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ture  they  are  cold.  A  mass  or  extract  is  prepared  from  the 
water  by  evaporation,  which,  when  redissolved,  is  said  to  pos- 
sess the  virtues  of  the  spring-water. 

These  are  the  best  known  of  the  alum-waters  of  Virginia. 
Their  value  in  the  treatment  of  disease  is  imdoubted.  In 
what  diseases  do  they  prove  curative  ?  The  answer  is  simple 
and  explicit.  In  every  form  of  scrofula — scrofulous  ulcers, 
scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin,  scrofulous  discharges  from  the 
ears  and  nose,  and  scrofulous  diseases  of  the  bones.  In  chron- 
io  diarrhoea  they  have  proved  a  most  reliable  remedy,  ex- 
cept in  those  cases  in  which  there  is  congestion  of  the  mucous 
membranes  and  liver.  They  are  also  beneficial  in  leucorrhoea 
and  chronic  eczema. 

Contrary  to  what  we  would  expect,  these  waters  occa- 
sionally prove  purgative.  In  a  letter  to  the  author.  Prof.  H. 
R.  Noel,  of  Baltimore,  resident-physiciaa  at  the  springs,  re- 
marks: "It  is  true  that  the  waters  sometimes  prove  purga- 
tive, but  I  believe  it  to  be  true  in  two  classes  of  cases.  1. 
Great  atony  of  the  digestive  tract,  especially  of  the  small 
intestine.  3.  When  persons  drink  it  in  great  excess  because 
they  are  at  the  springs,  and  wish  to  reap  rapidly  the  greatest 
possible  benefit. 

"  The  waters,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  should  be  used  as 
a  diuretic,  and  taken  in  doses  of  from  one-fourth  to  one-half 
of  a  small  tumbler,  six,  eight,  ten,  or  twelve  times  a  day,  and 
afterward  gradually  increase  the  dose,  and  diminish  the  num- 
ber of  doses,  to  about  six  or  eight  glasses  a  day.  The  water 
does  not  act  simply  from  its  astringent  character,  but  it  is  a 
most  powerful  agent  in  restoring  perverted  histogenesis.  I 
have  seen  the  worst  forms  of  scrofula  and  some  bad  syphilitic 
eruptions  cured  in  ten  weeks  by  it,  and  not  one  grain  of  medi- 
cine used. 

"  The  water  should  be  taken,  as  a  rule,  from  four  to  ten 
weeks,  and  but  little  improvement  will  occur  under  two,  and 
in  most  cases  not  under  three  or  five  weeks ;  but,  once  inau- 
gurated, its  effects  will  last  for  months." 

MemarJcs. — The  springs  are  situated  in  a  glen-like  nook 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


266 


formed  by  the  spurs  of  the  North  and  MUl  Mountains,  and 
break  forth  from  a  mass  of  shale-rock  at  the  base  of  the 
ridge.  This  shale  contains  large  quantities  of  alumina  and 
the  salts  of  iron,  and  the  springs  are  formed  by  the  percola- 
tion of  water  through  this  mass.  Four  different  reservoirs 
have  been  formed,  numbered  respectively  No.  1,  No.  2,  No.  3, 
No.  4.  They  differ  somewhat,  as  is  seen  in  the  analysis,  es- 
pecially in  the  quantities  of  sulphuric  acid. 

The  immediate  surroundings  of  this  resort  are  attractive. 
The  hotel  and  brick  cottages  encircle  a  lawn  embowered  with 
trees,  and  sociability  and  amusement  add  their  charms. 

From  a  register  of  temperature  at  the  hotel  I  made  the 
following  averages : 

Average  Temperatore  daring  6  a.m.  12  m.  6  p.m. 

June,  1869  .  .  60.3°         '72.2°         71.8°  Fahr. 

July,  1869    .  .  .       '72.2  '76.9  '76.4 

August,  1869      .  .  64.8  "76.9  Y6.9 

June,  18*71 '.  .  .       62.1  '72.6  '70.3 

July,  1871  .  .  62.9  73.6  71.6 

August  (to  the  24th)  1871    .      64.9  79.1  77.3 

Warmest  days  during  summer  of  1869— July  14th,  15th,  16th— 87°  Fahr. 
at  12  M. 

Warmest  days  during  summer  of  1871  (up  to  24th  of  August)— August 
16th— 89°  Fahr.  at  12  m. 


FUIiASKI   AliUM   SFBINaS. 

Location. — Pulaski  County,  Virginia. 

Post-office.— Dubhn,  Pulaski  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Dublin,  a  station  two  hundred  and 
eighty-two  miles  southwest ;  thence,  twelve  miles  by  stage.  From  Richmond, 
via  Burkeville,  two  hundred  and  twenty-nine  miles  southwest,  to  Dublin,  and 
via  Gordonsville  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  miles.  From  the  south  and 
southwest,  strike  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad ;  thence  to  Dublin. 

Hotel.— Pulaski  Alum. 

Analysis. — These  waters  are  similar  to  the  Rockbridge 
Alum.  According  to  an  analysis  before  me,  they  contain  a 
larger  proportion  of  iron. 

Properties. — ^These  waters  may  be  used  in  very  much  the 
same  way,  and  in  the  same  diseases,  as  the  Rockbridge  Alum. 


256 


MINERAL  SFRIKOS. 


Memarka. — ^The  springs  are  very  pleasantly  situated  on 
Little  Walker's  Creek,  at  the  base  of  Walker's  Mountain. 
The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  minerals.  In  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  springs  is  a  rich  lead  of  plumbago. 

BATH  AI<T7M  SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Bath  Alum  Springs,  Bath  County,  Yir^ia. 

Access. — ^From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  and 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroads,  to  Millboro',  one  hundred  and  ninety-six 

miles  southwest ;  thence,  ten  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.    From  Rich* 

mond,  via  Chesapeake  k  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  miles 

northwest,  to  Millboro'.    From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  River, 

to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake 

k  Ohio  Railroad,  244  miles  southeast,  to  Millboro. 

HoteL — Sprmgs. 

ANALYSIS. 


Ona  pint  coDtalna— 


Solids. 
Chloride  of  sodinm. . . . 
Sulphate  of  potassa. . . . 
Sulphate  of  mag^nesia.. 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Alumina 

Crenate  of  ammonia.. 

Silicate  of  soda 

Sulphuric  acid  (free).. . 


Total. 


Gab. 
Carbonic  acid. 


No.  s. 
A.  A.  Hayu,  M.  2>. 


Gnlni. 

o!d82 

0.160 
0.817 
a.722 
1.686 
0.222 
0.894 
0.986 


6.868 

Cablo  In, 
1 


Properties. — ^These  waters  very  much  resemble  the  Rock- 
bridge Alum,  and  are  valuable  in  similar  diseases,  as  follows : 
Scrofula^  chronic  diarrhoea^  eczema,  and  diseases  depending 
on  an  impoverished  condition  of  the  blood.  They  contain  a 
larger  proportion  of  iron  than  the  Rockbridge  Alum. 

Remarks. — ^The  springs  are  very  pleasantly  located  on  the 
stage-road  from  Millboro'  to  the  Warm  Springs.  The  build- 
ings, consisting  of  an  hotel  and  cottages,  are  of  brick,  tastefully 
designed,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  looking  out 
upon  a  beautiful  lawn  of  ten  acres.  The  waters  issue  from  a 
ledge  of  slate-stone,  and  are  caught  in  pools  formed  in  the 


rocks. 


Besides  those  of  which  the  analysis  is  given,  there 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


267 


are  others  varying  in  strength,  but  of  the  same  general  charac- 
ter. There  are  also  one  or  two  springs  which  bear  no  resem- 
blance to  those  named,  but  which  have  not  been  sufficiently 
investigated  for  their  medical  properties  to  be  assigned. 


STBTBLINa   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Stribling  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 

leeess.— Prom  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 

and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Staunton,  one  hundred  and  fifty-six 

miles  ;  thence,  thirteen  miles  northwest  by  stage.    From  Richmond,  via 

Chesapeake  k  Ohio  Raihroad,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles  to  Staunton. 

From  the  West,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 

sixty.five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Staunton, 

two  hundred  and  eighty-three  miles  southeast.  * 

Hotel. — Stribling  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


Alum  Spring!. 

One  pint  oontatnt— 

No.  4, 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

No.  «. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

No.  6. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

SOLISB. 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Gninii. 
0.06T 
0.088 
0.066 
2.086 
1.192 
1.882 
0.631 
0.244 
0.469 

Gralni. 
0.118 
0.298 
0.043 
2.244 
1.648 
2.118 
1.227 
0.264 

Oralna. 
0.126 
0  224 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnetia 

0.822 
4.801 
1.616 
2.889 
0.817 
0.264 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

Silicic  acid 

Organic  matter. 

•  ■  ■  ■ 

Total 

6.670 

7.945 

11.058 

ANALYSIS. 


Cludybeata  Springt. 

One  pint  oontMni— 

No.  1. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

No.  3. 
D.  K.  TntUe,  M.D. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa 

Gralni. 
0.044 
0.095 
0.122 
0.009 
0.188 
0.028 
0.165 

Onini. 
0.096 
0.123 
0.138 
0.014 
0.104 
0.886 
0.114 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron \', 

Carbonate  of  Ume 

Sulphate  of  lime 

SiUcioaoid 

Total 

0.661 

Cubic  In. 
g 

0.974 

Cubic  In. 
2 

Oa8. 
Carbonic  acid 

For  analyslB  of  No.  2,  see  Sulphur-Waters, 


258 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I^operties. — ^The  Alum  Springs  are  beneficial  in  scrofula^ 
chronic  diarrhoea,  eczema,  and  all  skin-dibeases  depending  on 
a  scrofulous  diathesis. 

The  Chalybeate  Springs,  containing  as  they  do  consider- 
able carbonic  acid,  are  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  very  old  and  well-known  resort, 
dating  back  to  1811.  It  takes  the  name  from  Erasmus 
Sfcribling,  who  first  drew  decided  attention  to  the  value  of  the 
waters,  and  made  many  improvements  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  public.  They  are  sometimes  called  the  AugvMa 
Springs. 

The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  in  a  cool  and  salubri- 
ous locality.  They  enjoy  the  advantage  of  being  protected  to 
the  northward  by  a  range  of  mountains,  which  enables  visitors 
to  go  earlier  in  the  season,  and  remain  later  iu  the  fall,  than 
at  many  other  Virginia  watering-places. 


OHXJBOH   TTTT.Ti   ALTTM   SFBINaS. 


Location* — ^Not  far  from  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Pnflt  IMIIrr 

Access* . 

Hntfl 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (J.  G.  Booth,  M.  D.) 

• 
• 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium      .            .            .            , 

.       0.6V8 

Sulphate  of  potassa                       .           . 

0.806 

Sulphate  of  soda          .            .            .            • 

.      0.243 

Sulphate  of  magnesia         .           .            •            . 

10.768 

Sulphate  of  lime          .... 

.  ■  11.104 

Sulphate  of  ammonia         .            .          ' .            . 

0.080 

Persulphate  of  sesquioxide  of  iron 

.      6.408 

Bisulphate  of  sesquioxide  of  iron 

10.419 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron  .            .            , 

,      8.023 

Persulphate  of  alumma      .           .           .           , 

9.116 

Silica    ...... 

.      1.303 

Phosphoric  acid     .           .           .           ,           , 

trace. 

Total 

.     68.837 

(1864,  U.  S. 

Dispensatory.) 

CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 
BEDFOSD  ALUU.  SPBINQS. 


259 


Loettlon  and  P08t4)mee.-Bedford  Alum  Springs,  near  New  London. 
Bedford  County,  Virginia.    - 

AWM8.~rrom  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  RaUroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  mnety-three  mUes 
southwest  to  Forest  Depot;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs. 
From  Richmond,  via  BurkeviUe,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles;  via  Gor- 
donaville,  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  mUes  to  Forest  Depot 

Hotel.— Bedford  Alum. 

ANALTSia 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  William  Gilliam) : 
Sousa. 
Sulphate  of  potassa  .... 

Sulphate  of  magnesia   .  , 

Sulphate  of  lime    ..... 
Sulphate  of  alumina     .  .  ,  .  , 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron 
Sulphuric  acid  (free)    . 


Oraina. 
1.270 
1.68.3 
2.384 
.906 
2.982 
2.497 


Total 11.621 

I^opertie8.—ThiB  is  another  of  the  valuable  alum-waters 
of  the  same  general  character  as  the  Rockbridge  alum,  though 
differing  in  containing  a  larger  proportion  of  the  salts  of 
potassa,  magnesia,  lime,  and  iron,  and  a  smaller  amount  of 
alumina.  They  have  been  found  beneficial  in  scrofula, 
chronic  diarrhoea,  eczema,  and  diseases  depending  on  an 
impoverished  condition  of  the  blood.  A  mass  or  extract  is 
prepared  from  this  water  by  evaporation,  which,  when  dis- 
solved in  water  in  proper  proportions,  is  said  to  possess  the 
remedial  qualities  of  the  water. 

Hemarks.— This  spring  is  located  on  the  line  dividing 
Campbell  and  Bedford  Counties.  It  is  within  three  hundred 
yards  of  the  village  of  New  London,  of  Revolutionary  memory. 
Here  stands  the  old  court-house  in  which  Patrick  Henry  made 
several  of  his  finest  efforts,  among  others  the  celebrated  speech 
against  the  notorious  Johnny  Hook.  These  are  the  nearest 
springs  to  the  I^eaks  of  Otter,  five  thousand  three  hundred 
and  seven  feet  above  the  sea— the  highest  peaks  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  by  many  considered  the  highest  in  Virginia.  The 
ascent  well  repays  the  tourist. 


260 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


VABIEITT  BPBINaS. 

L«e«tlOB.— Augusta  County,  Yirglnia. 

Access.— By  Chesapeake  k  Ohio  Railroad.  The  springs  are  a  station 
during  the  Bummor  season,  one  hundred  and  seventy-three  nailes  west  from 
Washington,  and  two  hundred  and  sixty-six  miles  southeast  from  Hunt- 
ington. 

E«tch — ^Variety  Springs. 

ANALTSIS. 


One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Wm.  Qilhai 

n): 

BOUDB. 

Orsins. 

Chloride  of  sodium. 

0.087 

Sulphate  of  potassa     .           .           •           . 

0.036 

Sulphate  of  magnesia         .           .           . 

1.466 

Sulphate  of  alumina     .... 

4.301 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron 

0.639 

Sulphate  of  lime          .           .           .           . 

1.666 

Free  sulphuric  acid            .           . 

0.171 

Silica    .           .           .           .           .           . 

0.142 

Total 

8.447 

)roperties. — ^This  water,  known  as  the 

"Alum  Spring," 

bears  a  resemblance  to  the  celebrated  Rockbridge  Alum,  and 
may  be  used  for  the  same  diseases. 

Hemarks. — ^Besides  the  above  spring  there  are  others, 
termed  the  All-Healing,  the  Sulphur,  and  the  Chalybeate. 
From  the  number  of  different  waters  here  the  name  "  Variety" 
is  derived. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


PUBGATIVB  WATEES. 

Thesb  waters  are  characterized  by  containing  a  large  pro- 
portion either  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  (Epsona  salts),  or  sul- 
phate of  soda  (Glauber's  salts) ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  these 
ingredients,  they  produce  copious  alvine  dejections.  They  are 
bitter  to  the  taste,  and,  in  some  classifications,  are  called  bitter 
waters. 

Although  many  mineral  waters  act  as  an  aperient,  or  laxa- 
tive, they  do  not  produce  active  catharsis,  and  possess  other 
qualities  for  which  they  are  esteemed ;  while  these  waters  are 
used  almost  exclusively  for  the  purgative  effect. 

Waters  of  this  class  are  useful  in  all  cases  requiring  active 
saline  purgation,  and  are  especially  applicable  to  persons  of 
robust  constitution,  with  tendency  to  abdominal  plethora. 
They  should  be  used  with  care',  since  constant  use  of  saline 
purgatives  produces  decided  derangement  of  the  digestive 
organs. 

It  is  perhaps  needless  to  say  that  the  familiar  name,  Epsom 
salts,  is  derived  from  the  name  of  the  purging-well — Epsom, 
or  Ebbesham — near  London,  of  which  sulphate  of  magnesia  is 
the  active  ingredient.  These  waters,  as  a  rule,  act  much  more 
mildly  than  a  simple  solution  of  the  active  ingredient ;  a  re- 
sult due  to  the  other  ingredients  present,  such  as  the  salts  of 
lime  and  chloride  of  sodium.  Those  purgative  waters  are 
preferable  which  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

A  subdivision  of  purgative  waters,  classed  as  alkaline-pur- 
gative  waters,  of  which  Carlsbad,  in  Bohemia,  is  a  prominent 


262 


MINERAL  SFBINOa 


example,  does  not  readily  produce  purgation.  The  water,  and 
those  of  like  character,  is  applicable  to  a  large  class  of  diseases 
to  which  pure  purgative  waters  are  not  adapted,  such  as  func- 
tional and  even  organic  disease  of  the  liver,  gastric  catarrh, 
gout,  gall-stones,  etc.  {See  "  Carlsbad,"  under  "  EuBOPBAif 
Spas.") 

ESTHili   SPBINGS. 

LoMtion* — Estill  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — ^From  Cincinnati,  via  Kentuolcy  Central  Railroad,  to  Nicholas- 
yille,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  south ;  thence,  via  stage,  about  forty 
miles  cast,  to  Irvine. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(Robert  Peter,  M.D.): 

SOLIOB. 

Grainn. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.821 

Carbonate  of  iron 

0.166 

Carbonate  of  lime 

8.841 

Chloride  of  sodium 

2.201 

Chloride  of  calcitim 

0.211 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

0.818 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

82.910 

Sulphate  of  lime 

SMI 

Silica 

0.603 

Loss     . 

10.736 

Total 


65.189 


Properties. — It  will  be  seen  that  the  Irvine  Spring  is 
largely  impregnated  with  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  there- 
fore decidedly  purgative. 

(For  sulphur  spring,  see  "  Sulphur  Waters."  For  cha- 
lybeate spring,  see  "  Chalybeate  Waters.") 


OBAB-OROHAItD   SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce. — Crab  Orchard,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Access. — From  Louisville,  via  Knoxville  branch  of  Louisville  &  Nashville 
Railroad,  to  Crab  Orchard,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  southeast. 
Hotel. . 


PURGATIVE  WATERa 
ANALYSIS.! 


26S 


Ob*  {dot  oonUiii*— 


SoUDfl. 
Garbonate  of  magmsia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium . 
Sulphate  of  potassa. 

Sulphate  of  Boda 

Sulphate  of  maf^nesla. 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Bromine 

SlUoa 

Loss  and  moisture      ^  ^^ 

62.148 
Not  estimated. 

I^'operties.— These  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  Crab- Orchard  Salts,  produced  by  boiling  down 
the  water.  Thousands  of  pounds  of  these  salts  are  sold  in 
the  Western  States.  They  prove  much  less  irritant  in  their 
action  than  Epsom  salts;  and,  when  taken  in  small  and  re- 
peated doses,  are  more  likely  to  produce  bilious  evacuations. 
An  analysis  of  a  specimen  is  as  follows  ; 


ANALYSIS. 
One  hundred  parts  contain  (R.  Peter,  M.  D.): 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  ..... 
Sulphate  of  soda    ..... 
Sulphate  of  potassa     .  ,  ,  ,  . 

Sulphate  of  lime     .  ,  .  ,  , 

Chloride  of  sodium       ..... 
Carbonates  of  lime,  magnesia,  iron,  and  silica 
Bromine  ••..•. 

Water  of  crystallization  and  loss  . 


Parts. 

63.19 
4.20 
1.80 
2.64 
4.77 
0.89 

trace, 

22.61 


'^^^^^ loaoo 

HemarJcs.— The  spring  called  Foley's,  in  the  analysis,  is 
usually  termed  Epsom.  It  is  half  a  mile  from  the  centre  of 
the  village,  on  the  Fall  Dick  road.  Sowder's  Spring  is  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  from  Crab  Orchard ;  flow,  two  hundred 
gallons  a  day. 

»  "  Geology  of  Kentucky,"  vol.  11,,  pp.  28S-2S9, 


204 


HINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


HABBODSBXTBO   SPBIiraB. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Harrodsburg  Springn,  Morcer  County,  Ken- 
tucky. 

ktttw* — From  Cincinnati,  via  Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  to  Nicholas* 
▼ille,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  south  ;  thence,  via  stage,  about  twenty- 
five  miles. 

Hotel. . 

ANALY&IB. 


Om  plat  oonUlni— 


OarbonatA  of  magneslB. 

Carbonate  of  iron , 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  Bodium  .... 
Sulphate  of  magnesia . . , 
Sulphate  of  lime 


Total 


GrmvllU  Spring. 

Saloon  Spring. 

Raymond. 

Raymond. 

Gniu. 

GnUni. 

2.87 

0.26 

•  ■  •  • 

0.86 

0.60 

2.99 

trace. 

1.24 

16.16 

87.92 

11.06 

10.24 

80.60 

48.01 

I^operties. — The  principal  characteristic  of  these  springs 
is  the  sulphate  of  magnesia.  This  salt  is  cathartic ,  but,  in  the 
presence  of  the  almost  equal  amount  of  sulphate  of  lime,  and, 
in  the  Saloon  Spring,  of  the  carbonate  of  iron,  the  action  is 
considerably  modified,  and  they  are  generally  laxative. 

Dr.  Drake,  a  man  of  admirable  judgment,  stated  that 
"  these  waters  are  very  beneficial  in  chronic  inflammations  and 
obstructions  of  the  abdominal  viscera ;  in  such  cases  of  dys- 
pepsia as  are  attended  with  subacute  gastritis ;  and  in  almost 
every  kind  of  hepatic  disorder,  except  when  the  liver  is  in- 
durated and  consequently  incurable.  They  are  almost  equally 
beneficial  in  chronic  inflammations  of  many  other  parts  of  the 
system,  especially  of  the  serous  and  fibrous  membranes." 


BEDFORD   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — From  Huntiugdon,  a  station  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Rail- 
road, two  hundred  and  three  miles  west  of  Philadelphia,  and  via  Broad  Top 
Railroad,  fifty-two  miles  south  to  the  springs.  Or,  from  Cumberland,  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  miles 
northwest  from  Baltimore,  and  via  railroad  lately  finished,  about  forty  miles 
north  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Bedford  Springs. 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 


205 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains     (68"  Fahr.  Dr.  Church) : 

BOLIDS. 

Carbonate  of  iron        ,  , 

Carbonate  of  lime  .... 

Chloride  of  sodium      , 

Chloride  of  lime     .  ,  ,  , 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .  .  .  ,  , 

Sulphate  of  lime     .... 

Loss     ..... 


Ondnt. 
0.625 
1.000 
1.200 
0.875 
10.000 
1.875 
0.875 


Totol  . 
Oab. 
Carbonic  acid 


16.600 
Cable  Inch. 
9.25 


iVoper<«e«.— This  valuable  water  is  bl  purgative-chcUyheate^ 
bearing  considerable  resemblance  in  its  properties  to  tb  cele- 
brated springs  of  Franzensbad,  in  Bohemia.  The  cathartic 
action  of  the  water  is  so  much  modified  by  the  large  propor- 
tion of  iron  contained,  that  it  can  be  taken  for  a  considerable 
time  without  producing  other  eflfect  than  that  of  a  laxative 
diuretic^  and  diaphoretic.  The  diuretic  action  of  the  water  is 
very  marked. 

The  waters  are  decidedly  valuable  in  all  cases  of  anmmia, 
accompanied  by  abdominal  plethora.  In  engorgement  of  the 
liver  they  give  decided  relief,  and  in  gravel  and  calculus  they 
are  useful.  Dyspepsias,  accompanied  with  constipation  in 
anaBmic  subjects,  are  subject  to  their  remedial  action. 

MemarJcs.— These  springs  are  beautifully  situated  in  a 
valley  of  the  eastern  range  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The 
waters  break  forth  from  a  fissure  in  the  limestone-rock  at  the 
base  of  a  mountain-spur.  From  the  spring,  terraced  walks 
lead  upward  in  every  direction  to  the  summit,  whence  a  most 
beautiful  and  extended  view  of  the  valley  and  the  town  of 
Bedford  is  obtained. 

The  hotel  accommodations  are  extensive,  and  the  proprie- 
tors have  made  arrangements  for  supplying  baths  of  every 
description.  About  two  hundred  yards  distant  from  the  main 
spring  is  a  sulphur-spring  which  evolves  considerable  sulphu- 
retted hydrogen.     It  is  said  to  contain  no  iron. 


266 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Location*— 
Acceatu 

Hotel. 


SOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 

Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium    . 
Chloride  of  calcium    . 
Sulphate  of  magnesia       . 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Vegetable  extractive  matter 

Total 


BBBB   SPBINaS. 

-,  Oregon. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains— 


Grains. 

1.61 
.    1.93 

1.12 
.    0.56 

0.67 
.    6.06 

1.06 
.    0.42 

13.42 


\  r 


MIDLAITD  WELIi. 


Locatioo  md  Post-Office. — Midland,  Midland  County,  Michigan. 
Access. — ^From  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  and  Flint  &  Pdre  Mar> 
quette  Railroads,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  north,  to  Midland. 
Hotels. — ^Empire,  St.  Nicholas,  International 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(^r  Fahr.  S.  P.  Duffield,  M.  E 

».): 

Solids. 

Orains. 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                      •                      •                      • 

3.406 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

0.228 

Chloride  of  calcium 

•                      •                     •                      « 

0.647 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

8.669 

Sulphate  of  soda 

•                      •                      •                     • 

2.298 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

0.464 

Phosphate  of  alumina  . 

•                      •                     •                     • 

0.180 

Silica 

• 

0.808 

Organic  matter 

•                      •                      •                     • 

0.257 

Loss 

•                      •                      •                      • 

0.334 

Total     . 

16.680 

Properties. — This  is  a  purgative  water,  its  action  being 
chiefly  due  to  the  sulphate  of  potassa,  a  laxative  salt,  not  used 
in  modern  medicine,  but  known  and  much  used  in  the  middle 
ages  as  Polychrestus  salt,  or  Paracelsus's  Specific.    The  waters 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 


267 


are  valuable  of  the  class,  but  observation  is  necessary  to  de- 
termine their  special  indicatioLs. 

liemarks.— The  well  is  located  in  the  town  of  Midland 
the   county-seat  of  Midland   County,  on  the  Tittibawassee 
River.    The  flow  is  about  two  gallons  per  minute.    Good 
facilities  for  bathing  have  been  provided. 


ELGIN   SPBINa. 

Location. — Addison  County,  Vermont. 

Post-Offlce.— Vergenncs,  Addison  County,  Vermont. 

icce8S.-Go  to  Vergennes,  a  station  on  the  Vennont  Central  RaUroad 
twenty-one  miles  south  of  Burlington,  and  ninety-nine  maes  north  of  BeUowi 
Falls  ;  thence,  three  miles  south  by  stage. 

Hotel. . 

A  qualitative  analysis  by  C.  L.  Allen,  M.  D.,  given  in  the 
Geology  of  Vermont,"  is  as  follows:  In  one  pint  there  are 
about  thirty  grains  of  solids,  of  which  the  principal  element  is 
sulphate  of  magnesia.  There  are  also  carbonate  of  soda,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  iron,  and  car- 
bonic-acid gas,  five  cubic  inches  to  the  pint.  The  water  is  a 
good  cathartic. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


CALCIC   WATBES. 


These  waters  contain  the  salts  of  lime  as  principal  con* 
Btituents,  usually  in  the  form  either  of  the  sulphate  (gypsum) 
or  the  carbonate  (limestone).  In  addition,  the  alkaline  carbon- 
ates and  carbonic-acid  gas  are  sometimes  found  in  consider- 
able proportion.  The  waters  are  usually  limpid,  and  possess 
but  little  taste,  though  an  exception  is  met  with  in  the  Sweet 
Springs  of  Virginia. 

Lime  exists  in  the  human  body  in  considerable  quantity.  It 
is  estimated  there  are  two  pounds  of  this  substance  in  the  bones 
of  the  adult,  combined  with  phosphoric  acid,  forming  a  phos- 
phate. It  also  enters  into  the  composition  of  the  blood,  saliva, 
muscles,  nerves,  and  other  organs.  It  is  eliminated  by  the 
kidneys  as  a  carbonate  or  phosphate,  and  in  certain  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system  the  quantity  excreted  is  much  increased. 

No  exact  investigations  have  been  made  concerning  the 
physiological  action  of  calcic  waters.  As  a  rule,  they  increase 
the  excretion  of  urine,  and  promote  perspiration.  They  usual- 
ly prove  constipating,  though,  when  taken  in  large  quantities, 
they  may  cause  purgation  in  some  persons.  On  the  skin  and 
mucous  membrane  they  seem  to  possess  an  astringent  and  ex- 
siccating action,  which  Buchheim  thinks  is  due  to  a  chemical 
combination  of  lime  with  fatty  acid.  Upon  the  urinary  appa- 
ratus they  possess  a  sedative  action. 

These  waters,  especially  those  rich  in  carbonate  of  lime 
and  carbonic  acid,  prove  decidedly  beneficial  in  diseases  of  the 
urinary  apparatus,  such  as  catarrh  of  the  bladder^  gravely  and 
calculus^  and  are  even  preferable  to  alkaline-waters.     That 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


269 


waters  containing  a  large  proportion  of  the  salts  of  lime 
should  be  useful  in  calculus,  may  seem  paradoxical ;  neverthe- 
less, such  is  the  fact/  It  is  probably  due  to  their  diuretic  ac- 
tion, and  the  influence  of  the  lime  on  the  inflamed  mucous 
membrane  of  the  bladder  and  urinary  passages.  They  are  not 
solvents  of  the  stone.  These  waters  are  also  useful  in  gaatral- 
gio  dyspepsia.  The  waters  included  under  this  class,  contain- 
ing considerable  alkaline  carbonates,  prove  valuable  in  cases 
of  diabetes  mellitus. 


BTTTTERWORTH   SFBINaS. 

LoeaUon  and  Post-Office.— Grand  Rapids,  Kent  County,  Michigan. 
Aeeess.— Grand  Rapids  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  miles  northwest  from  Detroit. 
Hotels.— Rathbun,  Eagle,  Sweet's. 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains     (64  Fahr, 

SOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  soda  . 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron  . 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium        , 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium     . 
Sulphate  of  lime     .  . 

Silica    . 

Alumina      .  .  , 

Organic  matter  and  loss 

Total 


S.  P.Duffleld): 


Grains. 
0.484 
0.432 
0.088 
0.724 
1.22V 
1.691 
6.232 
0.763 
9.392 
0.064 
0.061 
0.083 

20.081 


ProperUes.^Thh  calcic  water  much  resembles,  in  chemi- 
cal  constitution,  the  waters  of  Bath,  England,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  exceedingly  large  proportion  of  chloride  of  mag- 
nesium which  it  contains. 

ItemarJcs.—ThQ  city  of  Grand  Rapids  is  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  tho  Grand  River,  about  forty  miles  from  its 
mouth.     At  this  point  the  river  is  three  hundred  yards  wide, 

*  Set  Carbonate  of  Lime. 


270 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  falls  eighteen  feet  in  a  mile.    The  population  is  over  six- 
teen thousand. 

The  spring  is  located  on  Huron  Street,  near  the  centre  of 
the  city.  Adjoining  is  a  commodious  bath-house,  with  suites 
of  rooms  on  separate  floors  for  ladies  and  gentlemen. 


EATON-BAPIDS   WELLS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Eaton  Rapids,  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 

AecesSt — From  the  east  take  Great  Western  Railroad  of  Canada  to  De- 
troit; thence,  Micliigan  Central  Railroad  to  Jackson;  thence,  via  Grand- 
Iliver  Valley  Railroad,  to  Eaton  Rapids,  twenty-four  miles  northwest  of 
Jackson.  From  east  and  south  go  to  Toledo ;  thence,  via  Lake  Shore  & 
Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  to  Jackson ;  thence  as  above.  From  Chicago 
and  the  west  take  Michigan  Central  Railroad  to  Jackson;  thence  as  de- 
scribed. 

Hotels* — ^Vaughan  House,  Frost  House,  Eaton-Rapids  House,  Central 

Hotel. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  contaliuH— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potossa. . . . 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. . . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia... . 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Ifitrate  of  ammonia 

SiUcicacid 

Silica 

Organic  matter  and  loss. 


Total. 


Oases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


Oralni. 


0.949 
0.248 
4.816 
0.950 


0.483 


1.639 
0.094 


9.188 

Cab.  In. 
2.82 


Gratni. 
0.159 
1.446 
0.480 
0.164 
2.592 
0.112 


6.016 
trace. 
0.176 

o!ii2 


11.246 

Cub.  in. 

2 
trace. 


Gntna. 
0.144 
0.6T2 
0.666 
0.128 
2.429 
0.112 


5.645 
trace. 
0.817 

d'.m 


10.116 

Cab.  In. 
1.92 

trace. 


Graloi. 

1  0'.642 
0!292 
1  **" 

lisii 

0.978 
6.748 


8.871 
Cable  in. 


Onlni. 
0.284 
0.472 
0.622 
0.208 
8.618 
0.187 


7.187 
o!266 


12.718 

Oabio  In. 
2 


Properties. — ^These  waters  possess  the  usual  qualities  of 
calcic  waters,  and,  at  the  same  time,  from  the  presence  of  a 

1  In  this  anatysis,  carbonate  of  soda  and  chloride  of  Bodlmn  together  amount  to  0.643 
grains. 


►vcr  81X- 


OALOIO  WATERS. 


271 


proportion  of  alkaline  carbonates,  partake  of  the  properties 
of  alkaline  waters.  In  the  French  classification  they  belong 
to  the  mixed  Mcarhonatea.'  The  analysis  of  these  wells  was 
made  before  the  insertion  of  the  final  tubing,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed  the  water  analyzed  contained  a  notable  proportion  of 
surface-water. 

IiemarJc8.—T\\Q  town  of  Eaton  Rapids  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  Grand  River,  and,  since  the  discovery  of  the  wells  in 
1869-70,  has  grown  rapidly. 

Every  facility  for  baths  in  every  form  may  be  found  here, 
several  of  the  wells  being  directly  connected  with  the  hotels. 


- 


s 

jj 

\ 

^i 

1 

^^ 

a<^ 

\<i 

• 

m  «*l 

i 

1 

11. 

Oralna. 

0.284 

42 

0:472 

0.622 

92 

0.208 

" 

8.618 

0.187 

ii 

•  •  •  ■ 

78 

•  •  •  • 

'48 

7.187 

•  • 

.... 

o!260 

in 

12.718 

in. 

Cablo  in. 

2 

•  • 

.... 

liESLTB   WELL. 

Location  and  Post-Oflacc— Leslie,  Ingham  County,  Michigan. 

Access.— From  Detroit,  via  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  seventy-six  miles 
west,  to  Jackson ;  thence,  fifteen  mUes  north,  via  Jackson,  Lansing  &  Sagi- 
naw Railroad,  to  Leslie. 

Hotel.- 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  R.  C.  Kedzie): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa 

0.369 

Carbonate  of  soda        . 

.       0.880 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.660 

Carbonate  of  iron 

.      0.171 

Carbonate  of  lune  . 

2.214 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.       0.783 

Silica          .           , 

0.216 

Organic  matter 

•  •                       •                       • 

.       0.067 

Total 

4.790 

Oas. 

Cubic  In. 

Carbonic  acid  . 

.       1.68 

lount  to  0.513 


Propertiea. — This  is  a  calcic  water,  containing  almost  suffi- 
cient iron  to  entitle  it  to  be  classed  with  the  chalybeates,  and 
consequently,  is  especially  applicable  to  those  cases  in  which 
a  calcic  water  is  needed,  and  in  which  anaemia  is  an  indica- 
tion for  the  administration  of  iron. 


1  See  Magnetism., 


272 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Jtemarks. — Leslie  is  an  enterprising  town  of  about  one 
thousand  inhabitants.  The  proprietors  of  the  well  have  pro- 
vided a  bath-house  adjoining. 


HTJBBABDSTON    WELL. 

Locatioii  anA  Post-Offlee* — Hubbardston,  Ionia  County,  Michigan. 
Access* — From  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  to  Pewamo,  one 
hundred  and  thirteen  miles  northwest ;  thence,  six  miles  and  a  half  by  stage. 
Hotel. 

ANALYSIS 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  P.  H.  Douglass) : 

SoLiBB.  OrainB. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia             ....  0.794 

Carbonate  of  lime  .            .            .            .            .  2.067 

Protoxide  of  iron          .....  0.019 

SUica           .            .            .            .           .  0.017 

Total 2.897 

Remarks, — The  proprietors  have  erected  a  bath-house  at 
the  well. 

TELLOW   SPIUNaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — ^Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County,  Ohio. 
Access. — ^Yellow  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Little  Miami  Railroad,  seventy- 
four  miles  north  of  Cincinnati. 


tel.— Neff  House  Park. 

ANAT.TBIS. 

One  pint  contuns 

(62''Fahr.  Wayne  and  Locke) : 

SOUDS. 

• 

Orains. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

... 

•       2.446 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•        .  •           • 

. 

0.019 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

... 

.      0.021 

Chloride  of  calcium 

... 

. 

0.193 

Sulphate  of  lime 

... 

.      0.169 

Oxide  of  iron 

... 

. 

0.049 

Organic  matter 

... 

.     None. 

Total  .....  2.897 

Properties. — This  water  is  diuretic,  and  sometimes  laxative. 
The  union  of  a  proportion  of  iron  with  the  other  ingredients 
imparts  tonic  qualities.  The  water  is  a  good  one,  and  popular 
in  the  section  of  country  where  it  is  located. 


OALOIO  WATERa 


278 


iwamo,  one 


i?mar^.-_Yellow  Springs  are  beautifully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Little  Miami  River,  which  here  clears  a  passage 
between  precipitous  banka,  fifty  feet  high,  known  as  the  Cliffs. 
The  surrounding  country  is  undulating,  and  attractive  drives 

Ind  rrfr7  ^^''f*^"'  *^°'"  *°  ^^^"^^'  Springfield,  Xenia, 
and  Clifton  (which  gives  a  charming  view  of  the  Falls  of  the 
Miami),  are  particularly  delightful 

OETTTSBXma   SPBINGS. 

LoMHon.— Gettysburg,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 

northTr^''^'"  Baltimore,  t»ia  Northern  Central  RaUroad,  forty-seven  miles 

r  L  ♦      r'?'^'^'*'"'*'  *^«"««.  thirty  miles  west,  to  Ge  tysburg ;  th^n^ 

by  Btreet-raUroad  or  omnibus,  to  the  springs.  ' 

Hotcli—Gettysburg. 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Prof.  F.  A.  GenthV 

SOLISB.  '* 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron  . 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 

Sulphate  of  lime  -  . 

Phosphate  of  lime 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Borate  of  magnesia     . 

Silicic  acid  . 

Organic  matter,  with  trace  of  nitric  acid,  e'tc. 

Impurities  suspended  in  the  water,  like  clay,  etc. 


Otslns. 
0.027 
0.041 
0.003 
0.001 
0.627 
0.082 
trace. 
0.026 
0.308 
0.847 
0.104 
0.001 
0.001 
0.004 
0.254 
0.088 
0.138 


(1873.) 
I^operties.-.This  water  is  clear,  inodorous,  and  tasteless. 
As  Will  be  seen  by  the  analysis,  it  partakes  both  of  an  alkaline 


274 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  calcic  oharacter.  though  the  salts  of  lime  predominate. 
The  combination  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  one,  and  produces 
good  results.  The  water  has  proved  beneficial  in  gravely  cal- 
culttSy  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  and 
dyspepsia.  It  is  said  to  be  efficient  in  gout  and  rheumatism, 
and  that  chalk-stone  concretions  of  the  joints  have  been  re- 
moved by  its  use.  The  dose  of  the  water  in  the  majority  of 
oases  is  a  gill  three  times  a  day,  though  in  some  instances  it 
is  recommended  to  commence  with  a  very  much  larger  quan- 
tity, and  gradually  diminish  the  dose.  The  water  has  been 
named  Katalysine  water  by  the  proprietors  of  the  spring. 

RemarTcs. — ^These  springs  break  forth  in  a  picturesque 
valley,  a  few  miles  west  of  the  town  of  Gettysburg.  Within 
view  are  the  Catoctin  and  South  Mountains.  The  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  springs  was  the  scene  of  the  commencement  of 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  The  value  of  the  water  was  long 
known  to  the  neighboring  inhabitants,  but  it  has  only  been 
brought  to  public  notice  within  a  few  years.  The  bottled 
water  is  largely  sold  throughout  the  country. 


OLABENBON   SPBINQS. 

LoMtton  and  Post-Office. — Clarendon  Springs,  Rutland  County,  Vermont. 

Access. — Go  to  West  Rutland,  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga 
Railroad,  four  miles  from  Rutland ;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage,  to  the 
springs. 


Hotel* — Clarendon  House. 

One  pint  contdns 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  Ume 
Muriate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 


ANALYSIS. 

(60"  Fahr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.): 


(■ 


Graiiis. 
0.88 

0.84 


Total     .  .  •  •  * 

Oabbs. 
Carbonic  acid        .  •  •  •  • 

Nitrogen  ..... 

Properties. — ^This  is  a  water,  the  reputed  efficacy  of  which 

is  not  accounted  for  by  the  solid  ingredients  shown  by  the 


0.'72 

Cabio  In. 

6.77 

1.20 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


276 


analysis.  The  water  is  remarkable  as  containing  a  consider- 
able  proportion  of  free  nitrogen  gas,  an  unusual  constituent. 
It  also  contains  a  large  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  render- 
mg  It  acceptable  to  the  stomach.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  in 
graml,  dyspepsia,  and  engorgement  of  the  liver. 

Bemark8.~The^e  springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort  since 
the  early  settlement  of  the  country,  and  are  among  the  first 
ever  visited. 

«a.^^.^.''*'*''*  ^'"""^  *^®  "Geology  of  Vermont"  runs  thus: 
Tradition  informs  us  that  their  medicinal  virtues  were  first 
discovered  in  1776  by  one  Asa  Smith,  who  resided  in  the 
eastern  part  of   the  township.       He  is  reported  to   have 
dreamed '  of  a  spring  in  the  western  part  of  the  town,  and 
full  of  faith  started  through  the  wilderness,  and  over  the  high 
hills  that  separate  the  two  portions  of  the  town,  in  search  of 
the  spring  that  would  furnish  water  that  should  restore  him  to 
health.     Arriving  at  the  spot,  he  recognized  it  as  the  one  he 
had  seen  m  his  dream,  and  accordingly  at  once  drank  the 
water,  and  bound  clay  saturated  with  it  on  his  swollen  and  in- 
flamed limbs."    The  man  is  said  to  have  been  healed  of  his 
malady,  and  thenceforth  the  water  has  enjoyed  considerable 
reputation. 

The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  amid  the  green  hills 
of  Vermont,  at  an  elevation  of  eight  hundred  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 


SWEET  SPBINaS. 
^  Loeatlon  and  Post-Offlec-Sweet  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Vir- 

Aecess—From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
forty-one  miles  west;  thence,  ten  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs.  From  Rich- 
mond,  vva  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred 
and  twenty-one  miles  west.  From  the  west,  via  Cmcinoati  and  Ohio  River,  to 
Huntington  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east;  thence,  via  Chesapeake 
Station  °°^  """^  ninety-eight  miles  southeast,  to  Alleghany 

HotcL— Sweet  Springs. 
13 


276 


MINERAL  SPRING& 


ABTALTSIS. 

Ono  pint  contaiua 

(WFahr.  Prof.  W.  B. 

Rogers) : 

Solids. 

Graiiu. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.108 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

•                       •                       • 

8.757 

Chloride  of  sodium 

'  •                       •                       • 

.      0.017 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

0.089 

Chloride  of  calcium     . 

,      0.018 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

•                       •                       • 

.            0.798 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

.      1.174 

Sulphate  of  lime    . 

•                        •                       • 

1.646 

Peroxide  of  iron 

.      0.018 

Iodine 

•           trace. 

Earthy  phosphates 

.      trace. 

Silica 

•                                                • 

0.021 

Total     . 

.      7.686 

Gas. 

Cublo  In. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                                                • 

11.00 

Properties. — ^These  are  valuable  calcic  waters,  containing 
a  small  proportion  of  purging  sulphate,  and  a  large  amount  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.  They  are  promptly  diuretic  arid  diaphoretic 
as  a  rule,  and  seldom  purgative,  the  laxative  action  of  the  sul- 
phate of  magnesia  being  controlled  by  the  salts  of  lime.  The 
water  much  resembles  that  of  Pougues,  department  of  Nidvre, 
France. 

The  taste  of  this  water  is  sweet,  and  the  reaction  alkaline. 
In  August,  1871,  I  took  the  temperature  of  the  drinking-foun- 
tain,  and  found  it  74°  Fahr.  The  temperature  of  the  baths 
nearly  corresponds.  This  water,  therefore,  is,  strictly  speak- 
ing, a  thermal  water.  The  flow  of  the  water  is  about  twelve 
hundred  gallons  per  minute — quite  a  mill-race. 

These  waters  are  a  valuable  therapeutic  agent.  In  dys 
pejma,  depending  on  atonic  conditions,  they  will  undoubtedly 
aflfbrd  relief,  especially  in  those  cases  attended  with  gastralgia. 
In  sterility  unaccompanied  by  obstruction,  the  water  has  fre- 
quently proved  efficacious,  no  doubt  by  the  stimulant  effect 
exercised  on  the  generative  organs  by  the  carbonic  acid  in 
the  bath.  But  especially  is  the  water  valuable  in  gravel. 
Dr.  Woodville,  for  many  years  resident  at  the  springs,  in- 


CALCIC  WATEBa 


277 


S'^ir  et'  '"  !""  "T  '""""  •  """  *•«"  ™»  »«t  bre- 
wed.   Its  efficacy  in  gravel  appears  reasonable,  from  the  fact 

tt.a  the  water  of  Pougues,  which  it  resembles,  I  as  long  ha^a 

well^ented  reputation  in  this  malady.    It  n,ay  be  statfd  that 

the  Pougues  water  is  applicable  by  preference  to  phosphaUc 

gravel  accompanying  catarrhal  conditions  of  the  urinary  apna" 

cr;retmr:s!''°™^  °^ --- -^->'- »-^ 

h^^^Z"^^'  "'?  '"'■^^'^  "'^  '"  *•■«  fo™  of  «  b«th.    The 

partments.  fhe  baths  are  each  abofit  sixty  by  thirty  feet 
and  confnually  replenished  by  the  spring-waterfwhid^  fresh 
ZoL     M'r'  *'"'  ^"*'  ''"^''^'°'^  «»  o  er  the's  ndj 

about  744lhr/*'*f'  *'"  """P"'"'*"''  "'  «"»  '"'*  '« 
about  74    Fahr.,  but  on  first  immersion  it  feels  cooler     The 

first  bath  should  not  exceed  three  minutes.     Aftrbecominr 

mmutes,  though  long  immersion  is  not  desirable. 

Jlema,ks.~Th^  springs  are  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
charmmg  valleys.  Dr.  Burke,  in  his  work  on  "  vlZ  a 
Spnngs,''says:  "This  vale,  about  five  miles  in  length   Ind 

north  by  the  Alleghany,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Sweet  Springs 
Mountam,  may  wuhout  dispan.gement  of  other  beautiful  vfl- 
leys,  be  denominated  the  Tempe  of  Virginia  " 

of  J]r  vt^V^-  l"^"  """^  oommodious,  and  with  the  long  line 
ll!"  'l.  r  T"^""'  '"""P'^S  "°™d  "  «o™ioircle  of 
build Wf      '  T'r^  "=™'"'"«d  V  the  tasteful  bath- 

nltho^-  7  .  u°''''  ^°™'  "^  P'-^^^'-S  P'«'-o.  The 
nmghbormg  forests  abound  in  delightful  walks,  and  for  the 

sportsman  deer  and  trout  are  easUy  accessible.     The  society 

IS  of  aiose  who  admire  elegance  more  than  display. 

tant  ^"'^^'  ®P""^  (chalybeate)  are  but  one  mUe  dis- 

BEBKELET   SPKIiroS. 
l««tl..  ..d  P.st^«  ldd„»._B„ft,  Morgnu  County.  West  Virgin!,. 
A«<»-Tak«  cara  at  any  point  on  the  Baltimore  &  OUo  Railroad,  a^d  go 


218 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


to  Sir  John'8  Run,  o  station  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  west  of  Baltimore, 
on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad ;  thence,  two  and  a  half  miles  by  stage,  to 
the  eipringa. 


Hotel.— Berkeley  Springs. 

One  pint  contains 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Crenate  of  lime 
Crenatc  of  iron 
Silicate  of  iron        . 
Loss     .  • 


ANALYSIS. 

{W  Fahr.  A.  A.  Haycfl,  M.  D.) 


Grains. 
0.626 
0.112 
0.026 
0.045 
0.466 
0.010 
0.080 
0.008 

1.361 


Total 
Flow,  twelve  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 

Properties. — Strictly  speaking,  these  are  thermal  waters, 
used  chiefly  in  the  form  of  baths.  Employed  in  this  way  they 
have  proved  of  decided  value  in  neuralgia,  and  in  cases  of  de- 
bility they  are  a  most  admirable  restorative,  when  the  system 

reacts  well. 

For  the  purpose  of  bathing  every  facility  is  presented. 
The  flow  of  water  is  exceedingly  abundant,  the  stream  there- 
from supplying  seve  mills  in  its  way  down  the  valley. 
This  large  supply  has  oeen  utilized  so  as  to  furnish  baths  of 
every  description.  There  is  a  gentlemen's  and  a  ladies*  bath- 
house, with  numerous  private  baths ;  a  gentlemen's  swimming- 
bath,  sixty  by  twenty  feet,  and  five  feet  deep,  containing  over 
fifty  thousand  gallons  of  water ;  a  ladies'  ?wimming-bath,  thirty 
by  sixteen  feet,  and  four  and  a  half  ie(-x  iojp.  Also,  n  sepa 
rate  establishment  for  warm,  spout,  a        ''OW^t  baths. 

BemarJcs. — ^These  springs,  four  in  number,  issue  from  the 
base  of  the  Warm  Springs  Ridge.  The  mountain-side  is 
clothed  with  a  dense  forest,  which  is  permeated  in  every  direc- 
tion by  enticing  walks.  The  springs  are  respectively  named 
:he  "  Grentlemen's  Spring,"  covered  by  a  pavilion,  supported 
i:«y  ten  columns,  and  having  a  spacious  lounging-rooni  jibove  for 
gentlemen ;  "  Lord  Fairfax's  Spring,"  and  the  "  Ladies'  Spring, 


CALCIO  WATERS. 


270 


also  surmounted  by  a  i)av!lion  and  open  above,  for  occupation 
by  visitors  or  the  biuid.     The  fourth  spring  is  a  small  one. 

These  sprin^ra  possess  an  historic  interest.     The  original 
title  was  vested  in  Thomas,  Lord  Fairfax,  who  made  a  grant 
of  a  few  acres  of  land,  with  the  springfi,  to  the  State,  reserv- 
ing to  his  own  use  one  spring,  still  known  as  "Lord  Fairfax's 
Spring."    In  colonial  times  the  gentry  assembled  here,  and,  in 
a  rude  way,  enjoyed  the  pleasures  of  tht;  wildwood  and  the 
luxury  of  the  baths.    Log-huts  and  tents  formed  the  only  shel- 
ter.    The  day  was  passed  in  horse-racing,  hunting,  fishing, 
rambles  through  the  forests,  and,  at  certain  hours,  in  bathing. 
The  pool  was  a  hollow  formed  in  the  sand,  and  screened  by  a 
thatching  of  interwoven  boughs  of  the  pines.     At  a  certain 
predetermined  signal  from  a  tin  horn,  the  gentlemen  retired 
while  the  ladies  bathed ;  and  by  a  similar  device  the  gentlemen 
occupied  the  bath.     "  Peeping  Toms  "  were  dealt  with  unmer- 
cifully.   At  night,  fiddling  and  dancing  were  indulged  in  by  the 
young,  under  the  cheerful  illumination  of  pine-knots  and  tal- 
low-dips ;  while  the  elders,  under  the  exhilaration  of  pure  "rye," 
recounted  stories  of  the  chase,  arranged  races  for  the  coming 
day,  and  exchanged  money  at  the  magic  call  of  the  cards. 

In  1777,  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  the  Assembly  of  the  Com- 
monwealth.of  Virginia,  a  town  by  the  name  of  Bath  was  laid 
out.  General  George  Washington  being  one  of  the  purchasers. 
This  property  is  named  in  his  will  in  the  following  terms : 
"  Two  well-situated  and  handsome  buildings,  to  the  amount 
of  £150;"  and  in  a  note  thereto  we  find  the  following: 
"  The  lots  in  Bath  (two  adjoining)  cost  me,  to  the  best  of  my 
recollection,  between  fifty  and  sixty  pounds,  twenty  years  ago. 
Whether  property  there  has  increased  or  decreased  in  value, 
and  in  what  condition  the  houses  are,  I  am  ignorant,  but  sup- 
pose they  are  not  valued  too  high." 


m  above  for 


ALLEGHANY   SPBIMTaS. 

Lofatloit  and  Post-OflBce.— Alleghany  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Aceess.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 


280 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  Virginia  k  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
fifty-four  miles  southwest ;  thence,  three  and  a  half  m'les  by  stage  to  the 
Bprings.  From  the  south  and  west,  via  Chattanooga,  Enoxville  &  Virginia, 
and  Tennessee  Railroads,  to  Alleghany  Station. 

Hotel. — ^AllegJiany  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (63°  Fahr.    F.  A.  Genth,  M.  D.)  : 


Solids. 

Gralni. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.087 

Carbonate  of  iron 

.       0.016 

Carbonate  of  manganese     .           • 

0.006 

Carbonate  of  lime                    .           • 

.      0.376 

Carbonate  of  lithia            .           . 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  strontia  . 

.      0.006 

Carbonate  of  baryta           .            . 

0.002 

Chloride  of  sodium                  .           , 

.      0.028 

Sulphate  of  potassa            .           . 

0.385 

Sulphate  of  soda         .                       . 

.      0.178 

Sulphate  of  magnesia        .            . 

6.299 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.     12.007 

Phosphate  of  alumina        .            . 

0.002 

Nitrate  of  magnesia     .            .            . 

.      0.335 

Nitrate  of  ammonia 

0.058 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

.      0.002 

Silicate  of  alumina 

0.021 

Silicic  acid 

.      0.091 

Organic  matter       ... 

0.208 

Total     .           .            .            . 

.     19.057 

Gasks 

Cubic  to. 

Carbonic  acid 
Snlnhuretted  hvdrocen 

1.20 
trace. 

Dr.  Genth  also  finds  minute  quantities  of  carbonate  of 
copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  cobalt ;  also  teroxide  of  antimony  and 
crenio  acid  and  epocrenic  acid.  These  constituents  were  not 
derived  directly  from  the  spring-water,  but  were  detected  in 
the  deposit  which  forms  in  the  spring  reservoir.  The  flow  of 
the  water  is  about  one-fourth  gallon  per  minute.  The  taste  is 
pleasant,  without  odor  or  flavor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Properties. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis,  that  the 
chief  constituents  of  this  water  are  the  sulphates  of  lime  and 
magnesia,  a  combination  seldom  met  with.     It  is  allied,  by 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


231 


the  large  proportion  of  sulphate  of  magnesia,  to  purgative 
waters.  As  might  be  expected  from  this  combination,  the 
action  of  the  water  is  both  purgative  and  diuretic,  when  taken 
in  considerable  quantity.  In  moderate  quantity,  however,  this 
action  is  not  marked,  the  cathartic  action  of  the  sulphate  of 
magnesia  being  controlled  by  the  constipating  tendency  of  the 
sulphate  of  lime.  The  play  of  the  other  constituents,  of 
which  Dr.  Genth  has  found  so  great  a  number,  cannot  be 
estimated. 

This  water  is  very  highly  esteemed  in  the  treatment  of  the 
various  types  of  dyspepsia,  and  it  is  in  this  disease  that  it 
numbers  the  most  important  cures.  It  has  also  proved  valua- 
ble in  engorgement  of  the  liver,  gall-stones,  and  habitual  con- 
stipation. 

Remarks.— "The  Alleghany  Springs  are  situated  on  the 
Roanoke  River,  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. The  hotel  and  principal  cottages  occupy  smooth  and 
undulating  hills,  while,  on  either  hand,  the  lofty  spurs  of  the 
AUeghanies  present  attractive  mountain-scenery.  In  every 
direction  the  visitor  finds  opportunity  for  the  enjoyment  of 
mountain-climbing  and  mountain-air.  Five  miles  from  the 
springs  is  Fisherh  View,  where  an  extended  panorama  of 
mountain-summits  is  presented  to  the  eye.  Eight  miles  from 
the  springs  are  Puncheon  Run  Falls,  also  a  point  of  consider- 
able interest. 


BETHESDA    SPItINaS.i 

Location  and  Post-Offlcc— Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 
Iceess.— Waukesha  is  a  station  on  the  Prairie  du  Cliien  division  of  the 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad,  twenty-one  miles  west  of  Milwaukee. 
IlotcISt— Exchange,  American,  Fox  River  House,  National. 

Properties.— li  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  these 
waters  contain  1.027  grain  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  magne- 
sia, and  1.478  grain  of  carbonate  of  lime,  to  the  pint.  They 
arc,  therefore,  closely  allied  to  the  alkaline  waters,  though  the 
calcareous  salt  is  slightly  in  excess.     The  waters,  as  is  usual 

See  Analysis,  page  282. 


283 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


with  this  class,  are  decidedly  diuretic^  and  have  proved  ex- 
ceedingly efficient  in  diabetes  mellitus^  gravel,  calculus,  and 
chronic  inflammation  and  catarrh  of  the  bladder.  They  are 
also  palliative  in  albuminuria  or  Bright's  disease,  and  by  the 
increased  flow  of  urine  relieve  dropsy. 

The  usual  quantity  taken  is  eight  to  ten  glasses  a  day  for 
the  first  three  or  four  days,  and  then  reduce  the  quantity  ac- 
cording to  the  effect  on  the  urine.  In  diabetes  mellitus,  the 
usual  restrictions  as  to  saccharine  and  amylaceous  diet  are 
to  be  observed. 

ANALYSia 


One  pint  contains 

(60°  Fahr.  0.  F.  Chandler) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda  . 

•           •           • 

0.109 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.       0.918 

Carbonate  of  iron  . 

... 

0.004 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.       1.478 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•           .           • 

0,145 

Sulphate  of  potassa     . 

.      0.06V 

Sulphate  of  soda   , 

•           •           • 

0.068 

Phosphate  of  soda 

trace. 

Alumina     .. 

•           •           • 

0.016 

Silica    . 

.      C,.092 

Organic  matter 

•           •           • 

0.248 

Total 


8.184 


Hemarks. — Waukesha,  an  Indian  name,  signifying  "  Little 
Fox,"  is  a  pleasantly-shaded  village  on  the  banks  of  the  Little 
Fox  River.  The  population  numbers  about  three  thousand 
five  hundred.  The  climate  is  cool  and  refreshing  during  the 
summer  months.  At  a  distance  of  six  to  ten  miles  from  the 
village,  at  Pewaukee,  Nashota,  Delafield,  Merton,  and  Ocono- 
mowoc,  are  several  lakes  much  resorted  to  for  delightful  drives 
and  fine  sport. 

HOLSTON    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-0£Hce.— Holston  Springs,  Scott  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Abingdon,  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  miles  southwest ;  thence  forty  miles  northwest,  by  stage,  to  the  sprmgs. 

HoteK — Holston  Springs. 


CALCIC  WATERS. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains     (68>^»Fahr.  Prof.  Hayden) : 

SOIXDB. 

Carbonate  of  lime  .... 
Chloride  of  sodium  and  muriate  of  ammonia 
Sulphate  of  soda 


283 


Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  alumina 
Phosphate  of  alumina 

Total      . 


Grains. 

.80 

.19 

trace. 

1.69 

2.66 

trace. 

trace. 

6.14 


CHAPTER   XV L 


THBBlVIAIi  WATEBS. 


All  waters  possessing  an  unvarying  temperature  of  85 
Fahr.,  or  above,  are  included  under  this  designation.  I  use 
the  term  thermal  in  the  sense  of  heat  as  indicated  ly  the 
sensations  of  the  body  ;  although,  geologically  speaking,  "  all 
springs  are  considered  warm,  or  thermal,  the  temperature 
of  which  exceeds,  however  little,  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture of  the  place  at  which  they  rise."  Accordingly,  a  spring 
of  a  certain  degree  would  be  called  warm  in  Iceland  and  cold 
at  the  equator.  Waters  of  85°  Fahr.  will  convey  a  sensation 
of  warmth  to  the  hand  of  most  persons  on  first  immersion, 
though  if  the  entire  body  were  placed  in  the  water  a  feeling 
of  chilliness  might  be  experienced.  Waters  of  from  70°  to 
85°  Fahr.  may  be  termed  temperate,  from  85°  to  93°  Fahr. 
they  are  tepid,  from  92°  to  98°  they  are  warm,  and  from 
98°  Fahr.  upward  they  are  hot — all,  except  the  first,  included 
under  the  term  thermal.  In  one  or  two  instances  springs 
below  85°  Fahr.  have  been  introduced  in  this  class,  being 
above  the  temperature  of  cold  springs,  70°  Fahr.,  and  not  pos- 
sessing decided  chemical  constituents. 

Thermal  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  bathing,  and  in  this 
their  efficacy  mainly  consists  in  the  majority  of  instances. 
These  waters  sometimes  contain  considerable  carbonic-acid 
gas,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  or  even  chloride  of  sodium,  or  the 
alkaline  carbonates ;  but,  as  a  rule,  they  yield  but  a  very  small 
proportion  of  mineral  ingredients.  The  manner  of  using  the 
diflPerent  kinds  of  tepid,  warm,  and  hot  waters,  is  discussed  in 
the  chapter  on  baths,  under  the  respective  titles. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


286 


mersioD, 


It  has  been  questioned  whether  there  is  a  difference  be- 
tween the  heat  of  mineral  waters  and  artificial  heat.     Former- 
ly,  many  held  the  aflSrmative,  and  there  are  not  wanting  those 
who  still  hold  this  view.    But  there  are  no  observations 
that  show  any  actual  difference,  and  those  who  have  investi- 
gated the  matter  in  late  years  have  decided  in  the  negative.' 
This  being  so,  why  are  hot  or  warm  mineral  waters  more  ac- 
tive medicinal  agents  than  artificially-heated  water  ?    In  some 
instances  the  waters  are  highly  charged  with  gases,  or  contain 
considerable  mineral   ingredients,  but,  aside  from  this,  the 
uniform  and  continuous   temperature  of   the  water  distin- 
guishes it  from  ordinary  hot  water.     The  latter  is  often  not 
uniformly  heated  throughout,  and  from  the  time  it  is  passed 
into  the  tub  is  decreasing  in  temperature,  or,  if  heated  by 
steam  in  the  tub,  is  alternating  each  moment  from  one  degree 
of  heat  to  another,  while  in  large  pools  at  the  hot  springs  the 
water  remains  of  the  same  temperature  continually.     It  may 
be  added  that  it  is  impossible  to  arrange  hot  spout  and  douche 
baths  at  home  equal  to  those  of  the  springs.     Another  advan- 
tage is  that  of  specialty.     The  attendants,  the  physician,  and 
every  one  connected  with  the  springs'  baths,  acquire  dexterity 
and  precision  in  their  application,  which  is  of  great  advantage 
to  the  invalid.     However  we  may  explain  their  action,  the 
fact  remains  of  their  efficacy. 

These  waters  are  exceedingly  beneficial  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  rheumatism  and  gout,  especially  when  associated 
with  stiffening  of  the  joints  and  concretions.  In  certain  irri- 
table conditions  of  the  nervous  system  they  produce  a  calm- 
ing effect,  and  in  neuralgia  depending  on  injuries  or  inflam- 
mation of  the  nervous  sheaths,  they  are  often  curative.  In 
jmraplegia,  not  organic,  and  in  which  the  muscles  are  excit- 
able by  electricity,  the  use  of  these  waters  often  wonderfully 
hastens  a  cure ;  and  the  same  observation  may  be  made  of 

» In  a  letter  to  the  author,  Prof.  John  Tyndall,  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain 
than  whom  there  is  no  higher  Uvlng  authority  on  heat,  writes  as  follows:  "I  am  not 
acquainted  with  any  difference  between  natural  heat  and  artificial  heat.  I  am  not 
acquainted  wth  any  tliermo-electiic  conditions  that  could  cause  any  perceptible  difference 
between  the  thorapentic  action  of  natural  hot  water  and  artiflcial  hot-water" 


286 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


Other  forms  of  paralysiSy  excepting  hemiplegia,  for  which 
saline  waters  are  preferable.  In  many  of  the  scaly  diseases  of 
the  skin^  such  as  psoriasis^  licheriy  etc.,  they  are  a  most  efficient 
auxiliary  in  the  treatment.  They  also  form  a  desirable  ad- 
juvant in  the  treatment  of  syphilis  by  the  metamorphosis  of 
tissue  which  they  produce,  aiding  and  rendering  more  certain 
the  action  of  other  remedies. 

In  treatment  of  affections  of  the  joints  the  water  must  be 
quite  warm,  and  local  frictions  should  be  used.  Care  should 
be  taken  that  persons  affected  with  organic  diseases  of  the 
heart  are  not  treated  by  hot  baths. 


HOT   SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Hot  Springs,  Garland  County,  Arkansas. 

AccesSt — Go  to  Little  Rock,  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  miles  west  from 
Memphis,  by  Memphis  &  Little  Rock  Railroad,  or  by  steamboat  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Arkansas  Rivers  during  navigable  seasons;  thence,  fifty 
miles  west,  by  railroad,  to  the  springs.  Also  by  steamboat  on  the  Ouachita 
River  to  Arkadelphia ;  thence  thirty-five  miles'  staging. 

Hotels. — Hot  Springs,  Aikin,  Earle,  Hale,  Rector,  Warren. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pmt  contains     (QS'-IBO"  Fahr.) : 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 


Sulphate  of  soda     . 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Sesquioxide  of  iron 
Iodine  , 
Bromine 
Silicate  of  lime 
Silica 
Alumina 
Organic  matter 
Water  . 

Total 


GroiiiB. 
0.016 
0.496 
0.001 
0.029 
0.04*7 
0.014 
0.013 
trace, 
trace. 
0.058 
0.233 
0.056 
0.088 
0.018 

1.069 


The  above  analysis  is  the  result  of  calculatiiig  the  follow- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


287 


ing  percentages  as  given  bj  Prof.  E.  Hills  Larkin,  who  ana- 
lyzed the  waters  in  1859;  and  combination  of  the  elements 
according  to  approved  formuloB : 


Mineral  constituents,  8^  grains  per  gallon. 


Silicic  acid 

Sesquioxide  of  iron 

Alumina 

Lime     . 

Magnesia     . 

Clilorine 

Carbonic  acid 

Organic  matter 

Water 

Sulpliuric  acid  . 

Potassa 

Soda     . 

Iodine  and  bromine 

Total 


Percentage. 
24.74 
1.21 
6.15 
28.83 
.78 
.07 
21.86 
8.81 
1.72 
4.49 
1.46 
2.01 
trace. 

100.08 


These  waters  resemble  the  waters  of  Gastein,  in  Austria, 
and  PfaflFers,  in  Switzerland. 

JProperties.—They  are  very  highly  esteemed,  and  deserv- 
edly so,  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  rheumatism^  gout^  con- 
tractions  of  joints,  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis,  and  neu- 
ralgia. In  paralysis,  unaccompanied  by  organic  lesions,  they 
are  of  considerable  utility.  As  auxiliaries,  in  dartrous  dis- 
eases of  the  skin,  functional  diseases  of  the  uterus,  and  chronic 
poisoning  by  metals— either  lead  or  mercury— they  are  effi- 
cient. Experience  proves  them  to  be  positively  injurious  in 
affections  of  the  heart  or  brain,  dropsies,  and  diseases  of  the 
lungs  in  any  form ;  and  persons  laboring  under  diseases  for 
which  these  waters  are  beneficial,  but  accompanied  by  such 
maladies,  need  not  journey  to  the  Hot  Springs. 

How  do  these  waters  act?  Principally,  if  not  altogether, 
by  elevated  temperature.  Having  a  continuous  flow  of  three 
hundred  and  sixty  gallons  per  minute,  and  ranging  in  tempera- 
ture from  93°  to  150°  Fahr.,  we  would  expect  favorable  results 
from  their  judicious  use,  and  we  are  not  surprised  to  learn  of 


288 


MINEBAL  SPRINGa 


cures  under  their  employment  tbat  have  resisted  all  other 
modes  of  treatment.     It  is  asked,  "  Why  not  use  hot  water  at 
home  ?  "    Because  it  is  impossible  to  procure  it  in  suflBcient 
quantity  and  of  uniform  temperature.      Some  consider  that 
terrestrial  heat  possesses  peculiar  properties,  rendering  it  more 
efficient  than  artificial  heat.    Dr.  G.  W.  Lawrence,  who  has 
had  ample  opportunity  for  observation,  holds  that  "  a  positive 
diflference  exists  in  the  natural  thermal  waters  of  Arkansas  and 
artificially-heated  waters,"  which  he  attributes,  among  other 
causes,  "  to  the  thermo-electric  properties  of  the  thermal  wa- 
ters."   He  says,  "  The  natural  produces  a  stimulating  sweat; 
the  artificial  waters  a  relaxing  diaphoretic  action."    These 
diflFerences,  however,  if  such  exist,  are  not  at  present  tangible. 
In  these  waters,  as  in  many  thermal  waters,  there  is  a  con- 
fervoid  growth,  or  "  moss,"  which  is  frequently  used  by  pa- 
tients as  an  external  application  to  painful  parts  or  ulcerated 
surfaces.     It  acts  much  like  a  poultice. 

Bemarks, — It  was  these  waters  that  De  Soto's  companions 
passed  in  search  of  El  Dorado,  and  thought  the  "  fountain  of 
youth."  They  are  situated  in  a  valley,  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Hot  Springs  Mountain — one  of  the  Ozark  Mountains — at 
an  elevation  of  thirteen  hundred  and  sixty  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  The  climate  is  pleasant,  the  temperature  seldom 
ranging  as  high  as  98°  Fahr.  during  the  hottest  days  of  sum- 
mer, and  the  nights  being  always  cool,  so  that  blankets  are 
desirable.  The  winters  are  usually  mild  and  of  short  duration ; 
and  the  "  springs  season  "  begins  in  April  and  continues  till 
December. 

The  springs  are  fifty-seven  in  number,  flowing,  as  I  have 
said,  three  hundred  and  sixty  gallons  per  minute.  This  large 
volume  of  water  is  utilized  for  all  modes  of  bathing,  by  con- 
duits, which  convey  it  to  the  various  establishments.  The  Hot 
Springs  Bath  consists  of  three  compartments :  First,  a  dress- 
ing-room, where,  having  disrobed,  you  enter  the  bath-room, 
the  water  in  the  tub  having  been  previously  prepared  of  the 
proper  temperature ;  here  you  remain  for  a  specified  length 
of  time,  bathing  in  the  water  and  using  the  hot  spout-jet  of 


!  IS  a  con- 


THEBMAL  WATEBS.  289 

water  on  any  portion  of  the  body,  as  may  be  required.    From 
the  bath  you  enter  into  the  adjoining  vapor-room,  the  floor  of 
w^ch  IS  formed  by  narrow  strips  of  wood,  with  spaces  an  inch 
and  a  half  between.    From  these  interstices  a  volume  of  vapor 
escapes  from  the  hot  water  flowing  beneath,  filling  the  room 
and  giving  it  a  temperature  of  about  110°  Fahr.    Here  you  re- 
main from  one  to  three  minutes,  drinking  freely  from  the  can 
of  hot  water  previously  placed  in  the  room.    After  the  vapor- 
bath  you  wipe  the  surface  quickly,  till  dry,  put  on  your /an- 
neh,  dress  rapidly,  protect  the  person  well  with  toarm  over- 
garments,  hasten  to  bed,  where  you  remain,  in  your  flannels 
and  weU  blanketed,  usually  twenty  minutes,  drinking  the  hot 
water  at  intervals.    When  the  circulation  has  become  tranquil 
and  perspiration  has  ceased,  the  person  may  rise,  but  not  to 
go  outK)f-doors  immediately  if  the  weather  is  at  all  chilly 

Within  eight  miles  of  the  Hot  Springs  are  good  sulphur- 
waters,  not,  however,  improved, 

OAUSTOQA  HOT   SPBINaS. 

LoeattOD  and  Post-Offlcc-Calistoga  Springs,  Napa  County,  California. 

Access.— From  San  Francisco,  cross  the  bay  by  regular  boat  to  VaUejo 
connecting  with  Napa  Valley  Railroad  direct  for  Calistoga,  three  and  a  half 
hours  from  San  Francisco.  From  Sacramento,  go  by  rail  direct  to  Vallejo- 
thence,  as  above.  ' 

Hotels.— Calistoga  Springs  Hotel,  Mountain  House. 
Analysis.— The  principal  ingredients  are  said  to  be  sul- 
phur, iron,   and  magnesia,   sulphur   largely  predominating 
Temperature,  100°  to  195°  Fahr.    The  waters  have  not  been 
quantitatively  analyzed.     {See  Appendix.) 

I^-operties.— These  springs,  belonging  to  the  sulphur  class, 
and  possessing,  besides,  the  properties  of  thermal  waters,  are 
of  decided  efficacy  in  many  diseases,  such  as  gout,  paralysis, 
rheumatism,  dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  chronic  lead-poi- 
soning, and,  as  an  auxiliary,  in  tertiary  syphilis. 

Hemarks.—The  springs  number  about  sixty,  varying  in 
temperature  from  lukewarm  to  boiling-hot,  and  distributed 
over  an  area  of  a  hundred  acres.  The  waters  are  used  almost 
exclusively  for  bathing.    For  this  purpose  a  cofnroodious  swim- 


200 


MINERAL  SFRINQS; 


ming-bath  has  been  constructed,  in  which  many  persons  may 
enjoy  the  pleasures  of  a  plunge-bath  at  the  same  time.  It  is 
arranged  with  the  usual  conveniences  of  side-cabinets  for  dis- 
robing and  dressing.  There  are  also  well-arranged  private 
baths.  A  hot-sulphur  steam-bath  is  also  arranged,  so  that  the 
eflFects  of  the  water  in  the  form  of  hot  vapor  may  be  procured. 
Here  also  are  found  the  moor  or  mineral-mud  bathSy  similar  to 
those  of  Franzensbad  and  Marienbad,  in  Bohemia. 

Calistoga  is  one  of  the  outgrowths  of  our  rapid  American 
civilization.  A  few  years  ago  the  area  which  it  occupies  was 
a  waste ;  but,  under  the  energetic  management  of  the  proprie- 
tor, Samuel  Brannan,  Esq.,  smooth  lawns  and  inviting  walks 
have  succeeded  the  waste  places,  and  embowered  cottages  al- 
lure the  invalid.  The  name  was  formed  by  uniting  the  first 
two  syllables  of  California  with  the  last  two  of  Saratoga 
though  there  is  not  the  least  analogy  between  the  two  as  re 
gards  the  properties  of  the  water.  Within  the  lands  of  the 
springs  is  a  large  vineyard  of  many  acres,  yielding  tons  of 
grapes  of  the  choicest  varieties.  Here  Californians  are  accus- 
tomed to  try  the  efficacy  of  the  "  grape-cure,"  as  practised  at 
Vevay,  in  Switzerland. 

About  five  miles  southwest  of  Calistoga  is  the  Petrified 
Forest^  an  object  of  exceeding  interest  to  the  geologist  or 
tourist.  There  are  found  the  prostrate  remains  of  a  vast  forest 
of  gigantic  trees,  similar  to  the  towering  conifers  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  all  converted  into  solid  stone.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  result  of  volcanic  agency,  the  surface  having  been  del- 
uged with  hot  silicious-alkaline  waters. 

Calistoga  is  the  point  whence  the  stage  is  taken  for  the 
Geysers ;  also  for  Skagg's  Springs,  Harbine  Springs,  Seigler 
Springs,  and  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

THE    QEYSEBS. 

Location. — Sonoma  County,  California.  • 

Access. — From  San  Francisco,  across  the  bay,  by  boat,  to  Vallejo ;  thence, 

by  Napa  Valley  Railroad,  three  and  a  half  hours,  to  Calistoga  Springs;  thenco 

twenty-eight  miles  by  stage. 
ilote!. — Geyser  Ilotel. 


THERMAL  WATERa 


201 


Analysis.- 


Hemarka.—''  The  Geyser  Cafion  *  is  half  a  mile  long,  the 
bottom  from  one  to  two  rods  in  width,  and  the  banks  shoot  up 
fourteen  hundred  feet  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees.  Their 
surface  in  most  places  is  whitish,  covered  with  the  residuum 
of  extinct  geysers,  .  .  .  which  has  been  bleached  by  the  suns 
and  rains  of  scores  of  summers  and  winters.  Here  and  there, 
at  wide  intervals,  are  small  jets  of  steam  from  springs  which 
are  yet  bubbling  and  hissing.  Large  spots  are  completely 
honey-combed  with  these  faintly-working  relics  of  a  onoe 
thickly-boiling  section.  As  we  walk  over  them,  the  ground 
occasionally  gives  way  beneath  our  tread,  and  we  sink  shoe- 
deep  into  the  chemical  deposits. 

"The  first  spring  we  meet  going  up  the  ravine  is  the 
*  Alum  and  Iron  Spring,*  which  has  a  temperature  of  ninety- 
seven  degrees.  Incrustations  of  iron  form  around  it  in  a  sin- 
gle night.  A  few  feet  farther  on  is  the  'Medicated  Geyser 
Bath,'  having  a  temperature  a  few  degrees  less.  .  .  .  Next 
is  the  '  Boiling  Alum  and  Sulphur  Spring,'  with  a  temperature 
of  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  degrees. 

"Close  by  is  the  *  Black  Sulphur,'  which  has  about  the 
same  degree  of  heat.  Beyond  these  are  the  'Epsom  Salts 
Spring'  and  the  'Boiling  Black  Sulphur,'  which  boil,  bubble, 
and  roar  constantly.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  '  Witches'  Gal- 
dron,'  whose  diameter  exceeds  seven  feet,  and  is  tossing  con- 
tinually with  ebullition.  When  we  saw  it  the  water  was 
thrown  up  four  or  five  inches,  but  we  are  assured  that  some- 
times it  is  thrown  up  two  feet.  The  temperature  is  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety-five  degrees.  It  is  large  enough  to  boil  an 
ox,  and  the  bottom  is  of  an  unknown  depth.  Large  volumes 
of  steam  rise  from  it,  as  visible  as  the  puffings  from  the  smoke- 
stack of  a  locomotive.  Twelve  feet  away  is  the  '  Intermittent 
Scalding  Spring,'  which  sends  forth  jets  of  water  of  a  temper- 
ature of  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  degrees.  They  some- 
times rise  to  a  height  of  fifteen  feet,  but  the  pressure  varies  at 
difierent  times.     It  is  the  same  with  nearly  all  the  springs, 

1  J.  F.  Manning,  in  UppincotCa  Magazine,  December,  1870. 


202 


MINERAL  8PRIN(JS. 


I 


and  what  is  scon  by  one  may  bo  vory  different  from  what  is 
seen  by  another.  At  no  time,  however,  do  the  jets  cease  en- 
tirely. As  the  degree  of  pressure  and  the  height  to  which  the 
water  is  thrown  vary,  so  does  the  sound.  There  are  periods 
when  it  is  heard  at  a  considerable  distance,  and  again  the  ear 
must  be  near  by  to  distinguish  it. 

"The  most  wonderful  and  interesting  of  all  the  springs  is 
the  'Steamboat  Geyser,'  the  play  of  which  resembles  exactly 
the  *  blowing  off  steam  *  in  a  high-pressure  steamboat.     A  lit- 
tie  beyond  this  singular  spring  the  caflon  divides  or  forks, 
smaller  ones  jpranching  off  to  the  right  and  left.     Just  at  the 
fork  a  bold,  lofty  bluff  rises  up,  which  is  surmounted  by  a 
tapering  rock  named  *  The  Pulpit.'  .  .  .  From  the  Pulpit  a 
full,  fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  entire  cafion  and  the  imme- 
diate surroundings.     Besides  the  springs   we   have  named, 
which  are  the  largest  and  most  valuable  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses,  there  are  numerous  smaller  ones,  numbering,  all  counted, 
aboijt  a  hundred.     Among  them  is  the  '  Devil's  Inkstand,'  a 
small  spring,  whose  product  is  as  black  as  ink,  and  serves  very 
well  as  a  substitute  for  that  article. 

"  Passing  up  the  bank  which  forms  the  upper  right-hand 
end  of  the  canon,  and  taking  position  on  a  knoll,  we  get  the 
best  view  of  the  larger  springs  and  their  operation.     About 
two  hundred  feet  below  us  is  the  Witches'  Caldron,  black  as 
ink,  tossing  and  steaming :  farther  down  are  the  minor  ones, 
sending  up  into  the  scorching  sunlight  their  gossamer  vapors.' 
We  hear  distinctly  the  Steamboat  Geyser.     It  seems  as  if  we 
were  on  the  brink  of  Tartarus  itself,  while  all  around,  on  the 
sides  and  summits,  excepting  in  the  spots  covered  with  the 
chemicals  from  extinct  geysers,  are  wild-oats  growing  abun- 
dantly, beautiful  flowers,  and  wide-spreading  oaks,  under  whose 
deep-green  shade  grows  luxuriantly  a  peculiar  mountain-grass. 
All  this  vegetation  borders  closely  on  the  most  barren  of  all 
wastes. 

"  From  this  resting-place  we  pass  over  the  *  Mountain  of 
Fire,'  a  section  filled  with  scores  of  orifices.  .  .  .  Then 
comes  the  *  Alkali  Lake,'  followed  by  other  springs  of  boiling 


THERMAL  WATKBa  jjj 

water  imprognixted  with  numberless  chemicals.  One  is  a 
whUe-sulphur  spring,  the  water  of  which  is  of  an  amber 
punty  Ano.hor  is  the  '  Boiling  Eyewater  Spring.'  One  of 
the  guides,  a  very  intelligent  German,  has  put  up  ten  different 
specmens  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  chemicals, 
and  spnng-waters  m  small  phials,  for  the  convenience  of  visitors 
that  they  may  have  m  compact  and  portable  form  apt  tokens 
of  remembrance  of  one  of  earth's  marvels.  Near  the  hotel,  in 
Pluton  Canon,  «,  the  'Acid  Spring.'  .   .  .  Sweetened  with 

llLTf        '""  "  """  ' '"'"""  ^"""«''  »"  <"•"<">  because  the 
Indians  for  many  years  carried  their  sick  there  to  be  healed. 
It  ,s  a  chalybeate   the  water  being  an  inky  blackness.  .  .  . 
Steam  or  vapor-baths  have  been  constructed  by  building  sheds 
over  the  sprmgs,  so  as  to  imprison  the  steam  long  enough  to 
be  used  for  sanitary  and  pleasure  purposes.    Ue  pSpll 
one  IS  m  the  bottom  of  Pluton  Caflon;  near  the  fre"e 
brook  so  that,  after  the  warm  douche  ank  the  vapor  bath  the 
bather  goes  a  few  steps,  and  finds  a  plunge-bath  of  the  ^ost 
^arkhng  mountain-water,  in  an  artificial  rfservoir  so  arranged 
that  the  contents  are  constantly  renewed." 


PASO  ROBLES  HOT  SPBINOS. 

CouTc""nia'"^"'""--"*^°  "^^'^^  ^°*  «Pr^»««.  «-  ^^  Obispo 
iwes8.-From  San  Francisco  by  steamer,  about  one  hundred  and  eiehtv 
m.  es  «outh  to  San  Luis  Obispo  ;  thence,  twenty-seven  miles  nolby  ST 
0  the  springs.  Or  by  San  Francisco  &  St.  Jos^  Railroad,  to  sTrgent'  sfa 
t^n ;  thence,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  south  by  sta^  to  the  '  in^/ 
Irom  Los  Angeles  north,  by  steamer,  to  San  Luis  Obispo.     '  ^     ^ 

Hotel.— Paso  Robles. 

nl„,r    ,     .  •     I  '"  ""  ^^o^-J'-g'y  valuable  therm^  water^ 
Si:       P,"  "tT"'  "-""P"^'*'-  to  the  waters  of  Aix-lJ 

y—^.M,  caro^xxx^-auiu  gas,  and  an  active  amount  of 


i'-'i 


1                          294                                  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

alkaline  carbonates.     A  water  such  as  this  cannot  fail  to  be 
of  benefit  in  very  many  cases  of  gout^  chronic  rheumatism^  and 
dartrous  skin-diseases ;  also,  in  co7itractions  of  the  joints  and 
i                        old  gunshot-wounds.     In  fine,  it  is  applicable  to  all  those  dis- 
eases especially  benefited  by  a  thermal  saline-sulphur  water. 
The  immediate  effect  of  the  water  is  laxative  and  diuretic ; 
the  remote,  alterative. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains— 

Main  Spring, 

11 2°  Falir, 

Prof.  Thomas  Price. 

Mud  Spring, 

122°   Falir. 

Prof.  Thomas  Price. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Grains. 
3.664 
0.057 
2.880 
0.092 
0.818 
0.334 
0.037 

traces. 
0.023 
0.046 
0.171 

Grains. 
0.543 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.823 

Chloride  of  sodium 

10.047 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

trace. 

Sulphate  of  soda. 

4.281 

Sulphate  of  lime 

1.864 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Iodides  and  bromides 

Alumina 

Silica 

0,116 

Organic  matter 

0.361 

i                                        Total 

8.072 

Cubic  In. 

2.31 

saturated. 

17.586 

Gases. 
i                                  Carbonic  acid •• 

Cubic  In. 
10.53 

!                                Sulohuretted  hvdroffen ■. . . 

saturated. 

Remarhs. — The  name,  Paso  de  Robles,  means  White-Oak 
Pass,  so  called  from  the  white-oaks  grown  in  the  valley.     Un- 
fortunately, the  immediate  surroundings  of  the  springs  are  not 
attractive,  the  valley  in  which  they  are  situated  being  flat,  and 
the  mountains  on  either  side  low  and  of  a  monotonous  uniform- 
ity.   "  But  let  the  visitor  go  over  a  few  miles  to  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  and  his  eyes  shall  be 
sated  with  color. 

"  I  sat  one  October  morning  in  a  vast  amphitheatre,  be- 

foot-hills,  and  gazed  upon  a  mosaic  more  enchanting  than  can 
be  witnessed  outside  of  California.     The  crest  of  the  moun- 
tain, daintily  crinkled  and  .dimplud,  and  thus  shadowing  thu 

THERMAL  WATERS. 


295 


wild  grasses,  here  into  a  pale  claret,  there  into  a  cinnamon,  or 
a  cuir,  or  a  buflF,  or  that  exquisitely  rich  and  satisfying  tint 
often  seen  on  California  hills  when  they  lie  at  a  certain  slope 
beneath  the  sun,  and  resembling  nothing  so  much  as  a  damson 
purple,  all  rimy  crisp  with  a  soft  and  sunny  flush  of  violet  haze. 
In  another  place,  the  ripened  wild-oats  had  faded  in  the  dew- 
less  summer  days  from  their  golden  splendor  to  an  inexpressi- 
bly subdued,  tender,  creamy  tint,  like  the  finest  velvet-plush, 
which  seemed  to  float  over  the  slope  as  the  merest  nimbus, 
now  creeping  a  little  in  the  breeze,  and  now  dying  with  a  kind 
of  lazy,  delicious  shudder."  * 

The  conveniences  at  these  springs  are  such  as  accompany 
the  early  stage  of  improvement.  There  are  two  swimming- 
pools — one  for  gentlemen,  one  for  ladies. 


SANTA    BAB,3ABA   HOT    SUI^PHUB   SFBINGS. 

Location  aud  Post-Ofiiee. — Santa  Barbara  Springs,  Santa  Barbara  County, 
California,  ■ 

Access. — ^From  San  Francisco,  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles  south,  by 
steamer,  to  Santa  Barbara ;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage. 

Hoteh — Sulphur  Springs.    (Good  accommodations  in  Santa  Barbara.) 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made.  They 
are  hot  sulphur-waters.     Temperature,  60°  to  130°  Fahr. 

Properties. — These  waters  are  valuable  in  chronic  rheuma- 
tism, diseases  of  the  skin,  contractions  of  the  joints,  paralysis, 
and,  as  an  auxiliary,  in  the  treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary 
syphilis. 

MemarJcs. — In  this  connection  I  insert  a  portion  of  a  letter 
received  March  23,  1872,  from  Dr.  M.  H.  Biggs,  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara : 

"  The  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  of  Santa  Barbara  are  situated 
at  the  head  of  a  deep  canon,  about  five  miles  to  the  northeast 
of  the  town  of  Santa  Barbara,  at  an  elevation  of  fourteen  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Tliey  number 
in  all  seven,  and  seem  to  be  of  two  distinct  varieties.  Those 
nearest  the  head  of  the  canon  escape  from  crevices  in  the  rock, 

>  Stephen  Powers,  Esq. 


296 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


and  are  four  in  number,  all  appearing  to  have  the  same  prop- 
erties, the  most  sensible  of  which  are  free  sulphur  and  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen ;  their  temperature,  114°  Fahr.  Another 
spring  is  situated  about  one  hundred  yards  oflF,  in  a  westerly 
direction  from  the  first  mentioned;  temperature,  117°  Fahr. 
Its  principal  constituent  is  sulphate  of  alumina,  evident  from 
the  thick  incrustation  of  this  salt  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
rock  beneath  which  this  water  escapes ;  it  also  tastes  strongly 
of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  is  said  to  contain  soda  and  potash, 
and  a  trace  of  arsenic.  The  two  remaining  springs  are  located 
in  a  branch  canon,  about  one  hundred  rods  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion from  the  last  one  mentioned,  and  appear  to  possess  the 
same  qualities,  with  the  exception  of  the  temperature,  which  is 
only  113°  Fahr.  No  thorough  analysis  of  these  mineral  springs 
has  ever  been  made,  at  least  in  our  time. 

"  It  is  said  that  while  this  country  was  in  possession  of  the 
King  of  Spain,  a  corps  of  scientific  men  was  sent  out  to  this 
coast,  commissioned,  among  other  things,  to  test  thp  proper- 
ties  of  the  several  mineral  springs  known  to  abound  here ;  and 
that  in  their  report  they  pronounced  the  Santa  Barbara  Hot 
Sulphur  Springs  to  be  the  best  and  most  medicinal,  and  supe- 
rior to  any  other  in  California  '  for  the  cure  of  many  diseases.' 
Whether  they  came  to  this  conclusion  from  actual  analysis,  or 
from  simply  witnessing  their  effect,  is  not  known.  Certain  it 
is  that  at  the  present  day  they  are  becoming  famous  for  their 
curative  effects  in  many  cases  of  rheumatism,  paralysis,  vari- 
ous diseases  of  syphilitic  origin,  and  skin-diseases  generally ; 
and  from  a  persistent  use  of  the  waters  (drinking  and  bathing), 
many  individuals  have  been  cured  of  such  affections." 

The  climate  of  Santa  Barbara  is  delightful.  It  seems  more 
nearly  to  resemble  that  of  Monaco  and  Mentone,  on  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean,  than  any  other  in  America.  Through- 
out the  year  the  temperature  is  mild  and  equable,  affording 
that  opportunity  for  continual  out-door  exercise  that  is  so  im- 
portant to  consumptives.  From  a  report  by  Dr.  Thomas  M. 
Logan,  Permanent  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
California,  we  select  the  follovfing : 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


297 


ems  more 


"Santa  Barbara  is  the  county-seat  and  principal  town  of 
the  county  of  the  same  name.     It  is  built  upon  a  beautiful 
slope,  rising  from  the  sea-beach,  at  the  southeastern  extremity 
of  a  gently-ascending  valley,  some  fifteen  miles  in  length  and 
two  in  width,  but  gradually  spreading  out  to  five  miles,  as  it 
extends  into  the  interior.     The  beautiful  harbor  consists  of  a 
cove,  or  semi-ellipse,  about  one  and  a  half  mile  wide  from 
point  to  point,  indented  into  the  curving  shore,  and  protected 
by  the  overlapping  Santa  Ynez  and  adjoining  ranges.     The 
gently-sloping  beach  for  several  miles  affords  safe  sea-bathing 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year.     At  low  water  an  admirable  and 
pleasmg  drive,  equal  to  that  of  Newport,  may  here  be  had, 
and  the  interesting  drawing  of  the  seine,  full  of  every  variety 
of  fishes,  may  be  witnessed—a  most  important  item  in  the 
dietary  of  the  feeble,  from  the  warmth-giving  phosphorus 
contained  in  fish. 

"As  to  the  climate  of  Santa  Barbara,  it  will  be  seen  that, 
although  lying  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  Wilmington,  N.  C.^ 
yet  it  is  totally  dififerent,  and  that  the  isothermal  line  would  be 
deflected  toward  St.  Augustine,  Fla.  Nearly  the  same  cloth^ 
ing  is  worn  all  the  year  round;  and  there  is  no  day  in  the 
year  in  which  the  invalid  may  not  sit  out-of-doors.  This 
covers  th.e  most  essential  indication  in  the  treatment  of  con- 
sumption, by  affording  a  continuous  supply  of  pure,  unadulter- 
ated air-food  for  the  lungs.  Still,  as  the  climate  possesses 
some  latent  peculiarities  in  its  favor,  too  subtile  for  ordinary 
observation,  I  shall  instance  the  remarkable  phenomenon  so 
philosophically  noted  by  Dr.  Brinkerhoff,  who  has  resided 
here  eighteen  years : 

"  *  Some  ten  miles  from  Santa  Barbara,  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion, in  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  about  one  and  a  half  mile  from 
the  shore,  is  an  immense  spring  of  petroleum,  the  product  of 
which  continually  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  water  and  floats 
upon  it  over  an  area  of  many  miles.  This  mineral  oil  may 
be  seen  any  day  from  the  deck  of  steamers  plying  between 
here  and  San  Francisco,  or  from  the  high  banks  along  the 
shore,  its  many-changing  hues  dancing  upon   the   shifting 


208 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


waves  of  the  sea,  and  aflfording  various  suggestions,  both  for 
the  speculative  and  the  speculator.  Having  read  statements 
that,  during  the  past  few  years,  the  authorities  of  Damascus 
and  other  plague-ridden  cities  of  the  East  have  resorted  to 
the  practice  of  introducing  crude  petroleum  into  the  gutters 
of  the  streets  to  disinfect  the  air,  and  as  a  preventive  of  dis- 
ease, which  practice  has  been  attended  with  the  most  favorable 
results,  I  throw  out  the  suggestion,  but  without  advancing 
any  theory  of  my  own,  whether  the  prevailing  westerly  sea- 
breezes,  passing  over  this  wide  expanse  of  sea-laden  petro- 
leum, may  not  take  up  from  it  and  bear  along  ^v^ith  them 
to  the  places  whither  they  go,  some  subtile  power  which 
serves  as  a  disinfecting  agent,  and  which  may  account  for  the 
infrequency  of  some  of  the  diseases  referred  to,  and  probably 
for  the  superior  healthfulness  of  the  climate  of  Santa  Barbara.' 

"  I  would  add  that,  during  one  week's  sojourn  here,  my 
attention  has  been  directed  to  the  peculiar  ambrosial  influ- 
ence pervading  the  air,  so  well  described  above,  and  that  I 
indorse  all  that  has  been  stated  in  this  respect.  That  the  cli- 
mate of  Santa  Barbara  possesses  all  the  elements  of  general 
healthfulness  in  an  eminent  degree,  is  substantiated  by  the 
fact  that  the  epidemics  incident  to  childhood  are  almost  un- 
known. Fevers  and  agues  never  originate  here.  Small-pox, 
frequently  brought  from  abroad,  never  spreads,  although  hun- 
dreds of  the  native  population,  either  from  ignorance  or  preju- 
dice, never  allow  themselves  to  be  vaccinated. 

"  I  have  said,  when  speaking  of  the  prolific  jdeld  of  the 
soil,  that  it  was  due  to  the  moist  sea-air.  On  this  depends 
the  deliciousness  of  the  climate.  Moist  air,  either  too  hot  or 
too  cold,  is  injurious.  The  latter  chills  the  surface  and  drives 
the  blood  in  upon  the  internal  organs.  But  the  moist  air  in 
which  we  bathe  in  Santa  Barbara  is  possessed  of  that  happy 
combination  of  temperature  with  moisture,  which,  while  it  re- 
freshes, also  invigorates  and  vitalizes  equally  the  whole  sys- 
tem. The  range  between  the  wet  and  dry  bulb  thermome- 
ters, at  two  P.  M.,  is  usually  about  four  degrees,  except  on 
foggy  or  rainy  daj'^s,  when  they  are  often  identical ;  and  yet, 


TUEBMAL  WATEBS.  ^fln 

strange  to  say,  the  feeling  of  chilliness  is  never  e^nerienopH 

then  tL  flew  rfi'TJ-  *™"*r»'y  degrees;  but  even 
same  wind  in  t^         "mtation  and  dryness  which  attends  the 

'monthly  mkan. 
April,  Average  of  the  three  daily  observations. 


(4 


« 


(I 


May, 

June, 

July, 

August, 

Sept., 

Oct., 

Nov., 

Dec, 

Jan., 

Feb.,         "  »        «        „ 

March,      "  i<        «        « 

Average  temperature  for  the  year, 

COLDEST  DAT. 

April  12th,  60°  F. 
May  16th,  66°  P. 
June  1st,  69°  F. 
July  26th,  V6°  F. 
Aug.  11th,  11°  F. 
Sept.  23d,  66°  F. 
Oct.  23d,  60°  F. 
Nov.  7th,  64°  F. 
Dec.  16th,  52°  F. 
Jan.  11th,  66°  F. 
Feb.  22d,  42°  F. 
Mar.  13th,  66°  F. 
Coldest  day  ir,  the  year,  Feb  22d,  42^  F 
20th,  92°  F.    Variation,  60°.'  " 
14 


(( 


00.62°  F. 
62.36°  F. 
66.14°  F. 
71  49°  F. 
"  72.12°  F. 

"  68.08°  F. 

"  66.96°  F. 

"  61.22°  P. 

"  62.12°  F. 

54.51°  F. 
"  63.35°  F. 

"  58.12°  P. 

.  .  60.20°  P. 

WARMEST  DAY. 

April  16th,  74°  P. 

May  23d,  77°  P. 

June  3d,  80°  P 

July  11th,  84°  P. 
Aug.  8th,  86°  P. 
Sept.  27th,  90'  P. 
Oct.  20th,  92°  P. 
Nov.  20th,  87°  P. 
Dec.  28th,  71°  P. 
Jan.  3d,  76°  P. 
Feb.  28th,  71°  F. 
'March  27th,  83°  P. 
;  warmest  day  in  the  year,  Oct. 


aoo 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


From  the  date  of  Dr.  Logan's  report,  I  presume  the  table 
above  was  compiled  from  records  of  observations  during  1870. 


AQUA  OAIilENTE;    OB,  WABNER'S  BANOH  SFBINaS. 

LocatloOt — San  Diego  County,  California. 

Access* — From  San  Diego,  about  fifty  miles  northeast,  im  a  direct  line. 

Hotel* .    (No  improvements.) 

Analysis, — Thermal  sulphur-waters, 

jRemarks. — The  following  is  the  description  of  these  springs 
as  given  by  W.  P.  Blake,  geologist  of  U.  S.  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition : 

"  The  Thermal  Springs,  generally  known  as  the  *  Agua 
Caliente,'  are  situated  on  the  slope  of  one  of  the  ridges  at  the 
most  eastern  part  of  the  valley  (Warner's  Ranch.)  They 
have  long  been  resorted  to  by  the  Indians  for  bathing,  and 
the  cxu-e  of  various  diseases.  The  water  boils  up  from  out  of  a 
granite  ledge  through  a  number  of  openings  or  cleavage-fissures, 
and  in  one  place  it  appears  to  have  enlarged  the  opening  so 
that  it  has  become  nearly  cylindrical.  The  water  flows  copiously 
from  different  apertures,  and  the  united  streams  gi\e  a  volume 
of  water  about  equal  to  what  would  be  delivered  from  a  two- 
inch  pipe  under  a  pressure  of  one  or  two  feet.  These  openings 
are  in  a  slight  ravine,  which  appears  to  have  been  the  bed  of  a 
brook  that  is  now  deflected  from  its  course  by  a  dam  built  for 
the  purpose  by  the  Indians.  In  descending  toward  the  spring 
the  odor  of  .sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  at  once  perceptible,  and 
a  slight  cloud  of  steam  rises  from  the  water.  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  was  taken,  and  the  following  are  the  results : 


Time,  9  a.  m.,  November  30,  1853. 

First,  or  principal  spring 

• 

•                        • 

142°  F. 

Second  spring 

• 

• 

.      141°  F. 

Third  spring 

• 

•                        • 

140°  F. 

Fourth  spring 

• 

• 

.      140°  F. 

Fifth  spring,  ten  feet  distant 

• 

•                        • 

136°  F. 

Stream  below  the  springs 

• 

• 

.       130°  E. 

Stream  above  the  springs 

• 

•                        • 

68°  F. 

Air    .... 

• 

• 

W°F. 

TnEBlUL  WATBBS.  j^ 

in^'Tn"^*"*!!'  °^  ;'''P''"'«"«d  hydrogen  were  oonstontly  escap- 
aoid  taste  that  was  quite  agreeable.  There  was  only  a  sliZ 
siUphar).    A  small  jet  of  steam  was  constantly  issuing  from  a 

SAN   BERNABDINO   HOT    SPBINas. 
LOfaUOB— San  Bernardino  County,  California 

"""• •    (No  improvements.) 

Ama!/sis.~Pme  and  calcic  thermal  waters. 

Mou^rr*  b"^'"^'  '"tf  ""  ^'*"'"^''  ""  "-e  flanks  of 
Mount  San  Bernardmo.  They  are  described  as  follows,  by 
W  P.  Blake,  geologist  of  the  U.  S.  Survey,  who  visited  them 
between  the  3d  and  6tl,  of  November,  1853  • 

•'The  warm  and  hot  waters  gush  out  from  the  granitic 
^cks  on  the  flanks  of  San  Bernardino  and  adjacent  h" 
In  one  place  the  springs  are  so  numerous,  and  he  water  rises 
m  such  volume,  that  a  good-sized  miU-st^am  of  hit  witer  Is 
formed,  whch  flows  down  into  the  valley,  and  is  onetf  he 
pnncpal  tributaries  of  the  Santa  Anna  ffi^r.    This  brl  'f 

^L:tiTz.r::''"'^"''"' "' ""'°  ^'""•'  *"- » '»- 

"I  visited  several  of  the  springs  on  the  sides  of  the  Sierra 
between  San  Bernardino  Mountain  and  the  Cajon  Pass  neT; 

granite  was  very  near  the  surface,  as  shown  by  one  or  two 
outcrops    from  one  of  which  the  hot  waters  issued.     Small 

of  thn:ty  or  forty  rods.  Then-  waters  unite,  and  form  a  little 
stream  hat  ernpfes  into  the  brook  a  short  distance  below! 
Ihe  banks  of  the  stream  were  thickly  overgrown  with  grass. 


302 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


A  dense  mass  of  beautiful  green  confervae  grew  from  the  bot- 
tom and  sides  of  the  channel,  and  floated  in  rich  waving 
masses  in  the  hot  water.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
springs,  however,  no  vegetable  growth  was  visible.  The 
rocks  and  gravel  in  pontact  with  the  water  were  covered  with 
a  snow-white  incrustation,  and  little  twigs  and  leaves  that  had . 
fEillen  into  it  were  softened  to  a  white,  pulpy  mass,  and  were 
partly  incrusted.  This  was  also  the  case  with  insects  that 
were  lying  dead  in  the  shallows  of  one  of  the  springs,  but  I 
could  not  observe  that  in  either  case  any  petrifaction  or  in- 
ternal deposit  of  mineral  matter  had  taken  place.  The  follow- 
ing temperatures  were  observed :  173, 169, 166,  130,  128, 108° 
Fahr.  The  temperature  of  the  hot  stream  below  all  the 
springs  was  130°  Fahr.,  and  the  mountain-brook  only  65° 
Fahr.     Temperature  of  air,  76°  Fahr. 

"  The  white  crust  was  not  found  in  equal  quantities  at  all 
the  springs.  It  appeared  to  be  most  abundant  at  one  of 
them.  .  .  .  An  analysis  of  the  crust  (by  J.  D.  Easter,  Ph.  D.) 
since  the  return  of  the  expedition,  gave  the  following  results : 

"  The  aqueous  extract  contained  only  a  small  proportion 
of  chloride  of  sodium.  In  hot  hydrochloric  acid  the  mas^  dis- 
solved with  strong  eflfervescence,  leaving  a  residue  of  silica 
and  alumina.     The  solution  contained — 

Lime  (carbonate)  chief  constituent. 

Silica  (soluble  in  acid). 

Magnesia. 

Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron,  graces. 

Phosphoric  acid,  trace. 

"The  springs  are  estimated  to  be  at  least  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Santa  Anna,  at  the  Mormon  settle- 
ment, and  thus  nearly  sixteen  hundred  and  eighteen  feet  above 
the  sea. 

*'  These  springs  are  not  the  source  of  the  large  stream  of 
water  first  referred  to.  It  takes  its  rise  farther  eastward,  near 
the  mountain  of  San  Bernardino.  I  regret  that  I  could  not 
visit  its  source,  as  the  springs  must  be  of  great  volume  and 
high  temperature  to  send  forth  such  a  large  stream  of  water 


THERMAL  WATERa 


303 


le  aining  its  temperature  a  long  distance  from  the  mountains. 
I  was  informed  there  are  several  other  localities  of  hot  springs 
along  these  mountains,  and  there  are,  no  doubt,  many  that 
have  not  yet  been  discovered.  The  large  stream  of  hot  water 
appears  to  be  nearly  jpure:'— {Government  Explorations  for 
Pacific  Hailroad,  vol.  v.,  pp.  63,  64.) 

SXAOOS'S   HOT   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee.— Sonoma  County,  Califbrnia. 

Access.— From  San  Francisco,  by  daily  boat,  to  Petaluma;   thence,  by 
rail,  to  Healdsburg ;  thence,  about  twenty  miles  by  stage,  to  springs.     Time 
about  twelve  hours.  ' 

Hotel.— Skaggs's  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Hemarks.—'' There  are  three  springs  open  at  present: 
That  nearest  the  hotel  is  iKipregnated  with  sulphur,  iron,  and 
borax.  .  .  .  Temperature  varies  from  128°  to  130°  Fahr.* '  The 
second  spring,  about  one  hundred  yards  distant,  contains 
manganese,  iron,  sulphur,  and  soda;  temperature,  138°  to 
140°  Fahr.  To  the  left,  and  nearly  opposite  the  spring  just 
described,  is  the  iron  spring  situated  on  a  knoll.  The  canon 
in  which  the  hotel  is  located  contains  several  trout-streams 
aflFording  excellent  fishing.  There  is  also  an  abundance  of 
game,  such  as  deer,  quail,  rabbits,  etc."  ' 

GZLROY   HOT   SPSINaS. 

Location.— Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Post»Offlce,— Gilroy,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Access.— From  San  Francisco,  by  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  forty-seven 

mUes  south  to  San  Jos6;  thence, miles  south  by  Southern  Pacific 

Railroad,  to  Gilroy;  thence, miles  south  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Gilroy  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

LAKE   TAHOE   HOT    SPRINGS. 

Location.— On  the  borders  of  Lake  Tahoe.  The  lake  is  on  the  eastern 
Doundary  of  California,  and  lies  partly  in  Placer  and  partly  in  El  Dorado 
County. 

•  Corr«spoiidence  of  a  California  papor. 


I 


304 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


l«MSS._.Qo  to  Truckcc,  a  station  on  the  racific  Central  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  fifty-eight  miles  east  from  San  Francisco ;  thence,  by  stage  to 
the  springs.  * 

Hotel. (at  Tmckce,  the  Kennebec  and  the  Truckce). 


AncUyaia. — 


Bemarks.— This  is  an  interesting  mountain  resort,  about 
six  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  At  the  Hot 
Springs  a  steamer  conveys  passengers  across  the  lake,  and  re- 
turns, in  one  day. 

IDAHO   HOT   SPBINGS. 

Loeallon  and  Post-Offlce.— Idaho  Springs,  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado. 

Access.— Go  to  Denver,  via  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad ;  thence,  via  Colorado 
Central  Railroad  and  stage,  to  Central  City,  thirty-four  miles  west ;  thence 
six  miles  by  stage,  to  Idaho.  * 

Hotels. — Beebe  House,  Springs  House. 


(  ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (85°  to  115°  Fahr. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda    .  ,  , 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .  , 

Carbonate  of  iron     . 
Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium  .  , 

Chloride  of  magnesium  ;  , 

Chloride  of  calcium  ,  , 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .  , 

Sulphate  of  lime 
Silicate  of  soda 


J.  G. 


Dohle): 

Grains. 
3.85 
0.36 
0.62 
1.19 
0.52 

trace. 

trace. 
3.67 
2.84 
0.48 
0.61 


Total       . 
Flow,  one  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 


18.39 
(1870.) 

Properties.— In  chemical  ingredients  and  temperature 
these  waters  are  of  the  nature  of  the  celebrated  Carlsbad  wa- 
ters in  Bohemia,  though  not  equal  in  the  amount  of  constitu- 
ents, or  height  of  temperature.  They  are  valuable  waters— 
especially  useful  in  rheumatism,  cutaneous  diseases,  contrac- 
tions of  joints,  tertiary  syphilis,  etc. 

Remarks, — Idaho,  within  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Mouu- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


305 


tains,  and  seven  thousand  eight  hundred  feet  above  the  sea, 
presents  an  altogether  Alpine  character.  "The  scenery  is 
Swiss-like  in  every  particular.  Snow  always  in  sight,  cas- 
cades, the  rushing  roar  of  sparkling  waters,  rounded  moun- 
tains, beetling  crags,  and  grand,  barren  cliffs,  *  rock-ribbed 
and  ancient  as  the  sun.'  The  town  itself  is  built  in  a  broad, 
fertile  valley,  irrigated  with  ditches  and  enlivened  by  the 
sound  of  waters.  The  hill-sides,  cut  by  deep  cafions,  rise  up 
gently  in  some  places,  in  others  abruptly ;  here,  covered  with 
grass,  and  there  with  pine-forests,  The  emerald  of  the  val- 
ley, dotted  with  its  white  houses,  is  picturesquely  succeeded 
by  the  deep  green  of  the  mountain-slopes,  whose  dense  forests 
stand  out  clearly  defined,  mingling  with  a  sky  of  an  Italian 
blue,  and  transparently  beautiful."  * 

There  are  two  large  bathing  establishments,  known  as  the 
Ocean  Bath  and  the  Mammoth  Bath,  having  pools :  one,  twenty 
by  forty,  and  four  feet  deep ;  the  other,  thirty  by  fifty,  and  five 
feet  deep.  There  are  also  arrangements  for  private  baths  of 
any  desired  temperature. 


MIDDLE   PARK   HOT   SULPHUR   SPBINQS. 

Locattoiit — Middle  Park,  Summit  County,  Colorado. 

Access.— Go  to  Denver,  via  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad ;  thence,  seventeen 
miles  west,  via  Colorado  Central  Railroad,  to  Golden  City ;  thence,  thirty-two 
miles  by  stage,  to  Georgetown  or  Empire;  thence,  fifty  miles  horseback  over 
Berthoud  Pass.  Or,  from  Denver,  thirty-four  miles  west,  via  Colorado  Cen- 
tral Raih-oad,  to  Central  City ;  thence,  fifty-five  miles  horseback  over  the  James 
Peak  route.  Or,  from  Central  City  by  wagon  or  carriage,  fifty-five  miles,  over 
the  South  Boulder  route.    Camp  out  on  the  way 

Hotel. — One  m  contemplation. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made.  They  are,  however, 
said  to  be  of  the  sulphur  class,  and  range  in  temperature  from 
111°  to  116°  Fahr.     Flow,  two  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  no  doubt  destined  to  be  a 
very  popular  resort.  Situated  as  they  are,  on  a  mountain- 
bound  plateau  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 

1  Correspondence  of  Bev.  H.  0.  Waltz. 


806 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


under  a  cloudless  sky,  and  surrounded  by  tlie  attractions  of 
mountain  scenery  and  the  chase,  they  cannot  fail  to  receive 
visitors. 

The  atmosphere  is  cool  and  exhilarating,  and  bathing  in 
the  water  delightful.  With  all  the  inconvenience  that  at- 
tends a  journey  thither,  and  the  necessity  of  camping  out, 
over  five  hundred  persons  were  there  during  the  month  of 
July,  1871. 

The  favorite  route  to  the  springs  is  by  the  way  of  Berthoud 
Pass.     Having  arrived  at  Peorgetown,  the  tourist  procures 
saddle  and  pack  horses,  and  guides.     The  first  day's  journey 
wiU  be  over  the  summit  of  the  range,  eleven  thousand  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  through  a  dense  forest  of  timber  for  fourteen 
miles  beyond,  to  the  "  head  of  the  park."     Here  camp  is 
usually  made.     The  next  day's  ride  is  down  an  open  valley  or 
arm  of  the  park,   following  for  some   miles  the   course  of 
Fraser's  River.     The  route  by  South  Boulder  Pass  is  tedious 
and  difficult,  the  road  passing  over  the  extreme  cummit  of  the 
range,  more  than   13,000  feet  above  the  sea,  where   snow- 
storms are  not  unusual  in  July  and  August.     The  James  Peak 
route  is  one  of  the  most  interesting,  the  road  winding  around 
the  mountain,  one  of  the  highest  points  in  the  range  ;  and  the 
ascent  easily  made.     All  the  roads,  however,  after  crossing 
the  mountains,  meet  together  in  the  valley  of  the  Fraser 
River.      Thence  the  road  is  a  pleasant  carriage-drive  along 
meadow-like  valleys,  with  timbered  ridges  or  table-lands,  to 
the  right  and  !eft.     The  grass  is  of  luxuriant  growth,  and 
great  variety,     aover  of  several  kinds,  and  the  blue  flowering 
flax,  are  seen  everywhere.     All  through  late  spring  and  early 
summer  the  prairies  are  bright  with  flowers,  and  the  air  laden 
with  their  fragrance.     Delightful  camping-places  are  seen  all 
along  the  route,  and  days  or  weeks  can  be  whiled  away  in 
Arcadian  simplicity  and  enjoyment. 

Arrived  at  the  springs,  there  are  several  houses,  a  little 
trading  establishment,  and  a  primitive  blacksmith-shop.  The 
springs,  many  in  number,  are  grouped  together  on  an  embank- 
ment, three  hundred  feet  from  Grand  River,  and  about  thirfy 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


307 


feet  above  it.  The  stream,  formed  by  the  united  overflow  of 
the  springs,  is  from  three  to  five  inches  deep,  and  four  to  six 
feet  wide.  The  flow  is  probably  much  greater  than  that  re- 
corded.  Tlie  sources  vary  in  temperature  from  111°  to  116'' 
Fahr.  Curiously  enough,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
18  a  cold  8ulphur-8pring. 

The  bath  is  a  natural  basin  in  the  rock,  fifteen  by  thirty 
feet,  and  four  feet  deep.  It  has  been  housed  and  roofed. 
The  temperature  of  this  bath  is  about  109°  Fahr. 

In  this  distant  region  the  sportsman  readily  gratifies  his 
inclmation.  All  the  streams  abound  in  trout,  and  the  forests 
are  frequented  by  elk,  deer,  antelope,  and  mountain-sheep. 
During  the  season,  grouse  and  water-fowl  shooting  may  be 
indulged.  °        "^ 

Grand  Lake,  twenty-seven  miles  northeast  from  the  springs 
IS  another  attraction.  The  road  is  up  the  valley,  and  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly pleasant  one.  The  lake  is  at  the  extremity  of  a 
deep  cove  in  the  main  mountain-chain.  On  three  sides  it  is 
overshadowed  by  frowning  clifi*s,  while  on  the  other  is  a  nar- 
row gap  between  high  wooded  hills,  through  which  the  river 
makes  its  exit,  and  the  road  enters.  •  Thick  forests  of  tall  pines 
come  down  on  all  sides  to  the  water's  edge,  separated  there- 
from only  by  a  narrow  beach  of  clean-washed  white  sand. 
Tlie  water  is  very  deep,  and  clear  as  crystal.  Most  astonish- 
ing echoes  are  sent  to  and  fro  over  its  waters,  the  sound  re- 
verberating back  and  forth  from  cliflF  to  clifl; 

Near  the  springs  are  many  patches  of  agate,  where  moss- 
agate,  chalcedony,  and  amethyst,  may  be  found. 


WABM   SPMNQS. 

LocaUon  and  Post-Office.— Warn  Springs,  Madison  County,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Aceess.— Go  to  Morristown,  a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Rail- 
road, one  hundred  and  fifty-four  miles  northeast  from  Chattanooga,  and  four 
hundred  and  seventy  miles  southwest  from  Washington;  thence,  via  Cincin- 
nati,  Cumberland  Gap  &  Charleston  Railroad,  thirty-nine  miles,  to  Wolf 
Creek ;  tltenci-,  eight  miles  by  stage  or  omnibus,  to  the  springs.    The  West- 


308 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


em  North  Carolina  RaUroad,  from  Salisbury  via  AsheviUe,  will  soon  be  com- 
pleted  to  the  springs. 
Hotel.— Warm  Springs. 


ANALYSIS. 


Qnti  pint  conUloi — 


Solids. 
Chloride  of  potassium  . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium. . . . 
Sulphate  of  potassa. . . . 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia... 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Soluble  silicates '. . . 

Total 

Oases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


Bathing  Springs. 

108*  F»hr. 

K.  Adelmuth, 

M.  D. 


Gnlni. 
0.089 
0.114 
0.027 
1.268 
0.046 
1.128 
0.168 
6.110 
1.121 


9.016 

Cubic  in. 
1.87 
0.22 


Drinking  Spring!. 

97*  Fahr. 

E.  Adelmarth, 

M.  D. 


Oralni. 
0.063 
0.187 
0.046 
1.118 
0.069 
1.118 
1.016 
6.067 
1.192 


9.811 

Cubic  in. 
1.84 
0.81 


I^operties.— Chemically  considered,  these  are  calcic-sul- 
phur waters,  bearing  considerable  resemblance  to  the  well- 
known  baths  of  Leuk,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  Switzerland. 
They  are  valuable  thermal  waters  and  are  efficacious  in  chronic 
rheumatism^  gout,  paralysis^  dartrous  skin-diseases,  and  irrita- 
ble conditions  of  the  urinary  apparatus.  They  also  are  useful 
in  certain  cases  of  amenorrhcea  and  dysmenorrhoea. 

Hemarks.— The  Warm  Springs  are  at  an  elevation  c^  sev- 
enteen hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
pine-covered  mountain-summits,  save  the  gorge  and  valley 
where  the  French  Broad  River  has  worn  its  pathway.  The 
hotel  and  cottages  are  included  in  an  area  of  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  acres,  well  shaded,  and  interwoven  with  winding 
walks.  The  scenery  of  the  region  is  exceedingly  wild  and 
beautiful.  The  banks  of  the  river  are  precipitous  in  many 
places,  at  the  springs  being  over  one  hundred  feet  in  height. 
At  a  distance  of  some  two  miles  from  the  hotel  is  Lover's 
Leap,  an  elevated  point  frequently  visited  by  tourists,  whence 
a  far-extended  view,  for  many  miles,  is  had  of  the  winding  and 
turbulent  river  and  the  enclosing  moimtain^peaks.    The  climate 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


309 


loon  be  com' 


•rlnlcin^  Spring*. 

»1*  F«hr. 

E.  Adelmuth, 

M.  D. 

Oralni. 
0.06S 
0.18T 

0.046 
1.118 
0.069 
1.118 
1.016 
6.067 
1.192 


9.811 

Cubic  In. 
1.84 
0.81 


calcic-sul- 
the  well- 
ritzerland. 
in  chronic 
and  irrita- 
are  useful 


on  c^  sev- 

1  sides  by 

nd  valley 

^ay.     The 

one  hun- 

h  winding 

wild  and 

in  many 

in  height. 

s  Lover's 

s,  whence 

idirig  and 

le  climate 


is  cool  and  bracing,  the  severe  heats  of  summer  being  un- 
known. 

The  springs  are  near  the  banks  of  the  river.  One,  the 
largest,  is  enclosed  by  a  brick-wall  laid  in  cement,  and  has  a 
bath-house  built  over  it.  The  bath  is  divided  into  two  com- 
partments—one for  ladies,  the  other  for  gentlemen.  The 
swimming-baths  are  about  twenty  by  thirty  feet,  and  four  and 
a  half  feet  deep.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  ladies'  bath 
is  102°  Fahr. ;  gentlemen's,  100°  Fahr.  The  flow  of  water  is 
constant,  averaging  nine  gallons  per  minute. 

AQUA    OALIENTE. 

Location. — Mesilla  County,  New  Mexico. 

Access. . 

HoteK (Unimproved). 

BemarJcs.—Uhxa  spring  is  described  as  follows  by  T.  Anti- 
sell,  M.  D.,  geologist  of  United  States  Exploring  Expedition : 

"  Between  the  Mimbres  and  Ojo  de  la  Vacca,  and  close  to 
trail  leading  from  the  former  to  the  copper-mines,  is  that  re- 
markable spring  known  as  the  *  Agua  Caliente.'  It  lies  about 
five  miles  from  the  river. 

"Where  the  springs  issue  out  is  a  mound,  or  bank  of  tu- 
faceous  deposit,  formed  by  the  overflow  of  the  spring  at  some 
former  time,  previous  to  the  side-channels  being  formed.  This 
mound  is  twenty  feet  above  the  valley-level  and  two  and  one- 
half  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  spring,  showing 
that  the  spring,  by  deposit  of  carbonate  of  lime  from  its  wa- 
ters, has  formed  a  basin-wall  for  itself,  and  allowed  its  level  to 
be  raised  above  the  surrounding  valley.  This  calcareous  basin 
is  twenty-five  feet  across  and  does  not  show  bottom,  except 
around  the  edges,  which  are  rocky;  a  twelve-foot  pole  thrust 
into  tlie  middle  did  not  find  bottom.  The  temperature  of  the 
spring  was  130°  Fahr.  at  the  surface.  From  one  point  below 
bubbles  of  gas  arose  in  great  abundance  (carbonic  acid).  The 
water  is  agreeable  to  the  taste."  * 

»  "GoYemment  Explorations  for  Pacific  Eailroad,"  vol.  vii.,  p.  186. 


810 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


WABM   SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OflDce.— Warm  Springs,  Merriwether  County,  Georgia. 
Access.— From  Macon,  via  Western  Railway,  one  hundred  miles  west  to 
Columbus;  thence,  thirty-six  miles  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Warm  Springs. 

ANALTSI8. 


One  pint  contains  (90°  Fahr. 
Solids 
Oxide  of  magnesium  .  . 

Oude  of  calcium  ,  , 

Protoxide  of  iron    .  ,  , 

Total      . 

Gasks. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Prof.  A.  Means) : 


Grains. 

11.68 

4.64 

2.14 

18.46 

Cubic  In. 

1.11 

trace. 


The  above  bases  are  combined  with  carbonic  acid,  forming 
carbonates.     A  new  analysis  of  this  water  is  needed. 

Hemarks.— These  springs  are  situated  on  a  spur  of  the 
Pine  Mountain.  The  flow  is  fourteen  hundred  gallons  per 
minute ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  this  large  supply  of  water 
every  facility  for  bathing  is  oflFered.  The  height  of  the  springs 
above  the  sea  is  eighteen  hundred  feet.  Surrounding  the 
springs  are  walks,  terraces,  and  grottos,  and  the  usual  accom- 
paniments of  springs  resorts.  Within  the  enclosure  there  is  a 
sulphur-spring;  while  three-quarters  of  a  mile  distant  is  the 
cold  spring,  an  acidulous  chalybeate,  discharging,  it  is  said, 
five  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-one  cubic  inches  per 
hour  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  from  a  surface  about  five  feet  square. 
The  drive  thither  is  delightful— a  fine  pebbled  road,  leadmg 
through  a  skirt  of  wood,  beneath  the  shade  of  mountain-oak, 
chestnut,  and  pine. 

liEBANGN   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offiee. — Lebanon  Springs,  Columbia  County,  New  York. 

Access.— From  New  York,  via  Harlem  Railroad,  direct  to  the  springs,  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five  miles  north.  Or  take  Hudson  River  day-boat  to  Hud- 
son;  thence,  by  Hudson  &  Boston  Railroad,  to  Chatham  Four  Corners; 
thence,  by  Harlem  Extension  Railroad  to  the  springs,  twenty-seven  miles 
north.    From  the  east,  take  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad  to  Chatham  Four 


THERMAL  WATEBS. 


811 


Comers;  thence  as  described.    Prom  the  west,  go  to  Albany;  thence,  by 
Boston  &  Albany  Railroad,  to  Chatham  Four  Corners ;  thence  as  described. 
From  the  north,  go  to  Rutland;  thence,  by  Harlem  Extension  Railroad,  to 
the  springs,  eighty-one  miles  south. 
Hotel.— Columbia  Hall. 

ANALT8I8. 


One  pint  contains  (15°  Fahr.    Prof.  H.  Dussance) : 


SOUDB. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .  . 

Carbonate  of  lime        .  , 

Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  magnesia         . 
Sulphuret  of  sodium    . 
Oxide  of  iron  .  , 

Alumina 
Silicic  acid  .  . 

Organic  compounds  \  ?**'^® 
(  Bar6gine 

Total 
Gases. 
Oxygen       . 
Nitrogen 
Carbonic  acid 

Total 


Gnins. 
0.801 
0.606 
0.120 
0.180 
0.132 
0.002 
0.117 
0.056 
0.406 
0.094 
1.183 

3.047 
Gubio  in. 
0.26 
0.44 
0.06 

0.76 


This  spring  claims  our  attention  as  being  the  only  ther- 
mal  water  in  New  York,  or  the  New-England  States.  The 
temperature— 73°  Fahr.— is  about  the  same  as  the  old  Sweet 
Springs  of  Virginia.  The  discharge  from  the  spring  is  large 
being  estimated  at  five  hundred  gallons  per  minute.  Eleva- 
tion, one  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  The  water 
is  principally  used  for  bathing. 

But  a  short  distance  from  Lebanon  Springs  is  the  village 
of  the  Brick-Yard  Shakers,  where  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring 
which  Prof.  Briggs  reports  as  highly  charged  with  iron. 
^  Memar/c8.~l.ehanon  Springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort 
since  the  eariiest  settlement.  It  is  related  that  one  of  our 
Revolutionary  fathers  stopped  at  the  spring  to  water  his  horse, 
and,  Avhile  there,  oarolessly  thrust  the  end  of  his  fre«h]y-cut 


312 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


whip  in  the  soft  earth  and  rode  away.  Soon  roots  were 
formed,  leaves  appeared,  and  from  that  woodman's  whip  has 
grown  the  beautiful  sycamore-tree  that  stands  near  the  spring. 
The  salubrity  of  the  climate,  and  beauty  of  scenery,  com- 
bine to  make  this  an  exceedingly  attractive  resort  The  val- 
ley is  enclosed  by  gently^eceding  hills,  from  the  summits  of 
which  extended  views  may  be  had.  From  a  point -on  Gilbert 
Hill  sail-boats  may  be  seen  on  the  Hudson  in  clear  weather, 
and  far  beyond  the  blue  outlines  of  the  Catskill  Mountains. 
Pleasure-drives  are  numerous.  The  valley  roads  to  Queechy 
Lake,  or  the  Williamstown  or  Nassau  road,  are  exceedingly 
attractive.  But  the  road  from  Lebanon  to  Pittsfield,  over  the 
Taghanio  Mountains,  is  unsurpassed.  From  the  summit  there 
is  a  view  of  the  entire  country  for  sixty  miles  in  every  direc- 
tion. 


FUEBLA   HOT   SPBINa. 


Location. — Humboldt  County,  Nevada. 

Access. . 

Hotel. .    (Unimproved.) 

Analysis. . 


BemarJcs. — From  the  proceedings  of  the  California  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  I  extract  the  following :  "  Dr.  Blake  made 
some  remarks  on  the  extent  of  the  deposits  that  had  been 
formed  by  the  Hot  Spring  at  Puebla,  in  Humboldt  County, 
Nevada.  He  had  caused  specimens  of  the  earth  to  be  taken 
at  diflferent  depths,  and  from  spots  situated  in  diflFerent  direc- 
tions and  distances  from  the  spring.  The  farthest  spot  at 
which  these  explorations  had  been  made  was  at  a  distance  of 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  yards  from  the  spring,  in  a  north- 
westerly direction,  and  here,  to  the  depth  of  five  feet,  the 
earth  contained  a  large  number  of  diatoms  of  the  same  species 
as  those  obtained  from  the  spring — in  fact,  a  large  portion  of 
the  soil  was  composed  of  diatoms,  evidently  formed  in  the 
water  of  the  Hot  Spring.  From  the  earth  obtained  to  the 
south  of  the  spring  few  diatoms  were  found,  and,  in  these,  but 
two  or  three  were  of  the  same  species  as  those  growing  in  the 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


818 


Hot  Spring.  The  time  in  which  a  small  surface  like  the  out- 
let of  the  Puebla  Hot  Spring — about  thirty  yards  long  and 
two  feet  broad — would  require  to  produce  thousands  of  cubic 
yards  of  this  infusorial  earth,  almost  transcends  the  power  of 
the  imagination  to  conceive ;  and  yet  this  process  can  only 
have  been  going  on  during  the  present  geological  epoch,  or 
since  the  surface  of  this  portion  of  the  globe  has  been  subject 
to  any  disturbance." 

VOLCANO   SPBINQS. 

Locatloiii — Lander  County,  Nevada. 

Access.— From  Beowawe,  a  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  four 
hundred  and  seventeen  miles  east  of  Sacramento,  ride miles  south- 
east 

Analysis. — 


Remarks. — From  a  description  by  Colonel  Albert  S.  Evans, 
in  the  Overland  Monthly^  February,  1869, 1  extract  the  follow- 
ing: 

"  Across  the  valley,  some  six  miles  to  the  southward,  half- 
way up  the  western  slope  of  a  hill,  perhaps  six  hundred  feet 
in  height,  we  saw  a  long  table-land  of  mesa,  white  upon  the 
top,  and  with  long  ribbon-like  streaks  of  blue  and  white  run- 
ning down  thence  to  the  plain  below.     Tliis  had  been  desig- 
nated as  the  locality  of  the  Volcano  Springs,  but,  beyond  the 
discolorations  mentioned,  there  was  nothing  to  attract  the 
attention  of  a  traveller,  and  one  might  pass  the  point  a  dozen 
times  without  being  made  aware  of  their  existence.     '  There 
she  blows,'  exclaimed  one  of  my  companions  after  we  had 
ridden  on  in  sight  of  the  place  for  some  minutes.     Looking 
up,  I  saw  a  long  jet  of  white  steam  shoot  far  up  into  the  air 
from  the  top  of  the  mesa.     Another  and  another  followed,  and 
in  a  few  minutes  a  dozen  or  more  were  rising  from  different 
parts  of  the  hill-side,  and  one  or. two  from  the  plain  at  its  foot. 
Half  an  hour's  gallop  brought  us  to  the  foot  of  the  hill.     Some 
time  before  we  reached  it  we  heard  a  noise  as  of  many  steanl- 
engines  working  away  in  some  huge  factory,  and  as  we  forced 
our  horses  up  the  steep  acclivity  over  ground  that  resounded 


814 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


beneath  their  tread,  hollow  and  cavernous,  we  heard  other 
sounds   emanating  from  the  deep  bosom  of  the  mountain. 
Dismounting,  we  hitched  our  panting,  half-frighted  horses  to 
a  huge  honey-combed  rock,  and  approached  the  opening  in  the 
earth  from  which  the  steam  was  escaping.     The  orifice  might 
have  been  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  it  poured  a  stream 
of  scalding  water  clear  as  crj'stal,  while  a  column  of  steam 
rose  forty  or  fifty  feet  into  the  air.    The  whole  mesa  appeared 
to  be  composed  of  lime,  soda,  and  sulphur  deposits,  the  grad- 
ual accretion  of  years,  and  was  blistering  with  a  fierce  heat 
from  the  undying  fires  below.     It  was  as  if  we  were  walking 
over  the  surface  of  a  freshly-burned  lime-kiln,  on  which  rain 
had  just  been  falling.     The  orifice  was  round,  and  had  the 
appearance  of  having  been  artificially  lined  with  coarse  porce- 
lain.    It  was  higher  than  the  hill  around  it,  showing  clearly 
that  it  was  gradually  rising  steadily  from  below  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  its  own  deposits,  as  a  brick  chimney  increases  in 
height  as  brick  after  brick  is  added  to  it  by  the  mason.     A  kind 
of  basin  several  feet  in  width  surrounded  the  orifice,  and  in 
this  orifice  were  many  curious  lime-formations,  some  resem- 
bling coral,  others  round  and  polished,  as  if  by  the  wheel  of  the 
lapidary ;  others  still  polished  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other 
presenting  the  appearance  of  a  basket  of  wax-flowers.     We 
went  on  to  another  and  still   larger   spring.     There  was  a 
low  rumbling  sound  accompanying  the  action  of  the  first. 
The  second  worked,  exactly  like  a  steam-pump,  with  a  steady, 
regular  stroke,  the  water  being  thrown  out,  not  in  a  continu- 
ous stream,  but  in  jets  corresponding  with  the  regular  strokes 
of  a  piston.     As  we  stood  over  it,  we  could  hardly  divest  our- 
selves of  the  impression  that  we  were  standing  above  a  well- 
regulated  steam-engine  in  full  operation,  as,  in  fact,  we  were. 
We  timed  the  pulsations  with  our  watches,  and  counted  just 
one  hundred  in  a  minute.     From  many  small  orifices,  some 
not  larger  round  than  one's  finger,  all  around  us  the  steam 
was  escaping,  and  the  whole  mesa  seemed  a  mere  crast  perfo- 
rated like  a  cullender.     We  stamped  with  our  boot-heels  on  the 
crumbling  shell,  and  broke  it  through  in  one  place.     Below 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


315 


we  found  a  mass  of  soft,  coarse,  granulated  matter,  red,  white, 
and  yellow,  resembling  in  appearance  rice-pudding  well  mixed 
with  red-wine  sauce,  blistering  hot  as  if  fresh  from  the  oven, 
and  emitting  a  nauseating  odor,  of  which  a  few  sniffs  were 
all-sufficient.  We  dug  down  into  the  mass  with  our  hands,  as 
long  as  we  could  stand  the  heat,  and  found  it  growing  softer  in 
proportion  to  its  depth. 

"Passing  on  to  the  southward  over  a  small  divide,  we  saw 
a  number  of  springs  which  had  been  running  at  intervals  dur- 
mg  the  night,  but  were  then  inactive,  long  ribbons  of  ice  run- 
ning out  from  them  over  the  side  of  the  mesa,  and  down  into 
the  plain  three  hundred  feet  below,  where  all  the  water  sinks 
and  disappears.  Others,  projecting,  in  some  cases,  three  or  four 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  hill,  appeared  to  have  completely 
choked  themselves  up  with  their  own  deposits,  and  ceased  ti 
operate  entirely,  the  water  finding  an  escape  elsewhere. 

"Looking  southward  along   the   height   extending  over 
half  a  mile  of  space,  we  saw  dozens  of  these  hot-water  volca- 
noes, if  we  may  be  permitted  the  expression,  in  full  operation, 
and  an  immense  number  of  others  quiet  for  the  moment 
but  bearing  evidence  of  being  in  working  order.     The  largest 
of  those  quiet   for  the  moment  had  an  orifice  as  large  as 
a  sugar-hogshead,  and  was  filled  to  the  surface  with   clear 
sparkling  water.     The  sun  was  now  well  up  in  the  heavens' 
and  the  air,  especially  where  affected  by  the  clouds  of  steam' 
warai  enough  to  make  the  temptation  to  indulge  in  a  tepid 
bath  almost  irresistible.     The  water  in  the  basin,  though  not 
boihng,  was  not  quite  cold  enough  for  bathing  purposes,  and 
we  concluded  to  wander  on  a  little  farther  and  wait  for  it  to 
cool    .  .  .  Finding,  at  last,  a  shallow  pool  of  water  which  had 
run  down  from  a  spring  then  quiet,  we  sat  down,  and  stripping 
our  heated  feet  gave  them  a  soaking,  while  we  waited  for  the 
cooling  of  that  in  the  basin  of  the  great  spring  above  us,  and 
looked  around  on  the  strange  scene  about  us.  .  .  . 

"  While  we  were  sitting  with  our  feet  in  the  tepid  water, 
discussing  the  formation  of  the  place,  a  low  droning,  moaninff 
sound  came  up  from  the  deep  bosom  of  the  hill,  followed  by  a 


310 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


sbarp  *  Clap !  clap  I  clap ! '  as  if  a  pair  of  giant-hands  had 
been  struck  together  three  times  with  force ;  then  with  a  tre- 
mendous swash  a  torrent  of  scalding  water  flew  into  the  air, 
scattering  in  all  directions  from  the  great  spring  in  which  we 
had  just  been  proposing  to  bathe,  and  poured  in  a  stream  ten 
feet  wide  down  the  hill." 


DES   OHUTES   HOT   SPBINQS. 


Location*— Wasco  County,  Oregon. 
Hotel* .    (Unimproved.) 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (143°  and  146°  Fahr.     L.  M.  Dombach  and  Prof.  E.  N. 

Horsford) : 

BOUDB. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

.      4.812 

Chloride  of  potassium 

•            •            •      ' 

0.250 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.       2.662 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•            >            • 

0.162 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.       1.188 

Sulphate  of  lime    . 

•            •            • 

0.228 

Silicate  of  soda 

.       1.026 

Iron           .           . 

•                        • 

trace. 

Total     . 

.      9.702 

Gab. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid 

•            t            • 

2.82 

Properties. — ^This  is  a  valuable  muriated-alkaline  thermal 
water,  according  to  the  analysis,  of  which  there  are  few  in  this 
countrj. 

Remarks, — These  springs  are  described  by  G.  J.  S.  Newber- 
ry, M.  D.,  geologist  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  as  fol- 
lows: 

"  At  diflFerent  points  along  the  valley  of  the  Wam-Chuck 
River,  hot  springs  issue  from  the  base  of  the  cliifs  which 
bound  it.  The  number  of  these  springs  is  large,  and  two  or 
three  of  them  quite  copious.  They  issue  from  fissures  in  the 
rock,  the  water  flowing  from  them  collecting  in  basins  of 
several  feet  in  diaimeter,  thence  flowing  into  the  Wam-ClJhuck 


lands  had 
vith  a  tre- 
to  the  air, 
which  we 
tream  ten 


Prof.  E.  N. 

drains. 
4.312 
0.260 
2.B62 
0.182 
1.183 
0.228 
1.025 
trace. 

9.702 
Lbic  In. 
2.82 

le  thermal 
few  in  this 

5.  Newber- 
[on,  as  fol- 


am-Chuck 
iiFs  which 
md  two  or 
ires  in  the 
basins  of 
am-Chuck 


.'^ 


.dc 


i^ 


iJ?-'-? 


* 


r^ 


m 


[^  &. 


m 


'^ 


AX-i* 


^ 


»: 


^'^,< 


xS*^ 


•v 


JL 


A^Or, 


V-A^ 


-.y^-- 


H 


vU. 


■OQ- 


■5^ 


\, 


\ 

\ 
J 


<Vi 


\ 


\ 


\ 


S. 


A 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


317 


River,  and  giving  it  its  name.  The  temperature  of  two  of 
these  springs  was  respectively  143°  and  145°  Fahr.  The 
water  holds  large  quantities  of  silica  in  solution,  but  has  a 
bland  and  pleasant  taste."— ( Government  Mcploratiom  for 
Facijic  Hailroadf  vol.  vi.,  p.  49.) 


HOT  sPBnras. 

Location  and   P08t-Offlee.~Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

ACMSS.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas,  and 
Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroads,  to  MiUboro,  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles 
southwest  (MiUboro  Hotel);  or  to  Covington,  two  hundre*)  and  twenty-five 
miles  southwest  (McCurdy's  Hotel).  From  MiUboro,  twenty  miles  by  stage. 
From  Covington,  nineteen  miles  by  stage.  The  latter  route  is  preferable  for 
invaUds,  From  Richmond,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred 
and  seventy-six  miles  to  MiUboro,  and  two  hundred  and  five  miles  to  Covington. 
From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 
sixty.five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Covington, 
two  hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast. 

Hotel.— Hot  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contalni— 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  Iron  (protoxide), 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Silica 

Total 


Lsdlei*  Boiler-Bath, 

Ladles'  Sulphur- 

110°  Fahr. 

Bath,  102°  Fahr. 

Prof.  Wm,  OUham. 

CoL  Wm.  GUham. 

Gnlni. 

Oraini. 

0.885 

0.850 

0.014 

0.008 

2.163 

2.055 

0.200 

0.021 

0.015 

0.017 

0.168 

0.228 

0.128 

0.126 

0.707 

0.683 

0.217 

0.268 

0.218 

o.in 

4.170 

8.877 

Oentlemen'i  Pleat- 
nrs-Bntb,  78*  Fahr. 
Col.  Wm.  Oilham. 


Gralni. 
0.262 
0.010 
1.185 
0.020 
0.016 
0.071 
0.106 
0.188 
0.878 
0.086 


2.267 


IVoperHes.-^As  will  be  seen  by  the  analyses,  these  waters 
contain  but  a  small  proportion  of  mineral  constituents,  not 
sufficient  to  be  considered  an  active  agent  in  curing  the  mala- 
dies that  are  relieved  by  them.  Their  efficacy  is  doubtless 
due  to  elevated  temperature.  Every  convenience  has  been 
arranged  for  utilizing  the  water  in  the  form  of  baths.  For 
reference,  we  insert  a  table  giving  the  temperatures  of  the 
various  baths  and  capacity.     The  first  column  gives  the  tern- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


817 


River,  and  giving^  it  its  name.  The  temperature  of  two  of 
these  springs  was  respectively  143°  and  145°  Fahr.  The 
water  holds  largo  quantities  of  silica  in  solution,  but  has  a 
bland  and  pleasant  taste:'— {Government  Mtplorationa  for 
Pac\/ic  Hailroadf  vol.  vi.,  p.  49.) 


HOT    SPBINaS. 

Lo««tlon  Md   Post.Offlee.~not  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Aewsfc-From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manaasas.  and 
Cheaapeake  &  Oliio  Railroads,  to  Millboro,  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles 
Houthwe8t(Millboro  Hotel);  or  to  Covington,  two  hundred  and  twenty-fivo 
miles  southwest  (McCurdy's  Hotel).  From  Millboro,  twenty  miles  by  stage. 
From  Covmgton,  nineteen  n.iles  by  stage.  The  latter  route  is  preferable  for 
invalids.  From  Richmond,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred 
and  seventy.8ix  miles  to  Millboro,  and  two  hundred  and  five  miles  to  Covington 
From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 
8ixty.five  mUes  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  RaUroad,  to  Covincton 
two  hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast.  ' 

Hold.— Hot  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  oonUlnt— 

UdlM*  Boiler-Bath, 

no*  Fahr. 
Prof.  Wm.  GUham. 

tadlei'  Siilphar- 

Bath,  I02*  Fahr. 

Col.  Wm.  GUham. 

Gentlemen'!  Plaai- 
nrt-Bsth,  78*  Fahr. 
Col.  Wm.  GUham. 

SoWDS. 
Garbonste  of  ma^nesJa 

Gralni. 
0.885 
0.014 
2.163 
0.200 
0.015 
0.168 
0.128 
0.707 
0.217 
0.218 

4.170 

Gralna. 
0.860 
0.008 
2.065 
0.021 
0.017 
0.228 
0.126 
0.68S 
0.268 
0.171 

8.877 

Gralni. 

Carbonate  of  Iron  (protoxide). .     

Carbonate  of  lime "" 

0.252 
0.010 

Chloride  of  potassium .... 

Chloride  of  sodium 

1.185 
0.020 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

0.016 

Sulphate  of  soda "" 

0.071 

Sulphate  of  mag^needa 

O.IOC 

Sulphate  of  lime '"" 

Silica .'.'.'.'.'.'.*.'.'.*.* 

Total 

0.188 
0.878 
0.086 

2  257 

l^opertie8.^As  will  be  seen  by  the  analyses,  these  waters 
contain  but  a  small  proportion  of  mineral  constituents,  not 
sufficient  to  be  considered  an  active  agent  in  curing  the  mala- 
dies that  are  relieved  by  them.  Their  efficacy  is  doubtless 
due  to  elevated  temperature.  Every  convenience  has  been 
arranged  for  utilizing  the  water  in  the  form  of  baths.  For 
reference,  we  insert  a  table  giving  the  temperatures  of  the 
various  batb-^i  and  nnpanUir       T"! —  x:_aj.    --i„    ^      •         .••      , 

.1— ^„^j{,j,,      j^Q^  ^.Q^^  uuluma  gives  tiie  tern- 


\  1 


818 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


perature  as  published  in  the  pamphlet  issued  by  the  springs 
company ;  the  second  column  as  found  by  myself  in  company 
with  Prof.  Cabell,  on  August  23,  1871 : 

TEMPEBATUBE   AND  OAPAOITT   OF   BATHS. 


NAME  OF  BATH. 


Ladies'  pleasure-bath 

aentlemen's  Dleasure-bath 

Ladies'  boiler-  oaths  (four  pools) 

Gentlemen's  boiler-baths  (four  pools) 

Ladies'  sulphur-bath 

Gentlemen  s  sulphur-bath 

Ladies'  hot  spout-bath 

Gentlemen's  hot  spout-bath 

Warm  baths  (four) 

Octagon 

Speciflc 

No.  6 ;; 

{  Mud-vat 

Mud-bath  ■<  Warm  pool 

( Cold  pool 


^ 

J 

"3 

i! 

m  1 

Capacity. 

^ 

^ 

J 

o  5 

J 

1 

a 

1 

1 

86° 

90° 

15 

IS 

4f 

.   .8 

78* 

TC° 

82 

21 

4 

i,;.  J6 

108* 

.  , 

8 

4 

5 

1,^97 

•  • 

102i°tol08i° 

8 

4 

5 

1,197 

102" 

•  •  ■  • 

20 

16 

6 

11,968 

.. 

98° 

16 

16 

5J 

10,532 

108° 

12 

8 

H 

8,281 

92' 

106° 

16 
6 

15 
6 

5 
8 

8,416 
561 

•• 

99}' 
102i° 

22 

•• 

5J 

16,500 

.. 

97° 

,  . 

,  , 

. 

100' 

100° 

10 

4 

8* 

1,047 

48° 

12 

12 

5 

6,886 

12 

8 

5 

8,590 

The  spout  and  boiler  baths  are  worthy  of  especial  mention. 
The  £.st  consists  of  a  large  quadrangular  room.  On  entering, 
you  find  yourself  on  a  raised  platform,  surrounding  a  deep, 
cistern-like-looking  vat,  fifteen  feet  square  and  as  many  deep. 
From  one  side  of  the  wall,  on  a  level  with  the  platform,  the 
steaming  water 'spouts  out  in  a  full  stream,  two  inches  in  di- 
ameter, and  falls  in  a  graceful  curve  into  the  water  below.  The 
bather  descends  a  pair  of  stairs  into  the  water  and  places  him- 
self under  the  descending  stream,  which,  by  change  of  his  po- 
sition, may  be  made  to  fall  on  any  part  of  the  body.  The 
temperature  of  the  spout  at  the  point  of  emergence  varies 
from  106°  to  108°  Fahr.,  but  some  degrees  of  heat  are  lost  in 
its  fall,  so  that  it  is  not  quite  that  temperature  when  it  strikes 
the  body. 

The  boiler-baths,  eight  in  number,  vary  in  temperature 
from  103°  to  108°  Fahr.  They  are  eight  feet  by  four,  and  five 
feet  deep.    For  the  convenience  of  infirm  and  crippled  pa- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


310 


tients,  two  of  each  are  arranged  with  chairs  suspended  by  rope 
and  pulley.  The  patient  is  placed  in  the  chair,  and  then  it  is 
permitted  gradually  to  descend  into  the  hot  water.  At  the 
end  of  the  required  time  the  chair  is  elevated  and  the  person 
assisted  in  dressing,  or  he  may  recline  for  some  time  on  a  cot, 
close  at  hand,  until  rested  and  desirous  of  returning  to  the 
hotel. 

The  mud-bath  consists  of  a  thick  mixture  of  earth  from  the 
adjacent  valley,  with  water  from  the  springs  at  a  temperature 
of  about  100°  Fahr.  After  having  remained  in  this  mixture  for 
some  time,  the  patient  passes  under  a  small  spout-bath,  in  an 
adjoining  compartment,  and  the  mud  is  thus  quickly  removed. 
This  bath  is  supposed  to  be  of  esperml' value  in  rheumatic  af- 
fections and  diseases  of  the  skin. 

These  waters  are  a  most  valuable  therapeutic  agent  in  the 
treatment  of  the  following  diseases:  Chronic  rheumatism, 
gout,  diseases  of  the  liver,  associated  with  congestion  and  en- 
gorgement, neuralgia,  contractions  of  joints  (false  anchylosis), 
and  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis  which  has  proved  rebellious 
to  the  Usual  modes  of  treatment.  In  cases  of  paralysis  and 
paraplegia,  unaccompanied  by  organic  lesions  and  in  which 
there  is  no  inflammatory  action,  they  have  given  favorable 
results.  Concretions  and  enlargements  of  joints,  the  result 
of  the  rheumatic  or  gouty  diathesis,  are  sometimes  resolved 
under  their  use. 

In  conversation  with  Prof.  Cabell,  of  the  University  of 
Virginia,  resident  physician,  he  said  he  found  cases  of  chronic 
rheumatism,  accompanied  with  contractions  of  the  joints,  quite 
rebellious  to  treatment  when  the  patients  are  anaemic ;  but 
that,  on  the  contrary,  most  marked  benefit  is  derived  in  ple- 
thoric cases.  In  gout  of  an  adynamic  type  similar  difficulty 
is  met  with.  He  also  said  he  had  treated  several  cases  of 
seven  and  twenty-one  day  intermittent  fever,  that  had  proved 
rebellious  to  nine  months'  treatment  at  Giarlottesville,  Vir- 
ginia, a  place  where  intermittent  fever  is  unknown  as  an  en- 
demic disease.  They  were  students  at  the  university  from 
southern  climates.     On  coming  to  the  Hot  Springs  the  first 


320 


MINERAL  SFBINGS. 


eflFect  of  the  baths  was  to  change  the  fever  into  a  tertian,  which 
then  very  readily  yielded  to  the  usual  medicines,  associated 
with  the  baths,  and  permanent  relief  obtained. 

Remarks, — These  springs  are  located  in  a  most  charming 
valley,  at  the  summit  of  the  mountains.  Five  miles  distant 
are  the  Warm  Springs.  The  Healing  Springs  are  three  miles 
away.  On  an  elevated  plateau,  on  the  banks  of  what  may  be 
called  the  Hot  Springs  Creek,  are  the  hotel  buildings.  The 
baths  are  in  the  valley.  From  the  piazza  of  the  hotel  a  beau- 
tiful mountain-view  is  had  to  the  northwest,  through  a  niche 
in  the  ridge.     The  hotel  is  open  through  the  entire  year. 

The  prevailing  temperature  is  similar  to  that  at  the  Heal- 
ing Springs,  which  see. 


SALT   LAKE   HOT.  SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post*Offlee.— Salt  Lake  City,  Salt  Lake  County,  Utah. 
Hotels.— Walker's,  Salt  Lake,  Revier. 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains— 


SOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium        , 
Chloride  of  calbium       .  , 

Sulphate  of  soda     . 
Peroxide  of  iron  .  . 

Total 


Orains. 
0.44Y 
2.443 
0.066 
0:666 
0.692 
0.021 

4.285 


The  above  combinations  have  been  arranged  by  J.  G. 
Rogers,  M.  D.,  from  an  analysis  in  elements  given  by  C.  T. 
Jackson,  M.  D.,  of  Boston. 

Properties.— ^\ns>  water  belongs  to  the  group  of  theimal 
sulphur-waters.  Unlike  the  majority  of  warm  waters,  it  con- 
tains a  considerable  proportion  of  mineral  constituents.  It  is 
valuable  in  diseases  of  the  skin,  chronic  rheumatism,  etc. 

Remarks. —TXxQ^Q  springs  are  situated  one  mile  north  of 
the  North  Gate  of  the  city,  and  supply  the  city  baths.  They 
are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids. 


THERMAL  WATEBS. 


821 


Two  miles  farther  north  another  group  of  hot  springs 
occur,  of  a  still  higher  temperature — 128"  Fahr.  They  break 
forth  at  the  base  of  a  rock  where  the  mountain  rises  from  the 
plain.  The  waters  flow  into  a  lake  near  by,  known  as  the 
Hot  Springs  Lake,  three  miles  long  and  one  mile  wide. 


WABU  sPBnras. 

Location  and  Post-OfBce.— Bath  Court-House,  Bath  County,  Virginia, 
iewsg.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Bailroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Bailroad,  one  hundred  and  nmety-six  miles  south- 
westi  to  Millboro  Depot  (Millboro  Hotel) ;  thence,  fifteen  miles  by  stage. 
From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  Biver,  to  Huntington,  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Bailroad,  two 
hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast,  to  Covmgton  (McCurdy's  Hotel); 
thence,  by  stage,  twenty-two  miles. 
Hotel,— Sprin-3. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (96"  to  98°  Fahr. 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  lime     .  .  . 

Grenate  of  iron 
Silicates  of  magnesia  and  alumina 


A.  H.  Hayes,  M.  D.) : 

Grains. 

.       0.663 

1.816 

.       0.312 

•     .  0.216 


Total      . 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen  * 
.  Nitrogen  >  . 


2.99Y 
Cubic  in. 
1.80 
0.04 
0.41 


Properties. — This  water  is  limpid,  has  a  slight  styptic  taste, 
some  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  the  temperature  is 
98°  Fahr.  The  flow  has  been  estimated  at  six  thousand  gal- 
lons per  minute,  forming  a  stream  sufficient  to  move  a  mill. 
The  temperature  of  these  baths,  as  taken  by  myself,  August 
24, 1871,  was  as  follows :  Gentlemen's  swimming-bath,  97.4" 
Fahr.  at  the  south  steps,  undoubtedly  98°  Fahr.  at  the  centre ; 
gentlemen's  spout,  96.4°  Fahr. ;  temperature  of  ladies'  baths 
about  the  same;  drinkicg-fountain,  96.8°  Fahr.  The  large 
swimming-bath  is  forty  feet  in  diameter,  and  contains  forty- 

>  From  an  analysis  by  another  chemist. 


322 


MINERAL  SPKINCa 


three  thousand  gallons  of  water!    There  are  four  other  baths 
of  which  two  are  spout-baths. 

The  action  of  these  waters  is  sedative  in  n«Mt  instances. 
Immersion  in  the  bath  gives  rise  to  a  sense  of  voluptuous  re- 
pose; and,  as  the  hand  is  passed  over  the  body,  the  surface 
presents  a  velvet  smoothness,  as  though  anointed  with  some 
dehcate  ointment.    On  emerging  from  the  bath  this  smooth- 
ne  s  ,s  still  retained,  and  continues  for  twelve  hours  after. 
„f  u  r.    "^"^  ^"""^  ^  compared  to  the  "Bains  des  d^lices" 
1,    t  ^^^™"°,.'• "  *'"'  ^'P*'"  ^»*''  °f  S<^l'la„genbad,  Nas- 
Zll      *f.      \f  «™^'">  ==^-5.  "One  becomes  absolut  ly  in 
love  with  himself  in  this  bath."    The  water  has  also  been  ap- 
propriately compared  with  those  of  Wildbad,  near  Stuttgart. 
The  unctuous  quality  of  this  water,  which  is  also  possessed 
by  the  waters  named,  has  not  been  mide  note  of  heretofore 
It  is  very  peculiar,  the  cause  therefor  not  being  known     This 
quaht;-  of  certain  waters  has  been  variously  ascribed,  by  Eu- 
ropean writers,  to  the  presence  of  silicates,  the  monos^lphuret 
of  sodium  or  an  organic  matter,  the  latter  with  most  proba- 
bJity.    The  duration  of  the  bath  should  be  from  Bfteen  min- 

period  IS  sufficient  for  securing  all  the  remedial  action  of  the 
water,  and  guards  against  too  great  relaxation. 

The  diseases  to  which  these  waters  are  appUcable  are 
ch^mc  and  «^ae«te  rh^umcUmn  (in  subacute  cases  prefera- 
mIC'  "^"'"T'.  '=°»g<=^«ve  amenorrh<,a  and  dyeme,^or. 
effect's  Tb"  "'"''T.r'  ««^fo»  diseases,  by  its  soothing 
i!  r  •  •  ?'  ^P°"t''"*'''  ""-""S-"!  '^'«'  =">  ascending  douohf 
IS  e  pecially  useful  in  dysmenorrhcea  of  the  type  named.  From 
ana  og,-,  we  should  expect  these  waters  to  p^ve  useful  in  Z 
nasis,  lichen,  pityriasis,  and  other  squamous  «uptions"but  Z 
are  wanting.  As  a  warm  pleasure-bath  these  watei^  are  u^ 
Sr    •  ™'  ""'  "^""^^  "'  °°"«'"  '^^  '''Peoial  favor  b^ 

JJmarfo.-The  natural  surroundings  of  these  springs  are 
exceedingly  attractive.  They  lie  in  a  beautiful  valfey  ft  Z 
summit  of  the  Warm  Springs  Mountain.     F.„,n  the  springs  an 


THEBMAL  WATERS. 


323 


easy  and  most  delightful  road  leads  up  to  Flag  Bock^  two 
thousand  four  hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  a  point  in  the  moun- 
tain-crest which  gives  a  far-extended  view,  over  verdant  hill 
and  vale,  of  fifty  or  sixty  miles  in  every  direction.  To  the 
eastward,  in  the  distance,  is  House  Mountain,  and  the  Blue 
Ridge  reaching  far  away  to  the  northeast.  To  the  southward, 
the  Peaks  of  Otter  may  be  seen  on  a  clear  day.  Far  to  the' 
northwest  and  west  are  the  Alleghanies ;  while,  looking  down 
into  the  valley,  we  behold  the  hotel  and  outlying  cottages, 
charmingly  nestled  amid  the  trees. 

On  the  road  from  Millboro  to  the  springs  the  Blowing 
Cave  is  passed.  It  was  thus  described  by  Thomas  JefiFerson : 
"It  is  in  the.  side  of  a  hill,  is  of  about  one  hundred  feet  in 
diameter,  and  emits  constantly  a  current  of  air  of  such  force 
as  to  keep  the  weeds  prostrate  to  the  distance  of  twenty  yards 
before  it.  This  current  is  strongest  in  dry,  frosty  weather, 
and,  in  long  spells  of  rain,  weakest."  At  the  time  I  passed 
(August,  1871),  the  outward  current  was  exceedingly  strong, 
and  of  a  coolness  to  render  one  chilly  if  he  remained  in  it  for 
any  time. 

HBALINO   SPRINQ3.» 

Loeation  and  Post-Offlce.— Healing  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Aecess.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles  south- 
west, to  Covington  (McCurdy's  Hotel) ;  thence,  sixteen  miles  by  stage,  to  the 
springs.  From  Richmond,  two  hundred  and  five  miles  by  Chesapeake  & 
Ohio  Railroad,  to  Covington.  From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio 
River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east;  thence,  via  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  fourteen  mUes  southeast,  to  Cov- 
ington. 

Hotel. — ^Healmg  Springs. 

Properties.— Thia  water  corresponds  very  nearly  in  tem- 
perature to  the  Schlangenbad  of  Nassau,  though  in  chemical 
constituents  and  therapeutic  value  it  diflfers.  It  has  been 
well  named,  as  it  finds  appropriate  application  to  all  ulcerated 
conditions,  whether  of  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane.     In 


]5 


^  See  Analysis,  page  824. 


324 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS 

. 

Ona  pint  oonUiai — 

Old  Spring. 

86*  F»hr. 

PW<.Wm.E.A.AiUn, 

M.D. 

New  Spring. 

«8*  Fahr. 

Pwf.  Wm.  E.  A.  Alkio, 

M.D. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Omini. 
0.156 
0.009 
2.283 
0.029 
0.084 
0.276 
0.906 
0.022 
0.165 
0.029 
trace, 
trace. 
0.287 
0.107 

Qialiu. 

0.246 

0.084 

2.840 

0.082 

0.a36 

.0.816 

0.924 

0.018 

0.153 

0.029 

trace 

trace. 

0.228 

0.109 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  ammonia \", 

Iodine 

Bromine 

Silicic  acid 

Organic  acid,  probably  crenic ...!!.'.'..!!.'.'!'.." 

.... 

Total. 

4.208 

Cubic  in. 
0.58 

4.465 

Cubic  in. 
0.60 

Gas. 
Carbonic  acid 

many  such  ( ases  its  efficacy  is  undoubted.     In  this  class  are 
embraced  all  scrofulous  ulcers,  scrofulous  ophthalmia,  ozcena, 
chronic  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  and  many  forms  of  secondary 
and  tertiary  syphilis  and  diseases  of  the  skin  known  as  scrofu- 
lides.     It  has  also  given  relief  in  cases  of  gout  and  neuralgia. 
It  should  be  stated  that  the  forms  of  chronic  diarrhoea  and 
dysentery  to  which  it  is  applicable  are  those  accompanied 
with  great  irritability  and  hypercemia  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane as  shown  by  a  red  tongue.     In  the  opposite  condition, 
other  waters  will  prove  more  useful.     M.  H.  Houston,  M.  D., 
of  Richmond,  Va.,  who  has  given  considerable  attention  to 
the  study  of  these  waters,  in  an  article  in  the  Bichmond  and 
Louisville  Medical  Journal  testifies  as  follows :  "  The  Heal- 
ing-Spring water  will  be  found  to  be  slightly  hypnotic,  seda- 
tive, diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  alterative.     Unless  it  be  in  ex- 
ceptional cases  of  very  rare  occurrence  it  produces  no  cathartic 
effect— indeed,  in  a  majority  of  cases  it  rather  tends  to  produce 
constipation.     Nor  is  it  possessed  of  any  very  direct  tonic  effect, 
the  small  quantity  of  iron  it  contains  being  scarcely  adequate 
to  this  purpose.     The  invigoration  which  iVllows  its  use  is 
mainly  due  to  ii:a  alterative  power,  and  Hy  alterative  I  mean  a 
rapid  transformation  of  the  tissues  in  evi>  v  part  of  the  body; 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


825 


a  transformation  which,  by  absorbing  and  eliminating  the  old 
tissues,  creates  a  keen  demand  for  the  materials  to  supply  the 
deficiency  in  the  organism.  The  alterative  eflfect  is  secondary, 
the  primitive  being  sedative  and  hypnotic.  In  ordinary  cases, 
the  properly  regulated  use  of  the  water  is  followed  by  a  de- 
cided inclination  to  sleep.  ...  In  general  terms,  it  may  be 
safely  stated  that  benefit  is  not  to  be  expected  from  the  use 
of  this  water  in  disease  of  whatever  kind  attended  by  relaxed 
fibre  and  impaired  sensibility,  unless  these  have  been  caused 
by  morbid  deposits ;  and  that  it  may  be  recommended  with 
confidence  for  all  curable  chronic  diseases  accompanied  or  not 
by  constitutional  irritation,  and  attended  by  local  hyperaemia 
and  exalted  or  perverted  sensibility." 

In  these  springs  there  is  a  confervoid  growth,  no  doubt 
depending  on  the  presence  of  soluble  organic  matter  for  its 
''^velopment.  It  is  a  soft,  green,  silken  moss,,  about  an  inch 
to  two  inches  in  length,  and  found  clinging  to  the  walls  of  the 
reservoirs,  pools,  and  baths.  It  is  formed  with  much  rapidity, 
for,  if  all  the  moss  be  removed  from  a  surface  on  the  wall  of 
the  reservoir,  on  the  next  day  it  will  be  found  to  have  been 
reproduced.  This  moss  is  used  in  the  form  of  an  epithem  as 
a  dressing  for  ulcerated  surfaces,  having  been  previously  satu- 
rated with  the  spring's  water.  It  acts  as  an  irritant,  retaining 
the  water  in  contact  with  the  diseased  surface,  and  probably 
containing  some  of  the  active  ingredients  of  the  water  within 
its  structiure,  by  which  it  cleanses  the  ulcer.  Persons  using 
the  moss  should  distinguish  between  it  and  the  large  and 
coarse  growth  which  forms  in  great  abundance  in  the  reser- 
voir. 

The  external  use  of  the  water  in  most  cases  should  be 
combined  with  the  internal,  and  for  this  purpose  there  are 
swimming-baths,  private  baths,  and  facilities  for  heating  the 
water  to  any  required  temperature,  though  the  natural  tem- 
perature of  the  swimming-baths — 80°  to  84°  Fahr. — is  best 
adapted  to  the  majority  of  cases. 

RemarJcs. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  the  valley  run- 
ning along  the  summit  of  the  Warm  Springs  Mountain,  six- 


326 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


teen  miles  from  Covington  by  stage.  The  road  up  the 
mountain  presents  exceedingly  fine  views  of  the  valley  of 
Jackson's  River,  while  within  a  few  miles  of  the  springs  is 
the  beautiful  cataract  of  the  Falling  Springs^  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter one  hundred  yards  in  breadth,  which  is  precipitated  over 
a  perpendicular  cliff  to  the  depth  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  A  short  walk  from  the  springs  are  the  Gaacadea^  well 
worth  a  visit. 

The  following  table  gives  the  averages  of  temperature  at 
these  springs  for  the  years  and  months  named.  It  will  apply 
almost  equally  well  to  the  climate  of  the  Hot  Springs  and 
"Warm  Springs  on  the  same  mountain : 


ATEEA0K3  OF  TKMPKRATCBE  AT  HBAIINO  SPRINQ8. 
1868. 


6A.lf. 

68.2' F. 
64.6 
6Y.6 
64.5 


12  v. 
%l.V  F. 
76.9 
79.4 
66.3 


July,  .  ^ 

August,  . 
September,   . 
October,  to  8th, 

1870. 
July,       .  .       66.2  81.6 

August,  .  62.7  79.2 

September,         ,      66.  73.9 

October,  to  8th,        60.7  68.9 

1871. 
June,  from  19th,       63.2  79. 

July,  .  61.  77.7 

August,  to  21st,        63.3  83. 

On  October  8,  1870,  there  was  frost, 
snow. 


6  P.M. 

74.8'  F. 
67.9 
60.7 
66.3 


10  p.  H. 

69.1' F. 


11  p.  V. 
66.8'  F. 
62.8 
67.2 
6.27 


....  69.1  .... 

....  66.8  .... 

....  ou,  I  . .  •  • 

•  •  •  .  41.  .... 

....  66.2  .... 

64.8 

• .  • .  68.5  .... 

On  October  20,  1868,  there  was 


These  observations  were  taken  with  an  ordinary  thermom- 
eter ;  nevertheless  they  answer  a  good  purpose  till  more  accu- 
rate observations  are  made. 


AMEBIOAN   QEYSEBS. 

Loeatloiit — Wyoming  Territory. 

iccess.— From  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  to  Fort  Benton,  Montana,  eight  hun- 
dred  and  seventy-five  miles  northwestwardly  in  a  direct  line  :  thence  to  He- 
lena, one  hundred  and  ten  miles  south  (direct  line) ;  thence,  via  Qallatin  City, 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


921 


to  Fort  Ellis,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  southeast;  thence  several  days' 
journey  southward. 

In  this  distant  and  almost  inaccessible  country  a  series  of 
geysers  have  lately  been  discovered  which,  according  to  descrip- 
tions, surpass  any  in  the  world.  Although  frequently  seen  by 
trappers,  their  tales  were  regarded  as  the  idle  extravagances 
in  which  that  class  so  frequently  indulge.  In  the  autumn  of 
1870,  however,  an  exploring  party  of  adventurous  gentlemen, 
under  General  H.  D.  Washburn,  ventured  into  the  unknown 
region,  and  there  found  some  of  the  most  wonderful  natural 
phenomena.  They  saw  a  water-fall,  in  one  continuous,  com- 
pact, glistening  sheet,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  broad  and 
three  hundred  and  ffty  feet  in  descent,  by  actual  measure- 
ment. They  passed — amid  volcanoes  and  boiling-springs  of 
colored  waters — ^places  where  the  earth  was  hot  under  foot, 
and  shook  under  the  tread.  But,  most  wonderful  of  all  were 
the  geysers.  From  a  report  of  the  expedition,  in  JScribner'a 
Monthly,  we  extract  the  following : 

"  Our  search  for  new  wonders  leading  us  across  the  Fire- 
Hole  River,  we  ascended  a  gentle  incrusted  slope,  and  came 
suddenly  upon  a  large  oval  aperture  with  scalloped  edges,  the 
diameters  of  which  were  eighteen  and  twenty-five  feet,  the 
sides  corrugated  and  covered  with  a  grayish-white  silicious 
deposit,  which  was  distinctl}'^  visible  at  the  depth  of  one  hun- 
dred feet  below  the  surface.  No  water  could  be  discovered, 
but  we  could  distinctly  hear  it  gurgling  and  boiling  at  a  great 
distance  below.  Suddenly  it  began  to  rise,  boiling  and  splut- 
tering, and  sending  out  huge  masses  of  steam,  causing  a  gen- 
eral stampede  of  our  company,  driving  us  some  distance  from 
our  point  of  observation.  When  within  about  forty  feet  of  the 
surface  it  became  stationary,  and  we  returned  to  look  down 
upon  it.  It  was  foaming  and  surging  at  a  terrible  rate,  occa- 
sionally emitting  small  jets  of  hot  water  nearly  to  the  mouth 
of  the  orifice.  All  at  once  it  seemed  seized  with  a  fearful 
spasm,  and  rose  with  incredible  rapidity,  hardly  affording  us 
time  to  flee  to  a  safe  distance,  when  it  burst  from  the  orifice 
with  terrific  momentum,  rising  in  a  column  the  full  size  of  this 


S28 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


immense  aperture  to  the  height  of  sixty  feet ;  and  through 
and  out  of  the  apex  of  this  vast  aqueous  mass,  five  or  six 
lesser  jets  or  round  cohimns  of  water,  varying  in  size  from  six 
to  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  were  projected  to  the  marvellous 
height  of  Uvo  hundoyA  and  fifty  feet.  These  lesser  jets,  so 
much  higher  than  the  main  column,  and  shooting  through  it, 
doubtless  proceed  from  auxiliary  pipes  leading  into  the  prin* 
cipal  orifice  near  the  bottom,  where  the  explosive  force  is 
greater.  If  the  theory  that  wnfrv  ^^^.  constant  boiling  becomes 
explosive  when  freed  from  air  be  true,  this  theory  rationally 
accounts  for  all  irregularities  in  the  eruptions  of  the  geysers. 

"This  grand  eruption  continued  for  twenty  minutes,  and 
was  the  most  magnificent  sight  we  ever  witnessed.    We  were 
standing  on  the  side  of  the  geyser  nearest  the  sun,  the  gleams 
of  which  filled  the  sparkling  column  of  water  and  spray  with 
myriads  of  rainbows,  whose  arches  were  constantly  changing 
—dipping  and  fluttering  hither  and  thither,  and  disappearing 
only  to  be  succeeded  by  others,  again  and  again,  amid  the 
aqueous  column,  while  the  minute  globules  into  which  the 
spent  jets  were  diffused  when  falling  sparkled  like  a  shower 
of  diamonds,  and  around  every  shadow  which  the  denser 
clouds  of  vapor,  interrupting  the  sun's  rays,  cast  upon  the 
column,  could  be  seen  a  luminous  circle  radiant  with  all  the 
colors  of  the  prism,  and  resembling  the  halo  of  glory  repre- 
sented in  paintings  as  encircling  the  head  of  Divinity.    AH 
that  we  had  previously  witnessed  seemed  tame  in  comparison 
with  the  perfect  grandeur  and  beauty  of  this  display.     Two  of 
these  wonderful  eruptions  occurred  during  the  twenty-two 
hours  we  remained  in  the  valley.     This  geyser  we  named 
*  The  Giantess.' 

"  A  hundred  yards  distant  from  *  The  Giantess '  was  a  sili- 
cious  cone,  very  symmetrical  but  slightly  corrugated  upon  its 
exterior  surface,  three  feet  in  height  and  five  feet  in  diameter 
at  its  base,  and  having  an  oval  orifice  twenty-four  by  thirty-six 
and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  with  scalloped  edges.  Not 
one  of  our  company  supposed  that  it  was  a  geyser ;  and  among 
so  many  wonders  it  Lad  almost  escaped  notice.     "V^rTiile  we 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


320 


were  at  breakfast  upon  the  morning  of  our  departure  a  col- 
umn of  water,  entirely  filling  the  crater,  shot  from  it,  which, 
by  actual  triangular  measurement,  we  found  to  be  two  hun- 
dred and  nineteen  feet  in  height.  The  stream  did  not  deflect 
more  than  four  or  five  degrees  from  a  vertical  line,  and  the 
eruption  lasted  eighteen  minutes.  We  named  it  *  The  Bee- 
hive.' " 

Five  other  geysers  were  observed  by  the  exploring  party, 
which  were  variously  named  according  to  the  degree  of  activ- 
ity, the  shape  of  the  column  of  water,  or  the  form  of  the  sili- 
cious  deposit  about  the  orifice. 

"  Old  Faithful "  was  the  first  geyser  observed  by  the  party, 
and  was  so  named  from  its  continuous  activity,  not  Imving  in- 
termitted more  than  an  hour  during  their  stay,  and  spouting 
for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  each  time.  The  crater  is  fivo 
feet  by  three,  and  elevated  five  or  six  feet  above  the  surround- 
ing earth.  The  column  of  water  was  eighty  or  ninety  feet 
high. 

"  The  Fan "  was  named  from  the  fan-shaped  column  of 
water  which  it  throws  out.  The  height  of  the  stream  was 
about  sixty  feet,  and  it  continued  in  action  from  ten  to  twenty 
minutes. 

"  The  Grotto  "  received  its  name  from  the  form  of  the  cra- 
ter, which  is  about  ten  feet  high,  and  twenty  feet  through  the 
base,  with  several  large  openings.  Connected  with  this,  by  a 
ridge  of  incrustations,  was  a  smaller  mound,  about  five  feet 
high.  Through  one  of  the  side-openings  one  of  the  party 
crawled  to  the  discharging  orifice — about  four  feet  in  diameter 
— from  which,  a  few  hours  afterward,  a  column  of  boiling- 
water  shot  to  the  height  of  sixty  feet.  The  discharge  con- 
tinued for  half  an  hour. 

"  The  Castle "  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  an  incrusted 
mound,  and  has  a  turret-shaped  crater,  with  an  orifice  about 
three  feet  in  diameter.  The  water  issues  from  this  geyser  to 
a  height  of  about  fifty  feet. 

"  The  Giant "  has  a  rugged  crater  ten  feet  in  diameter  on 
the  outside,  with  an  irregular  orifice  five  or  six  feet  in  diam- 


330 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


eter.  It  resembles  a  miniature  model  of  the  Coliseum.  The 
column  of  water,  which  shot  upward  from  it,  was  five  feet  in 
diameter  and  one  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  in  height.  It 
continued  to  flow  for  nearly  three  hours. 

The  party  did  not  analyze  the  waters.  ITie  sinter  was  both 
carboniferous  and  silicious,  the  latter  characteristic  predomi- 
nating ;  and  we  may  with  confidence  conclude  that  the  waters 
contain  considerable  silica  in  solution. 

The  springs  observed  in  this  region,  which  resembled  boil- 
ing mud,  deposited  a  sediment  of  various  colors— some  white 
some  delicate  lavender,  and  others  of  a  brilliant  pmk.     An 
analysis  of  specimens  of  this  sediment,  by  Prof.  Augustus 
Steitz,  gave  the  following  result : 

ANALYSIS. 


Solids. 

Silica 

Magnesia 

Lime 

Alkalies 

Alumina 

Boraclc  acid 

Oxldoof  iron 

Soda  and  potassa 

Water  and  loss 

Total 


Whlla  S«dlm«nt. 
P«r  cent. 


42.2 

88.4 

17.8 

6.6 


100.0 


Lavender  Sediment, 
Fercent. 


28.3 

'4!2 

68!6 
8.2 
0.6 

*6!2 


Pink  Sediment. 
Per  cent. 


100.0 


82.6 

k'.k 

&2!4 


4.2 
2.6 


100.0 


m.  The 
e  feet  in 
ight.    It 

^as  both 
jredomi- 
e  waters 

led  boil- 
e  white, 
ik.  An 
.ugustus 


[  ScdiiiMiit. 
'•r  c«ut. 

'sis 

6214 


4.2 

a.s 

00.0 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

UNOLASSIFIBD      WATBBS. 

AIiABASTER   GAVE   SPBINa. 

Locatloil.— El  Dorado  County,  California. 

Access* — Go  to  Folaom,  a  station  on  the  Sacramento  Valley  Railroad, 
twenty  miles  east  from  Sacramento ;  thence  by  stage,  ten  miles. 
Hotel.— Cave  Hotel. 

Analysis, — ^None. 

JRemarJca. — ^This  spring  is  in  a  cave,  known  as  Alabaster 
Cave.  The  cave  was  discovered  in  1860,  by  William  Gwynn, 
whose  workmen  were  engaged  in  quarrying  stone  near  by.  It 
is  not  large,  but  is  said  to  be  even  more  beautiful  than  Mam- 
moth Cave.  Mr.  Gwynn  says :  "  On  our  first  entrance  we  de- 
scended about  fifteen  feet  to  the  centre  of  the  room,  which  is 
about  one  hundred  by  thirty  feet.  At  the  north  end  there  is 
a  magnificent  pulpit  in  the  Episcopal  Chiu-ch  style.  It  is  com- 
pleted by  beautiful  drapery  of  alabaster  stalactites  of  all  colors, 
varying  from  white  to  pink-red,  which  overhang  the  beholder. 
Immediately  under  the  pulpit  is  a  lake  of  water,  extending  an 
unknown  distance.  On  arriving  at  the  centre  of  the  first  room 
we  saw  another  still  more  splendid,  two  hundred  by  thirty  feet, 
with  the  most  beautiful  alabaster  overhanging  us  in  every  pos- 
sible shape."  There  are  several  apartments,  known  respec- 
tively as  Crystal  Chapel,  Dungeon  of  Enchantment,  Julia 
Bower,  and  Picture  Gallery. 

Within  this  cave  is  a  spring,  which,  according  to  S.  Powers, 
Esq.,  is  "  literally  freezing  over  with  alabaster  ice,  about  as 
thick  as  window-glass."    He  says :  "  I  put  my  hand  under  it, 


332 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  found  it  of  the  same  thickness  all  over,  and  graining  on 
he  edges  with  particles  not  yet  attached.'* 

Visitors  so  wishing,  may  have  the  enture  cave  illuminated, 
thus  adding  to  the  beauty  of  the  scene. 

SUMMIT  'soda   SPBINGS. 

Location. — ^Alpine  County,  California. 

Access.— From  San  Francisco  to  Summit  Station,  on  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  forty-three  miles  east ;  thence  by  private  convey- 
ance. 

Hotel. — Summit  Hotel,  at  the  station. 

Analysis. — None.  The  water  is  said  to  possess  a  chalybe- 
ate taste,  and  precipitate  a  red  deposit.  It  is  highly  charged 
with  gas,  supposed  to  be  carbonic  acid.     {See  Appendix.) 

Bemarks.—This  is  an  exceedingly  desirable  resort  for  those 
who  wish  to  breathe  mountain-air,  obtain  a  large  amount  of 
exercise,  and  enjoy  camp-life.  Summit  Station  is  seven  thou- 
sand and  forty  feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  surrounding  moun- 
tain-tops attain  a  height  of  fifteen  thousand  and  eighty-six 
feet.  At  the  Summit  Hotel  horses  are  procured,  and  a  delight- 
ful ride  of  some  miles  awaits  the  traveller.  The  road  winds 
through  dense  forests  of  pines,  cedars,  firs,  and  tamarack ;  gay- 
colored  wild-flowers  deck  the  earth  in  profusion,  while  the 
openings  in  the  wood  disclose  magnificent  views  of  valleys 
and  mountain-peaks. 

Near  the  springs  is  abundance  of  sport;  grouse,  quail, 
ground-hogs,  badger,  and  deer,  are  plenty,  and  easily  secured. 

A  correspondent  states  that  |100  or  $150  ;vould  pay  the 
entire  expense  of  a  party  of  three  or  four,  for  two  or  even  four 
weeks. 

TUSCAN-   SPBINOS. 

Location. — Tehama  County,  California. 

Access.— From  Sacramento,  via  Oregon  Division  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
north  to  Tehama,  six  hours ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 
i2e«?«ryfc5.—"  The  waters  of  the  Tuscan  Springs  have  con- 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATER3. 


333 


siderable  repute  for  their  medicinal  qualities,  especially  in  the 
cure  of  rheumatic  and  syphilitic  diseases.  The  temperature 
(October,  1863)  was  76°  Fahr.  They  contain  common  salt, 
carbonate  of  soda,  borate  of  eoda,  salts  of  lime,  and  evolve 
some  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  a  large  quantity  of  carbu- 
reted hydrogen,  which  is  collected,  partially  purified,  and 
burned  for  heating  the  water  under  the  steam-baths."  ' 

VIOHT   SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — New  Almaden,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 
AccesSt — From  San  Francisco,  forty-seven  miles  south,  to  San  Jos-S ;  thence 
twelve  miles  by  stage. 
Hotel. — ^Vichy  Springs. 

Analysis, — {See  Appendix.) 

BASTLETT    SPBINaS. 

Location. — Colusa  County,  California. 

Access. — Go  to  Lakeport,  Lake  County ;  thence,  by  mountain-road,  over 
a  range  several  thousand  feet  high. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis- . 

Remarks. — These  springs  first  became  known  during  the 
summer  of  1871,  and  were  one  of  the  California  sensations. 
Thousands  underwent  the  fatiguing  journey  across  the  moun- 
tain in  search  of  tliis  new-found  spring,  v/hich,  like  that  which 
De  Leon  sought,  was  to  restore  them  to  youth  and  vigor.  The 
rush  thither  shows  there  are  numbers  in  every  community 
ready  for  a  Quixotic  chase  after  the  fountain  of  eternal  youth. 


ADAMS   SFIINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Adams  Springs,  Lake  County,  California. 
Access* — From  Calistoga  or  Lower  Lake. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None.     {See  Appendix.) 

Remarlcs. — These  springs  were  located  in  1871.    They  are 
situated  about  two  miles  from  Cobb  VuUe}',  between  the  Gey- 

•  "Q«olog!c«!  Survey  of  CaUfbrnift,"  vol  \,,  \>.  208. 


834 


.  MINERAL  SPBINOa 


i 


sers  and  Seigler's.    The  water  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the 
Vichy  Sprmgs,  Santa  Clara  County. 

NAPA   SODA  SFBINaS. 
Loeatton. — ^Napa  County,  California. 

Awess.— From  San  Francisco,  by  steamer,  to  Vallejo ;  thence,  by  Napa 
Valley  Railroad,  to  Napa  City;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel. — ^Napa  Springs. 

Analj/sis.-— None.    {See  -Appendix.) 
Hemarlcs.— These  waters  are  bottled,  and  consumed  in  the 
State  in  considerable  quantities. 

HABBENES   SPBINaS. 
Location. — Lake  County,  California. 

Access,— From  San  Francisco,  by  Napa  Valley  Raih-oad,  to  CaUstoga; 
thence  by  stage. 

Hotel* — Harbines  Springs. 

Anali/sis.^None.    (/8fe6  Appendix.) 

SAN   RAFAEL   SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.-San  Rafael  Springs,  Marin  County,  California. 
Access.— From  San  Francisco  across  the  bay  by  steamboat. 
Hotel.— San  Rafael  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

CRYSTAL   SPRINGS. 

Location. — San  Mateo  County,  California. 

Access.— Go  to  San  Mateo,  a  station  on  the  San  Jos6  branch  of  the  Cen- 
tral  Pacific  Railroad,  about  twenty  miles  south  of  San  Francisco;  thence  by 
stage. 

Hotel. — Crystal  Springs. 
AncUysis. — None. 

ST.    LEON   SPRINGS. 
Location.— St.  Leon,  Three  Rivers,  Quebec,  Canada. 
Access.— By  steamer,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Three  Rivers;  thence, 
twenty-six  miles,  by  stage. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. . 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 


335 


BOOST  KOXTNTAIN  BPBINGS. 

Locitten* — Boulder  County,  Colorado. 

PosNMDeet — Jamestown,  Boulder  County,  Colorado. 

AecesSf — Oo  to  Denver ;  thence,  via  Denver  City  &  Boulder  Valley  Rail- 
road, to  Erie,  thirty-four  miles ;  thence  twenty  miles,  by  private  conveyance 
(until  the  railroad  is  finished)  to  Boulder  City;  thence  ten  miles  by  pri- 
vate conveyance. 

Hoteh — Mountain  House. 

Analysis. — A  quantitative  analysis  states  that  the  waters 
contain  carbonate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  carbonate 
of  iron,  and  free  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Memarks.  —  These  springs  are  located  two  miles  from 
Jamestown,  amid  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  six  thou- 
sand five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea. 

VABENNES   SPBINGH9. 

LoMtion  and  Post-Offlee. — ^Yarennes,  Yerch&res  County,  Quebec,  Canada. 
Access. — ^By  steamboat,  from  Montreal  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  fifteen 
miles. 

Hotel.—  '"♦ 

Analysis. — None. 

OBANaE   SPRINa. 

Location  and  Post-OfflcCt — Orange  Spring,  Marion  County,  Florida. 

Access* — Go  by  coast  steamers  to  Filatka,  on  the  St.  John's  River ;  thence, 
by  steamboat  on  Thursdays  and  Saturdays,  about  twenty-five  miles  south. 
Or  go  to  Jacksonville,  Fbrida ;  thence  about  sixty  miles  south,  by  boat,  to 
Filatka. 

Hotel. — Ocklawaha  House. 

Analysis. — None. 


BEBKSHIBB   SODA   SPBINO. 

Location. — Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts. 
Post-Office. — Great  Barrington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts. 
Access. — From  Great  Barrington,  a  station  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad, 
two  and  a  half  miles  by  carriage  or  stage. 
Hotel. — Soda  Springs  House. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis.   Said  to  contain  chlo- 
rine carboniQ  acid  soda,  and  aluminau 


S36 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Hemarks.— These  waters  have  been  highly  praised  in  dar- 
trous  eruptions. 

The  hotel  is  situated  amid  the  mountains  and  hills  of  Berk- 
shire— so  celebrated  for  their  quiet  beautj. 

BETQESDA   SFItING& 

Location* — Lumpkin  County,  Oeorgia. 

Po8t^)ffiee« — ^Dahlonega,  Lumpkin  County,  Georgia. 

Access.— Go  to  Atlanta ;  thence,  via  Atlanta  &  Richmond  Airline  Rail-way, 
fifty-three  miles  to  Gainesville ;  thence  twenty-nine  miles,  by  stage,  to  the 
springs. 

Hotel.— Bethesda  Hotel. 

Analysis. — None. 

Hemarks.— These  springs,  three  in  number,  arise  at  the 
base  of  a  spur  of  Cedar  Mountain.  The  town  of  Dahlonega  is 
nine  miles  distant. 

TOaUS   SPBINQS. 

Location. — Kennebec  County,  Maine. 
Post-Office. — National  Asylum,  Kennebec  County,  Maine. 
Access.— By  Rockland  stage,  from  Augusta;  distance,  five  miles. 
Hotels. — ^None. 

These  springs— at  one  time  quite  a  resort— were  purchased 
by  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  National  Asylum  for  Disabled 
Volunteer  Soldiers.  The  place  is  now  known  as  the  Eastern 
Branch  of  the  National  Asylum. 

FLINT'S    SPRINaS. 

Location  and  P,^t-Office.— Three  Rivers,  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan. 

Access.— Go  to  White  Pigeon,  a  station  on  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan 
Southern  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  east  of  Chicago  ;  thence, 
twelve  miles  north  by  railroad,  to  Three  Rivers. 

Hotels.— Hatch,  Three  Rivers. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 

Hemarks.— The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  St.  Joseph,  Rocky,  and  Portage  Rivers.  The  pop- 
ulation is  over  three  thousand.  There  are  good  accommoda- 
tions for  bathing. 


« 


in  dar- 
;Berk- 


UNOLASSIFIED  WATERS. 


ULTONIA   SPRXNGS. 


889 


ail-way, 

I,  to  the 


it  the 
ega,  is 


based 
abled 
istem 


gan. 

chigan 

hence, 


)nflu- 

pop- 

loda- 


Ltcatton  and  Po8t-Offle«t— Latonia  Springs,  Kenton  County,  Kentucky. 
Access* — ^From  Covington,  Kentucky,  opposite  Cincmnati,  four  miles  south 
by  carriage. 

Hoteh — ^Latonia  Springs. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made.  The  mineral  ingredients 
are  in  feeble  proportion. 

GBAND   XiZDQE   WELLS. 

Location  and  Post-OfDce.— Grand  Ledge,  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 
Access. — Grand  Ledge  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit,  Lansing  &  Lake  Mich- 
igan Railroad,  ninety-nine  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Hotel. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 

Memarks. — Grand  Ledge  is  a  town  on  the  Grand  River. 
The  population  is  about  one  thousand.  There  are  two  wells 
here,  and  a  bath-house. 

BIBCH-DALE   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Po<!t-Offlce. — Concord,  Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Access. — The  springs  are  nearly  four  miles  from  the  State-house. 
Hotel. — Birch-Dale  Springs. 

Analyst  -Extracts  from  an  analysis  by  C.  T.  Jackson, 
M  D.,  of  Boston,  show  these  waters  to  contain  salts  of  lime, 
sodium,  phosphates,  silicates,  crenates,  and  a  portion  of  irqn 
and  organic  matter.  The  result  as  published,  however,  does 
not  give  the  amount  of  each  salt,  and  it  is  not  possible  to  as- 
sign the  water  a  place  in  the  proper  classification.  There  are 
four  springs,  named  the  Concord,  Merrimac,  Granite,  and 
Penacook.     {/See  Appendix.) 

ABENAQUIS    SFBINQS. 

Location. — ^Walpole,  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Post-*>ftitij.— -Bellows  Falls,  Vermont. 

Access,. — l^rom  Boston,  go  to  Bellows  Falls,  via  Fitchburg  Railroad  and 
Cheshire  i^aiiroad,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  northwest ;  thence,  by  car- 
riage, to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — ^Fall  Mountain. 

Analysis. — None. 


338 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Remarks. — ^The  springs  are  located  at  the  base  of  Fall 
Mountain.  From  the  hotel,  there  is  a  path  to  Table  Rock,  on 
the  summit  of  the  Mountain,  from  which  there  is  an  extended 
view  of  tlie  valley  of  the  Connecticut. 

AUHEBST   SPBINaS. 

Location* — Amherst,  Hillaborough  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Access. — ^From  Boston,  via  Boston,  Lowell  &  Nashua  RaUroad,  forty-eight 
miles  north,  to  Amherst. 
Hotel* — ^Amherst  Spring. 

Analysis. — None. 

BBADPOBD    SPBINa& 

Location* — ^Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Post-Oflace.— Bradford,  Merrimao  County,  New  Hampshire. 
ieeess. — ^From  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  ma  Concord  &  Claremont  Rail- 
road, to  Bradford,  twenty-seven  miles  west;  thence,  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 
Hotel,— Bradford  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

VAIJiONIA   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office.— Vallonia  Springs,  Broome  County,  New  York. 
Access.— From  Albany,  via  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railroad,  to  Afton, 
one  hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southwest ;  thence  by  stage. 
.    Hotel. — Spring  House. 

Analysis. . 

BemarTcs.—T\iis  is  a  pleasant,  quiet  resort,  surrounded  by 
wild  and  romantic  scenery,  and  affording  fine  opportunity  for 
hunting  and  fishing. 

PIEDMONT    SPBINaS. 

Location* — Grimes  County,  Texas. 

Post-Offlce. — Millican,  Brazos  County,  Texas. 

Access.— Go  to  Houston ;  thence,  via  Houston  &  Texas  Central  Railroad, 
eighty  miles  northwest,  to  MiUican  ;  thence,  six  and  a  half  miles,  by  stage,  to 
the  springs. 

Hotel.— Piedmont  Hotel. 

Analysis. . 


iiii 
I 


of  FaU 
Elock,  on 
extended 


forty-eight 


aont  Rail- 
le  springs. 


few  York. 

to  AftOD, 


aded  by 
nity  for 


Railroad^ 
'  stage,  to 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 

ELaiN  sPBura. 


339 


Location. — Addison  County,  Vennont. 
Post-OflBlee.— Vergennes,  Addison  County,  Vermont. 
Access.— Vergennes  is  a  station  on  tlie  Rutland  Division  of  the  Vennont 
Central  Railroad,  ninety-niue  miles  northwest  of  Bellows  Falls. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. , 


CAPPEBS  SPBIKaS. 

Location.— Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— From  Baltimore  to  Harper's  Ferry,  eighty-one  miles  west ;  thence, 
wa  Wmchcster  Branch,  to  Winchester,  thirty-two  miles;  thence,  seventeen 
miles  west,  to  springs. 

Hotel. — Cappers  Springs. 

Analysis. . 

BLUE  BIDGE  SPBINQS. 

Location. — Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— From  the  line  of  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad. 

Hotel.— Blue  Ridge. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  been 
made.  They  are  said  to  closely  resemble  the  Alleghany  Springs 
of  Virginia.     {See  Appendix.) 

EemarJcs. — ^These  springs  are  situated  near  the  summit 
of  the  Blue  Ridge,  at  an  elevation  of  thirteen  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

PABKERSBURa    MINEBAL   WELLS, 

Location  and  Post-OfDce.— Mineral  Wells,  Wood  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access.— Go  to  Parkersburg,  a  terminus  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Raihcad. 
on  the  Ohio  River,  either  by  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  or  Marietta  &  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad ;  thence  six  and  a  half  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel.— Parshall's. 

Analysis. — A  very  imperfect  analysis  shows  this  water  to 
contain,  as  the  principal  constituents,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
sulphate  of  soda,  with  some  iron.  The  water  is  also  charged 
with  carbonic-acid  gas,  according  to  the  analysis.  Tempera- 
__..  ^^^  vrafccr  is  ugrecuuiu  lio  ine  taste. 


340 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


JRemarhs. — The  wells  are  very  pleasantly  located  on  high, 
dry,  and  rolling  land,  on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  valley, 
through  which  runs  Tygart's  Creek.  The  surrounding  country 
aflFords  the  sportsman  many  opportunities  for  recreation. 

OBKNET    SPBINaS. 

LocatJon  and  P08t-Offlce« — Orkney  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
to  Mount  Jackson,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles ;  thence,  twelve  miles  west, 
by  stage. 

Hotel. — Orkney  Springs. 

Analysis, — {See  Appendix.) 

SHANKONDAIiE   SPBINGS. 

Location. — Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Baltimore,  via  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  and  Winchester 
&  Strasburg  Branch,  to  Charlestown,  ninety-one  miles  west ;  thence  five  and 
a  half  miles. 

Hotel. 

Analysis. — ^An  examination  of  one  hundred  grains  of  the 
solid  contents,  by  Dr.  De  Butts,  of  Baltimore,  showed  these 
waters  to  be  similar  in  composition  to  the  Alleghany  Springs, 
though  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  substances  exist  in 
the  same  degree  of  concentration. 


on  high, 
[  valley, 
country 


m. 


,  Virginia. 

Railroad, 

liles  west, 


EXJEOPEA]^    SPAS. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


/■inchestcr 
}  five  and 


8  of  the 
d  these 
Springs, 
exist  in 


AIiEAIilNE   WATERS. 

Viehy.— Prance,  department  of  AUier,  one  hundred  and  aixteeu  miles 
south  of  Paris. 

Ems.— Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  three  and  three-quarter  miles  east  of 
Coblentz. 

Fachingen. — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contain!— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa  .... 

Carbon.ito  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .. 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  lithia 

Carbonate  of  strontia. . . . 

Carbonate  of  baryta 

Chloride  of  sodium , 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  potassa , 

Sulphate  of  soda. 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  alumina... . , 

Phosphate  of  lime , 

Phosphate  of  lithia 

Phosphate  of  silica 

Fluoride  of  calcium , 

Borate  of  soda 

Arseniato  of  soda , 

BlUca 


Total. 


Gases. 
Qttbonio  acid , 
Nitrogen 


VIOHT.* 
Grande  Grille. 

106.8'  F»hr. 
Boaqnet. 


Grains. 

2.04 
26.00 

1.88 

0.02 
trace. 

2.81 

o.oi 

4!i6 


2.29 
0.78 


trace. 
0.01 
0.06 


88.99 

Cubic  in. 
14.74 


FAOHmaii.N. 

60*  Fahr. 
Freunlui. 


Oialni. 

19.4768 
1.8580 
0.0801 

2;6iio 

0.0004 
0.0007 

4,'6574 
0.0084 

0!i372 
0.0806 
0.0003 
0.0004 
0.0002 
0.2610 
0.002T 


27.9897 

Cubic  In. 

82.975 

0-02K 


EMS. 

Kesielbrunnen. 

116*  Fahr. 

Fresenlni. 


Gnini. 

10!6379 
0.8610 
0.0202 
0.0085 
1.2691 

0.0080 

7.7705 

o!8987 
0.0061 

0'.6096 


0.8648 


21.2194 

Cubic  In. 
6.788 


*  3m  Appendix. 


U2 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Vichy. — ^This  is  probably  the  best  known  of  all  mineral 
waters,  the  fame  of  its  baths  and  its  cures  having  penetrated 
to  every  portion  of  the  globe.  Its  essential  power  consists  in 
the  unusual  combination  of  a  high  degree  of  thermality,  with 
an  exceedingly  large  amount  of  alkali,  and  suflBcient  carbonic- 
acid  gas  to  render  it  palatable.  The  springs — of  which  there 
are  nine  in  use — are  not  all  of  the  same  temperature.  They 
range  from  53°  to  110°  Fahr.  In  the  analysis  given  the  bi- 
carbonates  are  reduced  to  carbonates.  The  original  analysis 
shows  thirty-seven  and  a  half  grains  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  in 
each  pint  of  water,  and  the  total  solids  amount  to  fifty-four 
grains,  nearly  one  drachm.  In  chemical  constitution  the  dif- 
ferent sources  vary  but  little. 

The  action  of  the  Vichy  waters  varies  with  the  individual. 
In  many  cases  they  are  diuretic,  while  some  persons  are  al- 
ways purged  while  using  them.  Perspiration  if  absent  is 
usually  developed,  but  seldom  excited  in  a  high  degree.  One 
fact,  however,  is  well  established,  that,  in  the  medical  admin- 
istration of  these  waters,  their  eflScacy  in  no  wise  depends  on 
the  production  of  their  physiological  effects.  Like  all  alkaline 
waters,  they  render  the  urine  alkaline. 

This  water  is  especially  applicable  to  dyspepsia — simple 
dyspepsia — characterized  by  laborious  digestion,  by  disgust  of 
food,  by  vertigo,  acidity,  and  constipation.  In  dyspepsias  ac- 
companied by  catarrh,  or  in  gastralgia,  other  waters  prove 
more  efficacious.  Diseases  of  the  liver  are  most  satisfactorily 
influenced  by  these  waters,  the  bile  is  liquefied,  and  flows  more 
freely,  and  biliary  calculi  (gall-stones)  are  discharged  without 
pain.  In  the  case  of  gall-stones^  one  or  two  seasons  at  the 
waters  frequently  correct  the  morbid  conditions  that  produce 
them,  so  that  the  patient  is  free  from  attacks  for  years.  In 
regular  gout,  presenting  in  plethoric  subjects,  these  waters 
have  achieved  a  world-wide  reputation.  The  treatment  of  this 
disease,  however,  by  these  waters,  requires  close  circumspec- 
tion, lest  the  regular  form  of  the  disease  be  converted  into  ir^ 
regular  or  metastatic  gout. 

These  waters  have  long  constituted  one  of  the  admitted 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


348 


mineral 
snetrated 
>nsists  in 
ity,  with 
carbonic- 
ich  there 
3.  They 
I  the  bi- 
analysis 
■.  soda  in 
fifty-four 

the  dif- 

dividual. 
s  are  al- 
ibsent  is 
Be.  One 
,1  admin- 
)ends  on 
alkaline 

— simple 
sgust  of 
psias  ac- 
rs  prove 
ifactorily 
•ws  more 

without 
IS  at  the 

produce 
;ars.  In 
5  waters 
it  of  this 
sumspec- 
I  into  ir- 


remedies  in  diabetes^  and  the  combination  of  thermal  baths 
found  there  favors  the  action  of  the  waters  in  a  marked  de- 
gree. Under  the  use  of  Vichy  waters  all  trace  of  sugar  some- 
times disappears  from  the  urine,  the  appetite  and  strength  are 
restored,  sleep  becomes  natural,  thirst  diminishes,  and  consti- 
pation ceases.  In  this  way  life  is  frequently  prolonged  for 
years.  The  water  and  baths  have  also  proved  of  exceeding 
value  in  that  grave  condition  known  as  paludal  cachexia^  re- 
sulting from  prolonged  exposure  to  miasma. 

The  Vichy,  bath  is  usually  formed  one-half  of  mineral  wa- 
ter and  one-half  of  ordinary  water,  this  combination  proving, 
according  to  Durand-Fardel,  superior  to  the  mineral  water 
alone.  Of  private  baths  there  are  three  hundred,  so  that  from 
two  thousand  five  hundred  to  three  thousand  baths  per  day 
may  be  given. 

The  surroundings  of  Vichy  are  thus  described  by  Constan- 
tin  James  :  "  Those  who  arrive  at  Vichy  to-day  (1869) — hav- 
ing not  seen  the  place  for  ten  years — feel  the  same  surprise 
that  those  do  who  visit  Paris  after  having  been  absent  for  an 
equal  time.  Old  Vichy  is  lost  in  the  midst  of  beautiful  villas 
and  splendid  hotels,  which  surround  it  on  every  side.  And 
there,  where  the  river  Allier  overflowed  its  banks  and  depos- 
ited insalubrious  soil,  has  appeared  a  delightful  park,  with  its 
sanded  walks,  verdant  shade,  and  magnificent  lake.  And  the 
assembly  halls,  yesterday  so  humble  and  so  modest,  are  re- 
placed to-day  by  a  casino  which  rivals,  if  it  does  not  surpass, 
the  most  beautiful  in  Germany." 

The  popularity  of  Vichy  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  twen- 
ty-three thousand  persons  visited  the  resort  in  1868. 

Mns. — The  waters  of  Ems  are  limpid,  soft,  and  unctuous 
to  the  touch.  They  deposit  large  quantities  of  solid  incrus- 
tations, and  a  brown-and-green  confervoid  growth  forms  in  the 
reservoirs.  As  many  as  twenty-one  springs  have  been  counted 
at  Ems. 

When  these  waters  are  taken  in  moderate  quantity  they 
cause  an  increased  urinary  secretion,  and  augment  perspira- 
tion.    The  urine  becomes  promptly  alkaline.     They  tend,  as 


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344 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


a  rule,  to  cause  constipation.  If  taken  in  considerable  quan- 
tity they  readily  produce  gastro-intestinal  irritation,  a  result 
which  is  to  be  guarded  against 

The  Ems  water  is  especially  adapted,  according  to  Spen- 
gler,  to  the  treatment  of  all  chronic  catarrhal  affections.    In 
this  class  we  have  chronic  bronchitis,  of  the  form  accompanied 
by  exacerbations  of  the  cough  morning  and  night.    Cases  of 
this  kind  are  cured  by  this  water.     If  the  water  alone  proves 
too  exciting,  it  is  usual  to  mix  it.  with  milk  or  whey    In  those 
^es  of  bronchitis  accompanying  gout.  Ems  is  the  best  resort. 
(^anular  pharyngitis,  or  clergyman's  sore-throat  as  it  is  often 
called,  IS  peculiarly  influenced  in  a  favorable  manner  by  this 
water.     For  the  treatment  of  this  condition  it  is  usual  to  mix 
the  water  with  whey,  and  also  to  apply  the  gas  from  the 
spnngs— carbonic  acid  and  nitrogen— directly  to  the  diseased 
surfaces  by  means  of  tubes.    In  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  and 
also  catarrh  of  the  hepatic  ducts,  the  water  is  exceedingly 
serviceable.     Chronic  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  accompanied  by 
renal  calcuU,  or  gravel,  is  equally  subject  to  favorable  action. 

These  waters  have  a  weU-established  reputation  in  uterine 
catarrh.    For  this  purpose  the  internal  use  of  the  water  is 
combined  with  the  ascending  douche.    The  arrangements  for 
the  use  of  the  douche,  in  this  disease,  are  of  the  most  perfect 
kind.     Althaus  thus  describes  the  condition  of  the  uterus  in 
which  the  waters  are  especially  successful :  "The  vaginal  poi- 
tion,  and  the  cervix  uteri,  are  in  such  instances  generally  dark 
red,  hyperaemic,  hypertrophied,  and  either  painful  to  the  touch 
or  not ;  the  whole  tissue  of  the  uterus  being  harder  and  firmer 
than  It  is  m  healthy  women.     In  many  cases  there  is  also  dis- 
placement of  this  organ,  and  dysmenorrhoea  or  amenorrhoea 
IS  mostly  present.      The  mucous   membrane  of  the  uterus 
secretes  a  considerable  quantity  of  puriform  mucus,  and  the 
cervix  uteri  is  filled  with  transparent  mucus.     Sterility,  car- 
dialgia,  habitual  sickness  and  vomiting,  constipation,  and  vari- 
ous  hysterical  symptoms,  are  generally  the  consequence  of  this 
condition  of  the  womb.     All  these  symptoms  are  often  re- 
lieved  bv  the  Ems  waters," 


EUROPBAN  SPAS. 


845 


Ems  ia  an  exceedingly  attractive  watering-place,  possess- 
ing aU  the  comforts  to  which  the  wealthy  are  accustomed,  and 
without  the  incessant  commotion  that  characterizes  many  of 
these  resorts.  The  beautiful  Gothic  castle  of  Stolzenfels,  on 
the  Rhine,  and  the  fortress  of  Ehrenbreitstein,  are  not  far 
distant. 

Michinff en.— These  waters  are  used  in  the  diseases  to 
which  the  Vichy  waters  are  applicable.    The  spring  is  not  a 
resort.     The  water  is  bottled  and  sold  largely  throughout 
.  Europe,  as  much  as  half  a  million  bottles  being  consumed  an- 
nually. 

SALINE   WATEBS. 

H«m*Mg.— Germany,  Hesse-Homburg,  nine  mUes  north  from  Frankfort. 
KisslngCB.— Bavaria,  twenty^ight  miles  north  of  Wurtzburg. 
WIesktdeB.— Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  five  and  a  half  mU«8  northwest 
from  Mayence. 

BoMbonne.— France,  department  of  Haute-Marne,  one  hundred  and  ser- 
enty-three  miles  west  from  Paris. 

S«lter8.-Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  twenty-five  n\iles  north  of  Mayence. 

Momburff.— This  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  German 

watenng-places,  having  been  sought,  however,  more  for  the 

attractions  of  society,  and  the  gaming-table,  than  the  waters. 

But  smce  gaming  is  now  forbidden,  it  is  probable  the  waters 

will  receive  more  attention.     The  water  taken  in  doses  of 

three  or  four  glasses  usually  proves  cathartic,  but  without 

causing  debility  of  the  intestines.     These  effects  are  readily 

explained  by  the  ingredients.      The  Homburg  waters    are 

strongly  saline,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  iron.     Thev 

are  especially  applicable  to  catarrhal  dyspepsia  in  anjemic 

subjects,  etc.,  cases  of  abdominal  plethora  and  engorgement 

of  the  liver,  occurring  in  weak,  irritable,  and  scrofulous  per- 

sons,  and  to  whom  the  use  of  purging-waters  might  prove 

detrimental— to  cases  of  tumid  spleen,  arising  from  ague,  or 

suppression  of  the  hemorrhoidal  or  catamenial  flow— to  cases 

of  chlorosis  and  an(Kmia  in  scrofulous  patients,  for  whom  .the 

pure  chalybeates  might  prove  too  constipating,  or  too  exciting 

to  the  circulation. 

'  8e«  Analysis,  page  846. 


0iwmmMtim»ifiimmiumiMa 


mmmmm 


846 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 
ANALYSIS. 


OMiInt 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  aoda ... . 
Oarbonate  of  maflfncMda 

Oarbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  Ume 

Chloride  of  potasslom. . 
ChkMide  of  aodlnm .... 
Chloride  of  magnesium, 
Chloride  of  caldum .... 
Chloride  of  ammonlom 
Chloride  of  lithium.... 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia . , 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  alumina. . 

Phosphate  of  Ume 

Iodide  of  sodium ,. 

Bromide  of  potassium. 
Bromide  of  sodium. . . . 
Bromide  of  magnesium 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Kltrate  of  soda 

Arseniate  of  lime 

SlUcate  of  alumina  .... 
Silica. 

Total 

Oasxb. 

Carbonic  add 

0:nrgen 

Kloogen 

Ammonia. 


Oraim. 


8 
0 

10 

TO 

T 
7 


01 
46 

99 

16 
TO 
TT 


0.82 


108.87 

CSuMo  In, 
48.46 


OnliM. 


0.S4 

8.14 

3.20 

44.71 


0.16 

4!66 
a.99 


0.04 
trace. 

•  •  •  • 

0.06 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  ■ 

0.07 

'  6!69 


66.63 

Oabktn. 
41.77 


0.007 


I  Ml 

I  a*" 


Gnlni. 

•  •  •  • 

0.08 
0.04 
0.004 
B.31 

i.ia 

68.60 
1.67 
8.62 
0.18 
0.001 


0.68 


0.006 


0.08 


0.001 
0.004 
0.46 


68.468 

Cnbtcln. 
16.7 

o'.io 


Onim. 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

3!264 

•  •  •  • 

46.110 

•  •  •  • 

6.688 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  *  •  • 

6.998 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

6!884 


.484 


Gndai. 
6.778 
1.616 
0.079 
0.003 
l.MM 
0.289 

17.228 


0.261 

•  •  •  • 

0.261 

0.0002 

0.0004 


0.0002 

d!66i6 

6!250 


28.6184 

Cable  In. 

80 
0'.0046 
0.0286 


Homburg  is  a  small  village  situated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
hill  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  chain  of  the  Tamius.  The 
Kursaal  is  without  contradiction  one  of  the  most  beautiful  es- 
tablishments of  the  kind.  The  interior  is  ornamented  with 
marble  columns,  beautiful  frescos,  and  elegant  paintings.  The 
springs  are  five  in  number,  and  vary  in  temperature  from  60** 
to  63^°  Fahr.  The  Kaiserhrunnen  contains  104  grains  of 
chloride  of  sodium,  one-half  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron,  and  109 
cubic  inches  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  in  each  pint. 

Kiasingen. — ^There  is  a  close  resemblance  between  the 
waters  of  Kissingen  and  Homburg.  Kissingen,  however,  has 
a  far  more  decided  reputation  in  the  cure  of  disease,  and  much 


EUROPEAN  SPAa 


847 


II 


Gndai. 

•.m 

1.616 

o.m 

0.002 

1.801 

0.280 

17.228 


0.281 

6!2ei 

0.0002 
0.0004 


0.0002 

6!66i6 

•  •  •  • 

6!250 


has 


miipi 


more  attention  is  given  to  medical  treatment  These  waters 
iwcording  to  Prof.  Seegen,  slightJj  increase  secretion  from  all 
the  mucous  surfaces,  particularly  those  of  the  digestive  tract  • 
they  mcrease  the  appetite,  accelerate  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  and  revive  the  nutritious  functions.  They  are  at  once 
aperient,  tonic,  and  exciting. 

The  waters  of  Kissingen  are  adapted  to  catarrhal  dyspep. 
8ia,  accompanied  with  constipation  in  anemic  subjects.    In 
oases  of  this  kind  they  are  exceUent.    At  Kissingen,  much  at- 
tention  IS  ^ven  to  the  treatment  of  gout,  and  for  certain  con- 
ditions  of  the  disease  the  waters  are  valuable.    Plethoric  per- 
sons suflFering  from  this  malady,  are  favorably  influenced  bv 
a  combmation  of  Ragoczi  and  the  bitter  water.    Those  suffer- 
ing from  irregular  gout,  with  structural  lesions  of  the  joints 
the  bones,  the  heart;  and  blood-vessels,  are  better  treated  by  the 
waters  of  Wiesbaden  or  Toplitz.      In  plethoric  persons  of 
middle  age,  and  sedentary  ht.,.«s,  suffering  from  hypercemia 
of  the  hver,  the  Ragoczi  and  bitter  waters  of  Kissingen,  com- 
bined, frequently  effect  a  cure.     These  waters  are  also  favor- 
able  in  icterus  due  to  catarrh  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
duodenum.     It  should  be  mentioned  that  if  in  catarrhal  dys- 
pepsia there  is  any  inflammatory  condition  of  the  stomach  the 
cold  acidulous  saline  waters,  such  as  Homburg  and  Kissingen 
should  not  be  employed,  but  the  waters  of  Wiesbaden  in  small 
doses.    Many  maladies  are  favorably  treated  at  Kissingen  that 
are  not  amenable  to  the  saline  waters  alone,  because  of  the  bit- 
ter water,  which  adds  to  the  resources.    This  is  a  purgative 
water,  and  in  one  pint  contains-46  grains  sulphate  of  soda, 
39  gtains  sulphate  of  magnesia,  61  grains  chloride  of  sodium 
30  grains  chloride  of  magnesium,  and  6  cubic  inches  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

Kissingen  is  located  in  a  fertile  valley  on  the  banks  of  the 
rapid  nver  Saal.  The  climate  is  salubrious,  and  all  the  neces- 
sities of  the  mvalid  are  well  provided  for.  Neither  are  social 
attractions  wanting.  The  Bavarian  Government  for  manv 
years  anjiuaUy  added  improven,pnts,  untU  Kissingen  became 

one  of   thfl  moof  rv^n.^lo X -• 1  ° 

-    -_ „ „  ^^jj^tmxi    Traicriiig-piaoes, 

le 


848 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


Wiesbaden.-' Eere  are  the  best  thermal-saline,  waters  in 
Europe.    The  waters  are  peculiar,  tasting  iike  warm  highly- 
salted  chicken-broth,  and,  when  collected  in  reservoirs,  present* 
ing  a  somewhat  yellowish  color.      Besides  the  ingredients 
given  in  the  analysis,  they  contain  a  small  proportion  of  or- 
ganic matter,  which  has  not  been  closely  studied.     The  physi- 
ological action  of  the  waters,  according  to  Dr.  Braun,  is  as 
follows :  In  a  moderate  dose,  about  a  pint,  they  inci^ease  the 
flow  of  saliva,  give  a  sense  of  warmth  to  the .  stomach,  and 
produce  moderate  alvine  evacuation ;  in  quantities  of  a  quart 
to  three  pints,  and  taken  but  slightly  warm,  they  prove  de- 
cidedly purgative.     From  one  to  three  hours  after  drinking 
even  small  quantities  of  the  water,  the  flow  of  urine  is  in- 
creased, and  its  chemical  composition  altered ;  more  consider- 
able quantities  of  chloride  of  sodium,  uric  acid,  and  irea,  are 
eliminated,  than  if  a  corresponding  quantity  of  ordinary  water 
were  taken.     Under  the  influence  of  these  waters  the  fffices 
are  fluidified,  and  contain  more  biliary  constituents,  menstrua- 
tion becomes  more  abundant,  and  the  flow  of  milk  is  promoted, 
perspiration  is  increased,  and  the  pulse  accelerated.     The 
eflfect  of  the  waters  on  the  urinary  secretion  was  closely  in- 
vestigated by  Drs.  Neubauer  and  Genth.     They  first  deter- 
mined the  quantity  of  urine  and  urinary>  solids,  under  usual 
habits  of  life,  for  periods  of  five  and  eight  days.    Then  for 
five  days  they  took  baths  of  the  water  at  9b^  Fahr.,  and  ex- 
amined the  urine,  and  then  for  eight  days  they  took  the  same 
baths,  and  drank  four  hundred  and  five  hundred  cubic  centi- 
metres respectively.    The  quantity  of  urine  under  ordinary 
circumstances — 1,414  in  one,  and  1,252  in  the  other — ^rose, 
while  taking  the  baths  alone,  to  1,707  in  the  one,  and  1,305 
in  the  other.      While  taking  baths  and  drinking  the  water,  it 
rose  to  2,050  and  1,547  respectively;  the  urea  rose  from  33  to 
39.6  and  42.8  grains ;  chloride  of  sodium,  from  14.742  to  16.- 
467  and  23.678 ;  chloride  of  ammonium,  from  2.072  to  2.344 
and  2.722,  and  in  similar  ratio  for  the  other  constituents. 
During  the  course  of  thtf  experiments,  the  weight  of  the  body 
Hiii  nnf.  undergo  anv  oarticular  change. 


EUBOnUN  SPAS. 


34» 


Tto  w,te»  and  baths  of  Wiesbaden  a»  espeoiaU,  em- 
F%ed.a^«^„d,W««^    Theyaread^Cu^y 
used  u,  aU  forms  of  gout,  unless  inflammatory  symptoms  he 
I»esent  .t  the  time,  but  are  espedaUy  ad.p4l  to^  ^ 
^omalous  or  irregular  gout     When  extenjd  m.n^fe^„:l 
h««  almost  oe«eJ  «,d  the  dise.«  tends  to  attack  inteZ 
organs,  rt  is  said  these  waters  wiU  recall  it  to  the  point  of 
«temal  attack.    For  action  on  the  kidneys,  the  ™te  t 
taken  m  doses  of  two  to  four  tumblersful,  and  cooled  Wore 
dnnh^.  but  little  exercise  being  taken  in  the  meln  Urn" 
h.trf  ^phoresis  «  desired  it  should  be  Ukea  hot.  and  ^l 
erable  exercise  in  the  intervals  of  drinking 

^JL^""^"  '•'^T*""'  ^"^  »^<^i^,  »nd  .oiatica,  these 
waters  are  frequently  cumtive,  and  cases  of  para/ysf,  also  iZ 
P^e  under  their  use.  In  these  cases  bathf  and  douches  Z 
ftedy  employed.  Dtformir^  rAeumatism  (rhumatUme  no^ 
e^)  IS  also  very  much  relieved  by  this  treatment  Wies- 
Zl-  ,!^^T  *  ^^^^  reputation  for  the  relief  of  co* 
^actwn  of  the  jointe,  and  old  g«n,hot^ounds  compUcated  by 
the  presence  of  the  baU,  or  necrosis.  ' 

Wiesbaden  is  situated  on  the  southerly  exposure  of  the 
Tannus,  m  a  valley  enclosed  by  opposing  spurs  of  the  chain. 
The  chmate  «,  notably  temperate,  so  that  treatment  may  be 
pursued  in  the  early  spring,  and  late  in  autumn,  and  even 
thrmigh  the  winter  months.  There  are  twenty-nine  springs 
at  Wiesbaden  supplying  a  volume  of  hot  water  that  is  utiliz^ 
for  bathmg  in  every  conceivable  form.    The  mineral  mud- 

wW^     ""  T^}°^^    ™'  ^  *'«'  "  »*»«<»»  ^here  the 
whey-cure  is  administered. 

Wiesbaden  was  known  to  the  ancient  Romans  under  the 
name  of  Aqu»  Mattiac»,  and  is  described  by  Plinv  At  the 
present  day  it  is  prebably  the  most  popular  resort  in  fe! 
many;  sixty-three  thousand  persons  are  said  to  have  visited 
tnere  duxBig  the  present  yeai^-1872. 

_£a<ie^£adm.-Tbe  waters  of  this  spa  are  mild  thermal- 

sa  me  waters  of  165»  Fahr.,  and  containing  sixteen  grains 

chloride  of  sodium  fr.  +h«  -l-jf      TI-—  ..  -         6  *""» 

.^  „ii^  ^iT^i^     l^^y  g^j.g  onieiijr  used  for 


immfm 


mmmitiitl 


860 


MINERAL  BPBINOB. 


bathing,  the  waters  of  other  springs,  as  Homburg  and  Kissin- 
gen,  being  drunk.  There  is  a  muriated-Uthia  spring  at  Baden 
containing,  according  to  Bunsen,  two  and  three-tenths  grains 
chloride  of  lithium  in  the  pint.  It  does  not  appear,  however, 
to  have  justified  expectations  as  a  curative  in  gout  and  lithia- 
sis.  Baden-Baden  is  charmingly  located  on  the  banks  of  the 
Oos,  just  at  the  entrance  of  the  Black  Forest.  The  valley,  is 
exceedingly  picturesque.  Heretofore,  the  principal  attrac- 
tions have  been  the  gaming-tables  andf^ea.  This  resort  was 
frequented  by  the  Romans,  and  was  known  to  them  by  the 
name  of  Civitas  Aurelia  Aquensis.  Numerous  relics  of  sculp- 
ture, of  piscinae,  and  of  vapor-baths,  testify  to  this  fact. 

Bourbonne.— This  water  is  mildly  laxative  when  taken 
cold  or  tepid.  At  the  natural  temperature  it  does  not  prove 
cathartic  unless  taken  in  large  doses,  and  even  then  this  effect 
is  only  temporary,  and  succeeded  by  constipation.  As  a  rule, 
the  purgative  eflfect  is  not  sought  in  treatment 

There  is  a  decided  analogy  between  the  application  of 
these  waters  and  those  of  Wiesbaden.  They  prove  valuable 
in  chronic  rheumatism^  accompanied  wjith  contractions,  with 
enlargement  of  the  joints,  and  deposits;  also  in /)ara/y«w. 
Especially  are  the  waters  suitable  to  these  maladies  when 
they  are  allied  to  a  scrofulous  diathesis.  So  certain  are  these 
waters  as  a  remedy  in  false  anchylosis^  in  contractions,  in  old 
gunshot-wounds  and  necrosis,  that  the  French  Government  has 
erected  a  military  hospital  capable  of  accommodating  one 
hundred  officers  and  three  hundred  soldiers. 

Bourbonne  is  agreeably  situated  at  an  altitude  of  nine 
hundred  feet,  on  the  brow  of  a  gently-inclined  hill  which  com- 
mands a  distant  view  of  the  range  of  the  Vosges.  There  are 
three  springs  supplying  a  large  number  of  baths  of  every  de- 
scription. The  mineral  mud-bath  is  also  a  resource  of  Bour- 
bonne. Its  principal  constituents  in  100  parts  are  silicic  acid 
64  parts,  oxide  of  iron  5,  lime  6,  and  vegetable  and  animal 
matter  15. 

SeUers, — ^This  water  is  cool  and  refreshing  in  taste,  with  a 
«i;/»k4-  4^iH>/«o  f\t  iron  nllrRli  Anii  raU.  in  the  flavor.     It  is  chieflv 


EUROPEAN  SPAa 


Bdl 


cid  Kissin- 
at  Baden 
ths  grains 
,  however, 
ind  lithia- 
iks  of  the 
B  valley,  is 
lal  attrac- 
resort  was 
em  by  the 
» of  sculp- 
ict. 

ben  taken 
not  prove 
this  effect 
As  a  rule, 

iioation  of 
e  valuable 
tions,  with 
paralyaia. 
dies  when 
1  are  these 
onSy  in  old 
mment  has 
lating  one 

le  of  nine 
vhich  corn- 
There  are 
every  de- 
3  of  Bour- 
silicic  acid 
ind  animal 

ste,  with  a 
[t  is  chiefiv 


employed  as  a  table-drink,  and  under  the  name  aeUzer  is 
known  and  imitated  {inferi(yrly,  as  a  rule)  the  world  over. 
There  are  no  establishments  at  the  spring.  Two  million  bot- 
tles are  sold  annually. 

BBHTEf-BATHS. 

KreuBMh.— Bhenish  Praaaia,  aeren  miles  aouth  of  Bingen. 
•  Nsihetau— Germany,  Hesse-Caasel,  fifteen  mUea  north  from  Frankfort, 

ANALYSIS. 


Ctau  |dnt  oonUini'— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. . 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese . 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium . . . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium  . 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Sulph&ie  of  lime 

Phosphate  of  alumina ...\ 
Iodide  of  magnesium . . . . , 
Bromide  of  magnesium. . . 
Silica. ."";. 


KBXXrzirAOH. 


Ellianqiwll*. 

M.5«  Fabr. 

LOwlg. 


Total 


Gas. 
Carbonic  add.. 


Onioi. 
0.106 


1.688 

0.624 
72.S88 

4.071 
18.889 

0.618 

6!625 
0.086 
0.278 
0.129 


OnnlanqiMll*. 

M.5*  F>hr. 

Lbblg. 


98.846 


Oralu. 
0.180 
0.866 

6!266 

0.460 

108.706 

22!749 


0.096 
0.012 
1.780 
0.999 


KAimUH. 

Knrbrnk<nm. 
71.  a*  Fahr. 


186.641 


Onfall. 

6!i46 
0021 
8.028 
4.047 
109.928 
2.1A6 
8.216 

0!740 


0.296 
0.116 


188.684 

Cable  in. 
81.2 


Kreuznach.— These  were  the  first  waters  of  the  kind  to  be 
medicinally  employed  in  Germany,  and  the  success  which  at- 
tended their  use  has  caused  the  development  of  numerous 
waters  of  similar  character.  The  Elisenquelle  is  the  only 
spring  used  intemaUy.  When  taken  in  smaU  doses,  it  tends 
to  constipation,  at  the  same  time  diuretic ;  but  in  large  doses 
it  is  purgative. 

These  waters  have  been  used  in  setofvUa  with  the  most  de- 
cided success,  especially  the  forms  accompanied  with  infiltra- 
tion of  the  glands.  Scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as 
lupus  and  sycosis,  are  also  favorably  influenced.  The  water 
is  also  said  to  possess  a  resolutive  action  in  fibroid  tumors  of 
the  uterus.  According  to  Scanzoni,  the  good  results  in  these 
vuiCujr  uuc  w  lue  reduction  of  the  si2e  oi  the  womb, 


862 


MIKERAL  SPRINOS. 


thus  controlling  hffimorrhage,  uterine  colic,  and  other  symp- 
toms. In  ovarian  tumors,  Scanzoni  discountenances  the  use  of 
these  waters  when  symptoms  of  congestion  are  present,  and 
the  tumor  is  rapidly  enlarging.  In  other  conditions,  however, 
the  growth  of  the  tumor  may  be  decidedly  retarded.  In  cei^ 
tain  cases  of  tertiary  syphilis,  associated  with  scrofula,  this 
water  proves  exceedingly  efficacious.  Besides  the  spring-wa- 
ter, graduated  brine  and  mother^lye  are  employed.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  composition  of  these  solutions : 


Om  pint  MBtiin^- 


SoUM. 
Chloride  of  potassium . . . 

Chloride  of  sodlam 

Chloride  of  magnesiom. . 
Chloride  of  olumtnam . . . 

Chloride  of  caklum 

Chloride  of  lithiam, 

Perohloride  of  Iroa 

Sulphate  of  soda. 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Iodide  of  magnesium. . . . 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  magnesium. . 


Total. 


1,642.9T 


Ondoatod  Brin*. 

Mothcr-ly*. 

Dr.  WietbmdcB. 

Poltdoif. 

GnlDi. 

Onim. 

11.28 

166^1 

1,811.89 

826JT 

78.22 

280.81 

1.M 

S41.00 

1,789.91 

7.96 

traces. 

traces.     ' 

0.06 

0.68 

•  •  •  • 

t».H 

6.00 

•  •  ■  • 

2,484.16 


I 


The  following  is  the  usual  method  of  Kreuznach  treatment. 
The  patient  drinks  daily  from  twenty  to  thirty  ounces  of  the 
Elisenquelle ;  children  less,  according  to  age.  An  hour  after 
drinking  the  water,  a  bath  is  taken  at  from  86°  to  92®  Fahr. 
in  temperature.  In  the  beginning  of  the  treatment,  the  sim- 
ple brine-bath  is  used,  but  gradually,  as  the  system  becomes 
accustomed,  the  mother-lye  is  employed.  From  one  to  fifty, 
and  even  a  hundred  quarts  of  the  mother-lye  are  added  to  the 
bath ;  but,  as  soon  as  symptoms  of  excitement  and  saturation 
occur,  the  quantity  is  diminished,  or  even  entirely  withdrawn. 
The  duration  of  the  bath  is  from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters 
of  an  hour,  and,  in  severe  cases  of  scrofula  and  skin-disease, 
two  baths  per  day  are  sometimes  given.  It  is  customary 
while  in  the  bath  to  rub  the  diseased  parts  with  a  soft  sponge 
or  brush.  Cloths  soaked  in  brine  are  also  applied,  especially 
•to  enlarged  lymphatic  glands. 

Kreuznach  is  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Nahe,  on  the 


EUROPEAN  SPAa 


86a 


ber  symp* 
the  use  of 
isent,  and 
,  however, 
1.  In  cer- 
){ula,  this 
jpring-wa- 
The  fol- 


Hot]Mr-l]r«< 
Polidorf. 


Gralu. 
168^1 
926J7 
280.81 

1.S6 
1,789.9T 

7.06 
traces, 
traces. 

0.06 

•  •  ■  • 

60.14 


2,484.16 

treatment, 
ces  of  the 
hour  after 
92°  Fahr. 
t,  the  sim- 
i  becomes 
le  to  fifty, 
led  to  the 
saturation 
withdrawn, 
e-quarters 
in-disease, 
customary 
oft  sponge 
especially 

le,  on  the 


left  side  of  the  Rhine.  The  principal  wells  and  baths  are  on 
a  wooded  island  in  the  Nahe.  Pleasant  excursions  may  be 
made  in  the  vicinity. 

Nizuheim.^The  waters  of  Nauheira,  like  strong  saline 
waters  in  general,  tend  in  small  quantities  to  produce  consti- 
pation, and  in  large  quantities  to  cause  purgation.     The  baths 
readily  produce  the  phenomena  of  eruptions,  known  as  la 
pouaa^.    The  large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  in  these  waters 
renders  them  more  palatable  than  saline  waters  of  equal 
strength  usually  are,  and  the  temperature,  ranging  as  high  as 
99''.9  Fahr.,  makes  them  especially  applicable  for  bathing 
purposes.     Thete  are  five  springs,  yielding  a  large  volume  of 
water.     Similar  method  of  treatment  is  pursued  here  to  that 
of  Kreuznach,  graduated  brines  and .  mother-lye  being  em- 
ployed.    In  addition,  there  is  an  establishment  especially 
devoted  to  administration  of  the  carbonic-acid  bath. 

The  application  of  this  water  is  like  that  of  Kreuznach,  es- 
pecially adapted  to  scrofula,  and  diseases  allied  to  scrofulous 
conditions,  declaring  themselves  in  young  persons.  Catarrh 
of  the  vagina  in  scrofulous  and  anaemic  persons,  and  scrofu- 
lous diseases  of  the  bones,  are  frequently  cured  by  these  baths. 
Brine-baths  are  also  of  utility  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
absorption  of  rheumatic  exudations.  Indeed,  the  rheumatic 
diathesis  seems  sometimes  to  be  overcome  by  their  use. 

Nauheim  is  situated  on  the  northeast  slope  of  the  Taunus, 
and  is  a  pleasant  drive  from  Homburg.  It  is  comparatively  a 
newly-developed  resort,  only  dating  back  some  eighteen  years ; 
neverthelesss,  every  arrangement  for  securing  the  full  benefits 
of  the  warm  salt-water  has  been  made,  and  the  facilities  for 
social  enjoyment  are  quite  complete. 

SnLFHXm-WATEBS. 
Alx-la43bapene.— Rhenish  Prussia,  forty-seven  miles  west  from  Cologne. 
Aix-les-Bains.— Savoy,  ten  and  a  half  miles  north  from  Chambfiry. 
Bar^eg.— France,  department  of  Hautes-Pyr^n^es,  one  hundred  and 
twelve  miles  south  of  Bordeaux. 

Bagnlres-de-Lnehon.— France,  department  of  Haute-Garonne,  one  hundred 
and  twentv-five  milm  nnntVi  nf  MnvAt^mn-w 


864 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


If  •■•dwf.— Germany,  principality  of  Hease,  12  milea  west  from  Hanover. 
Melik«r|.— Germany,  principality  of  Lippe-Detmold,  thirty-eight  miles 

south  of  Hanover. 

ANALYSIS. 


Cm  pint  contain* 


AIZ-LA-OBAnLta. 

KalMrquall*. 

ISl*  F*br. 

Ucblg. 


BOUDB. 

Carbonate  of  soda. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Oorbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  lltbla. 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Cborlde  of  magneeinm 

Sulphate  of  potassa. 

Sulphate  of  soda. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  Ume 

Sulphate  of  strontla 

Sulphuret  of  sodium 

Sulphuret  of  oalolum  (hydrated) 

Phosphate  of  aluQi|i8. 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bllloa 

Organic  matter. 


Total.. 


Gabbs. 

Oarbonio  add 

Bulphoretted  hydrogen. 
Carbnretted  hydrogen.. 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 


Gnlu. 
4.095 
0.89S 
0.078 
1.31T 
0.003 
0.009 
80.271 

iiiss 

2.171 


0.078 


0.004 
0.088 
0.608 
0.677 


81.602 

F«r  Mnt. 

80.88 
0.81 
1.82 

66.98 


nMNDoar. 

TrlokqwU*. 

U.t*  F»br. 

BiuiMn. 


aniu. 


8.8S1 


1.861 
U.889 
4.649 
2.818 
8.121 


O.SBS 


d'.iia 


21.276 

OuUo  In. 
6.26 
1.28 
0.05 
0.61 


imHBSBO. 

SoIiwiMiiimU*. 

48*  Fnhr. 

Bnndw. 


Oniat. 

o'.iw 

0.008 
9.149 


1.080 

0.006 

6.8a 

1.788 
8.886 
0.008 
0.06T 

•  •  •  • 

0.010 


0.120 


19.486 

Cable  la. 
9.81 
0.61 

•  •  •  • 

0.40 
0.09 


Aix-ki-Chapelle.—lihe  waters  of  these  famous  thermals 
possess  an  alkaline,  saltish,  and  sulphurous  taste.  Taken  in- 
ternally, they  are  especially  diuretic  and  diaphoretic. 

The  treatment  at  Aix-la-Ch'apelle  consists  both  in  drinking 
the  watei>-that  of  the  Kaiserquelle  being  chiefly  used— and 
bathing,  to  which  the  waters  are  eminently  adapted  by  their 
temperature.  The  bathing  arrangements  are  excellent,  and 
the  attendants  have  an  unsurpassed  reputation  for  dexterity  in 
application  of  douches  and  shampooing.  The  douches  have  a 
fall  of  from  twenty-five  to  thuly  feet,  and  range  in  tempera- 
ture from  89°  to  100°  Fahr.  The  bath  is  usually  given  at  from 
93°  to  96°  Fahr. 

These  waters  possess  a  high  reputation  in  the  treatment 

1  Fwoentage  of  gases  ascending  flrom  the  water. 


EUROPEAN  BPAS. 


n  Hanover, 
sight  miles 


IIRBIBO. 

IWlf«ll|IMU«i 

M*  Fthr. 
Bntodw. 

Onliu. 

o'.m 

0.008 
9.149 


1.005 
O.OOB 
S.8U 
1.788 
8.885 
0.008 

o.oer 
oioio 


0.120 


19.486 

Oubte  In. 
2.81 
0.61 

•  ••  • 

0.40 
0.03 


thermals 
Taken  in- 

i  drinking 
[sed — and 
I  by  their 
lent,  and 
ixterity  in 
es  have  a 
tempera- 
:n  at  from 

treatment 


856 


of  chrofiic  rheumaiism,  chronic  metallic  poisoning,  and  dit- 
eases  of  the  skin.  Of  the  latter,  it  is  especially  to  humid  dar- 
trous  diseases  that  they  are  applied. 


AKALTBIS. 


Om  fbt  emWa*— 


SoUM. 

Oarbonato  of  sods 

Oarboute  of  ma^esia. . . . . ! 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  time 

Carbonate  of  strontla    ..]'.'. 

Chloride  of  aodiam .,', 

Chloride  of  magnealum .'.'.',' 

Sulphate  of  poteaaa. '. 

Sulphate  of  soda '.'.., 

Sulphate  of  magneslik ...   '.". 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

Sulphate  of  Iron 

Sulphate  of  Ume 

Bulphuret  of  sodium  .....'!* 

Sulphuret  of  iron 

Bulphuret  of  manganese . .  .' 

Sulphnrot  of  copper 

Hyposulphite  of  soda 

Fhoephatos  of  lime  and  alumina 

and  fluoride  of  cakdum 

Iodide  of  potassium 

Iodide  of  sodium " . , ' 

Silicate  of  soda 

Silicate  of  magnesia. ',\.\ 

SiUcato  of  alumina 

Silicato  of  lime  .... 

SlUca .; 

Alumina. '.',*.'. 

Phosphates '.'.'.'.'.. 

Bituminous  matter  and  srlairine 
Losa " 


Aa-jM-tinn. 

Mara  d«  8o«ft«. 
ioe'-iu»  rahr. 


Gnliu. 

oiies 

0.064 
1.084 
traces. 
0.05T 
0.125 

o.ioi 

0.2AT 

0<400 

traces. 

O.UT 


BABiflM. 

Bonehcritt, 

UA*  rahr.i 

Latour. 


Oialu. 


0.014 

6!284 
0.208 

6!i47 


*  0.080 

•  ■  •  • 

0.116 


O.OIT 
traoea. 

•  ••• 

•  «  •  • 


0.086 


Undetermined. 
0.08T 


Total. 


Oasks. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydit^en. 
Nitrogen 


8.188 

Cabio  in. 
0.89 
0.82 

19.04 


O.OOT 
0.146 

•  ■  •  • 

[  0.080  j 

•  ••• 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  ■ 

j-  0.087 


BAOHi]iai.oa  • 

LUOBOir. 
LalUln*. 
ISI*  Fahr. 

niwu 


Onlna. 
traoea. 


0.408 

•  •  a  • 

0.068 
0.169 


0.886 
0.401 
0.080 
0.084 

traoea. 

traoea. 


tracea. 

tracea. 
0.060 
0.180 
0.086 

traces. 

traoea. 

traces. 


1.784 


trace*. 


Aix-la-Chapelle  was  an  early  resort  of  the  Romans,  and 
known  to  them  by  the  name  of  Aquae  Grani.  Numerous  re- 
mains of  ancient  thermal  establishments  are  found.  Subse- 
quently it  was  the  favorite  abode  of  the  great  Charlemagne. 
It  is  said  that  he  luxuriated  in  the  thermal  baths,  and  was  ao- 
oustomed  to  bathe  in  public  with  the  officers  of  his  court,  and 
even  held  cQuncils  of  state  in  the  baths.    The  city,  which  has 


'  Somt  of  the  Bareges  springs  reach  111'  Fahr. 


s  With  carbonate  of  iitm. 


T 


356 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


n6w  shrunk  into  small  compass  compared  with  its  former  lim- 
its, shows  outward  evidence  in  many  portions  of  the  former 
presence  of  the  great  Frank,  now  dead  a  thousand  years. 
His  remains  are  sacredly  guarded  in  the  treasury  of  the  an- 
cient cathedral,  and  are  shown  to  the  public  once  in  seven 
years.  One  of  the  principal  baths — that  which  he  frequented, 
and  which  was  a  favorite  with  the  great  Napoleon — is  known 
as  the  Kaiserbad.  This  establishment  is  veritably  a  "  thermal 
palace." 

AiM-les-Baina. — ^The  use  of  these  waters  is  almost  exclu- 
sively external.  For  the  emplojnnent  of  the  waters  in  this  way 
there  are  unsurpassed  facilities.  The  flow  of  the  water  is  ex- 
ceedingly large,  and  the  grand  bath  establishment,  built  in 
1773  by  Victor- Am6d6e  III.,  received  such  additions  in  1854 
that  it  is  now  one  of  the  most  complete  in  Europe.  The  num- 
ber and  variety  of  douches  are  said  to  be  unequalled. 

The  application  of  these  waters  is  to  all  those  diseases 
which  are  benefited  by  thermal  baths,  such  as  chronic  rheu- 
matism, diseases  of  the  skin,  syphilis,  paralysis,  independent 
of  organic  lesion  of  the  nerve-centres,  etc. 

Aix  is  quite  a  pretty  village,  situated  in  an  agreeable  val- 
ley, bounded  to  the  south  and  north  by  mountains.  The  cli- 
mate is  exceedingly  salubrious. 

This  resort  again  reminds  us  of  the  pleasure  taken  by  the 
Romans  in  thermal  baths.  Many  relics  of  their  residence  here 
are  found  in  the  village,  and  the  place  was  known  to  them  as 
Aquae  Gratianae.  To-day  the  resort  equals,  if  it  does  not  sur- 
pass, its  ancient  splendor,  and  offers  many  attractions  to  the 
valetudinarian. 

Sar^ges. — ^These  waters,  taken  internally,  possess  an  ex- 
citing action.  The  effect  is  upon  the  nervous  system,  and 
especially  on  the  circulation,  compared  by  Borden  to  that  of 
strong  coffee,  but  easily  developing,  both  in  the  well  and  in 
the  sick,  a  febrile  condition.  Although  these  waters  have 
given  name  to  the  soluble  organic  principle  of  mineral  waters, 
they  contain  but  a  small  proportion  according  to  analyses. 
The  naming  of  the  substance  was  but  accidental,  Longchamp 


EUKOPEAN  SPAS. 


867 


trmer  lim- 
he  former 
ad  years. 
)f  the  an- 
in  seven 
equented, 
-is  known 
"  thermal 

Dst  exdu- 
i  this  way 
iter  is  ex- 
,  built  in 
s  in  1854 
The  num- 

• 

i  diseases 
3nio  rheu- 
lependent 

seable  val- 
Thecli- 

:en  by  the 
lence  here 
,o  them  as 
s  not  sur- 
ns  to  the 

5SS  an  ex- 
stem,  and 
to  that  of 
3II  and  in 
iters  have 
•al  waters, 
analyses, 
ongcuainp 


being  engaged  with  these  waters  at  the  time  he  made  the  dis- 
covery.* The  analysis  of  the  waters  has  not  been  as  exact  as 
the  science  of  hydrology  demands,  that  of  the  spring  given  in 
the  table  being  only  less  imperfect  than  others.  The  compo- 
sition of  I'Entr^e  (103°  Fahr.),  according  to  Henry,  is  as  fol- 
lows, m  one  pint :  Sulphuret  of  sodium,  0.263  grains ;  sulphate 
of  soda,  0.219;  carbonate  and  silicate  of  soda,  0.175;  organic 
matter  (iodine,  lime,  and  magnesia),  traces. 

The  waters  of  Bareges  enjoy  a  celebrity  in  the  treatment 
of  gumhot^ounds,  and  bringing  to  the  surface  unextracUd 
balls  and  pieces  of  shell,  that  has  penetrated  every  comer  of 
Europe,  so  much  so  that  they  have  been  termed  les  Mmx 
d'Arquehuaade.    Says  Constantin  James:  "One  should  not 
despair  of  the  curative  action  of  the  water  because  the  foreign 
body  appears  too  voluminous,  or  too  deeply  imbedded  in  the 
tissues;  nothing  seems  to  limit  their  power."    The  French 
Government  has  a  military  hospital  at  this  resort.    The  waters 
a/e  used  internally,  and  in  the  form  of  douches  and  baths. 
The  douche  having  a  fall  of  only  three  feet,  the  eflFect  cannot 
be  attributed  to  percussion.     The  water  is  also  efficacious  in 
certain  scrofulous  conditions,  such  as  diseases  of  the  bones, 
caries,  chronic  ostitis,  fistulous  tracts,  abscess,  and  ulcers.     It 
is  not  to  young  scrofulous  subjects  llxat  these  waters  are 
adapted,  but,  says  Durand-Fardel,  "if  the  scrofula  is  already 
an  old  disease,  if  the  patient  approaches  the  age  when  the 
disease  tends  to  become  extinct,  if  the  capital  indication  is  to 
treat  an  old  manifestation,  bom  of  the  diathesis  and  persisting 
less  because  of  the  early  impulsion  than  by  inability  of  the 
organism  to  produce  resolution,  then  the  waters  of  Bareges 
appear  to  us  the  most  efficacious  of  all  sulphur-waters."    In 
dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  and  in  syphilis,  they  prove  of 
utility.    Because  of  the  excessive  excitement  usually  produced 
by  the  baths  and  douches,  the  patient  frequently  can  take 
them  only  every  other  day,  and  the  duration  of  treatment  is 
from  five  to  eight  weeks. 

B-'^ges  is  situated  near  the  summit  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  an 

» "  Chtoile  Hydrologlqne,"  par  Lofort,  Paris,  1869,  p.  808.     • 


868 


MINEBAL  SPRINOS. 


|i 


1 1 


elevation  of  four  thousand  two  hundred  feet,  surrounded  by. 
wild  and  unattractive  scenery,  and  overhung  by  ice-crowned 
peaks.  The  climate  is  exceedingly  changeable,  in  the  midst 
of  summer  a  suffocating  heat  in  the  morning  being  sometimes 
succeeded  by  icy  cold  in  the  afternoon.  Only  invalids  fre- 
quent the  place. 

^affn^res-de-Zuchon.  — The  waters  of  Luchon,  taken  in 
doses  of  two  to  four  glasses,  augment  the  appetite,  and  often 
produce  constipation,  rendering  the  excrementitious  matter 
black  or  brown.  The  internal  functions  are  excited  even  in 
the  absence  of  baths,  the  secretion  of  urine  being  augmented. 
They  frequently  do  not  rest  well  on  the  stomach,  producing 
nausea  and  sulphurous  eructations.  Some  persons  cannot 
take  them  without  the  addition  of  syrups  or  infusions.  The 
baths  even,  at  moderate  temperature,  act  decidedly  upon  the 
skin.  After  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  immersion  the  cutaneous 
surface  is  swollen,  and  severe  itching  is  felt.  Sometimes  the 
irritation  is  sufficient  to  produce  slight  eruptions,  which,  how- 
ever, disappear  soon  afterward.  Baths  of  elevated  tempera- 
ture often  determine  severe  eruptions,  lapomsee. 

These  waters  are  celebrated  for  the  cure  of  dartrous  dis- 
eases of  the  skin.  Of  these  diseases  they  prove,  of  especial 
service  in  pustulous  eczema,  in  psoriasis,  pityriasis,  ichthy- 
osis,  etc.  For  the  treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary  syph- 
His,  with  the  various  syphilides,  they  are  perhaps  superior  to 
any  other  European  sulphur-waters.  The  waters  also  prove 
efficacious  in  scrofulous  eruptions,  classed  by  some  authors  as 
scrofulides.  They  are  also  applicable  to  chronic  rheumatism, 
in  persons  of  lymphatic  constitution.  For  the  cure  of  old 
wounds,  and  elimination  of  balls  and  foreign  bodies,  they  are 
efficacious,  but  not  equal  to  the  waters  of  Bareges. 

Luchon  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent valleys  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  an  elevation  of  two  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  the  most  frequented  resort  of 
this  region,  as  many  as  twenty  thousand  persons  going  there 
during  the  season.  The  Cours  d^Etigny  is  a  long  avenue, 
shaded  by  four  rows  of  linden-trees  and  bordered  by  build- 


EUBOPEAN  SPAS. 


359 


ings,  in  which  visitors  lodge.  At  the  southerly  extremity  of 
this  avenue  the  springs— forty-eight  in  number— issue  at  the 
base  of  the  mountain  Super-Bagndres.  A  sojourn  at  Luohon 
oflFers  many  attractions.  The  Coura  cPMigny  is  animated  by 
the  movement  of  visitors,  and  inviting  excursions  are  made  to 
the  Lake  d'Oo,  to  the  vaUey  of  the  Lys,  and  to  the  Pont  de 
V'masque,  whence  grand  views  are  obtained  of  the  Maladetta, 
with  its  immense  glaciers. 

iV6/iwc?or/  — These  cold  sulphur-springs  are  much  fre- 
quented by  North-Germans.  The  arrangements  are  good. 
There  are  hot  baths  and  douches,  and  an  excellent  inhalation- 
house.  Mineral  mud-baths  and  saline  baths  are  also  admin- 
istered. Opportunities  for  the  whey-cure  are  oflFered.  This 
resort  is  chiefly  visited  by  those  suflFering  from  gout,  rheuma- 
tism, paralysis,  neuralgia,  and  diseases  of  the  skin. 

JfemJcr^.—This  resort  oflFers  an  unusual  variety  of  cura- 
tive agencies.  There  are  carbonic-acid  inhalations,  baths  and 
douches  of  carbonic  acid,  mineral  mud-baths,  and,  besides  the 
sulphur-waters,  a  good  saline  water.  The  resort  has  consider- 
able repute  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  articular  rheumatism, 
certain  forms  of  paralysis,  scrofula,  when  exhibited  in  the 
lymphatic  ganglions,  and  irregularities  of  menstruation.  Mein- 
berg  is  pleasantly  situated,  on  a  wooded  hill-side,  in  a  pleas- 
ing country. 

V  CHALYBEATE   WATEBS.^ 

Sebwalbacb.— Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  five  miles  southeast  from  Ems. 
Pyrmoilt.— Germany,  principality  of  Waldeck,  twenty-eight  miles  southi 
west  of  Hanover. 

Spa.— Belgium,  province  of  Li6ge,  seventy  mUes  east  of  Brussels. 
St.-Morltz.— Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons. 

8chwalbach,—T)^Q9Q  may  be  termed  pure  chalybeate  waters, 
containing  nearly  half  a  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron  per  pint, 
and  but  a  small  proportion  of  other  constituents,  together 
with  a  large  quantity  of  carbonic-acid  gas. 

The  action  of  these  waters  is  that  of  chalybeates  in  gen- 
eral, tending  to  produce  constipation,  rendering  the  faeces  dark 

'  Stt  Analysis,  page  860. 


860 


MINERAL  SPRING& 


in  color,  and  restoring  the  red  oolor  to  impoverislied  blood- 
globules.  Under  their  use  the  appetite  and  digestion  are  im- 
proved. The  waters  are  applicable  to  ancemio  conditions  and 
chloroaiSy  and  form  an  admirable' succedaneum  to  a  course  of 
alterative  mineral-water  treatment. 


ANALYSIS. 


Ontplntoonteln^- 

S0HWAI3A0H. 

SUblbranntn. 

«*-41*  F«hr. 

Fntmla*. 

PTBiioirr. 

Trinkbnmnan. 
S4.»*Ikhr. 

SPA. 

FOohon. 
50*FaIur. 
MonlMlni. 

BAIMT-KOBITZ. 

4«*ndir. 

?kato&X«kaU. 

BOUDB. 
Garbonateof  soda 

Oraiu. 
0.110 
0.966 

6'.467 
0.108 
1.181 

6'.652 

•  •  •• 

•  •  •• 

0.029 
0.061 

•  a  •  ■ 

tncieis. 
traces. 

•  «  ■  • 

6.246 
traces. 

•  •  ■  • 

Gnlu. 

h'.m 
o'.sio 

0.024 
7.276 
0.002 
8.762 
0.508 
0.019 
0.170 

2!888 
6.609 

•  •  •  • 

traces. 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

o'.oos 

0.019 
traces. 

Omint. 

0.700 

0.241 

0.024 

.677 

6'.680 

6'.i87 

•  •  •« 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 
■  *  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  «  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

6!2i7 
o'.oia 

Gralni. 
1.864 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  alumina 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

0.827 

...a 

0  178 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  lime 

0.080 
6  808 

Carbonate  of  anmionla 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  •  • 

0  282 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  lltUum... 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

•  •  •• 

•  •  •• 
0  119 

Sulphate  of  soda 

1.987 

•  •  •  ■ 

•  •  •• 

•  •  •  • 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  Ume 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Nitrate  of  soda 

Borate  of  soda 

Phosphoric  acid 

0.008 

Bromine,  iodine,  and  fluorine. 
Alumina 

traces. 
0.0(MI 

Silica. .... 

0  278 

Organic  matter 

Loss 

Total 

8.215 

Onbio  In. 
60.27 
0.008 

22.275 

Coble  in. 
47.10 

•  •  •  a 

2.608 

Cubic  in. 
71.  6 

•  •  •  • 

10.848 

CaUoin. 
89  29 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

■  •  •  • 

Schwalbach  lies  in  a  pleasant  valley  surrounded  by  wooded 
hills.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popular  chalybeate  waters  in  Eu- 
rope. The  large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  discharged  is  util- 
ized in  baths,  which  are  so  arranged  that  the  gas  does  not 
escape  when  the  water  is  heated. 

Fyrmont. — ^This  water  is  not  equal  to  Schwalbach  or  Spa. 
It  is  not  a  pure  chalybeate,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis, 
containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  sulphate  of  lime  and 
other  salts,  in  all  twenty-two  grains  to  the  pint,  and  not  quite 
one-third  of  a  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron. 

This  resort  does  not  attract  so  large  a  number  of  visitors 


EUBOPEAN  SPAS. 


861 


as  formerly,  though  the  arrangements  are  excellent,  and  a 
saline  water  adds  to  the  resources. 

Spa. — ^This  is  the  type  of  pure  chalybeate  waters,  and  is 
not  equalled  in  Europe.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis,  the 
Pouhon  Spring — the  most  used — contains  two-thirds  of  a  grain 
of  carbonate  of  iron  to  the  pint,  and  seventy  cubic  inches  of 
carbonic-acid  gas,  with  less  than  two  grains  of  other  constitu- 
ents. These  waters,  like  iron-waters  in  general,  are  especially 
applicable  to  anoemic  -  conditions  and  chlorosis.  In  many 
cases  of  dyspepsia,  with  decided  ancemia,  the  results  are 
exceedingly  satisfactory.  In  all  those  chlorotic  conditions 
depending  on  impoverished  blood  and  irregularity  of  the  men- 
ses they  are  a  most  valuable  remedy.  Patients  subject  to 
passive  hcemorrhage  are  also  relieved  by  these  waters.  The 
water  also  possesses  reputation  for  the  cure  of  sterility,  a 
result,  however,  only  due  to  the  invigoration  and  stimulation 
of  the  uterine  function  resulting  from  the  iron  contained. 

Spa  is  situated  at  the  base  of  a  miniature  mountain,  and  is 
protected  from  the  north  winds  by  a  similar  mountain,  ThQ 
surroundings  are  exceedingly  agreeable,  and  recreations  of 
every  kind  invite  the  pleasmre-seeker.  A  most  beautiful 
bathing-establishment  has  been  erected  within  a  few  years. 
The  resort  has  been  renowned  since  the  commencement  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

Saint-Moritz. — ^This  is  a  fair  chalybeate  water,  but  the 
curative  effects  maj',  in  great  measure,  be  attributed  to  the 
fresh  mountain-air  that  surrounds.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley 
of  the  Haule-Engadine,  at  an  elevation  of  six  thousand  and 
eighty-eight  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Within  a  few  years,  Saint-Moritz  has  become  quite  a  pop- 
ular place  of  resort.  The  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  drinking, 
but  there  are  arrangements  for  bathing,  and  the  carbonic-acid 
gas  is  applied  in  the  way  of  inhalations  and  local  douches. 
These  springs  are  said  to  have  been  brought  into  notice  by 
Paracelsus  during  the  sixteenth  century. 

This  resort  is  convenient  to  the  saline  purgative  springs 
of  Tarasp  and  Wyh,  in  the  Lower  Engadine. 


882 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


FXTBGATIVE   WATBBS. 

PUbuU'— Bohemia,  thirty-two  miles  northwest  of  Prague. 
Friedrichsball.— Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  eight  miles  from 
Ooburg. 

Cariskad.— Bohemia,  sixty-nine  miles  west  of  Prague. 
Mtriekbtd.— Bohemia,  seventy-three  miles  west  of  Prague,  and  twenty- 
two  miles  south  of  Carlsbad. 

ANALYSIS. 


OMptntconUIn*— 

rftLUTA. 
stray*. 

nnDBiOH- 

8HAU,. 

M.S*  F*hr. 
Bauer. 

OABLSBAO. 

Spnidel. 
16J.6'  F«lir. 

GOtU. 

UAXtrntTBAD. 

Knusbnmiitn. 

58.8*  f  ahr. 

Ktnten. 

Solids. 
Oarbonate  of  sods 

Gnlni. 
6.466 

•  •  •  • 

6.770 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

16.'666 

•  •  •  • 

•  ■  •  • 

4.800 

128.800 

98.086 

2.600 

6!668 

6!i76 

Gralni. 

•  •  •  • 

8.68 

• •• •          -      * 

•  •  •  • 

0.11 

•  •  •• 

6i:87 
81.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.09 
41.78 
89.55 
11.24 

•  •  •• 

•  •  •  • 

0.02 
0.21 

Onlu. 
9.062 
0.899 
0.081 

2!620 

■  •  •  • 

8.'724 

•  •  •• 
•••• 

6!870 
19.960 

•  ••• 

•  ••• 

0.215 

•  •  •• 

•  •  •  ■ 

1.002 

Gnlni. 

Carbonate  of  magrnesla 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

8.694 
8.200 

Carbonate  of  manganese .... 
Carbonate  of  lime 

0.860 
0.089 

Carbonate  of  llthia 

4.605 

Carbonate  of  strontto. 

Chloride  of  sodiimi 

0.049 
0.014 

Chloride  of  magnealnm ..... 

Chloride  of  aluminum 

Chloride  of  ammonium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

11.166 

•  •  «  • 
■  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •                   1 

Sulphate  of  noda. 

0.449 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

86.269 

•  •  •  • 

rhosphate  of  alumina 

Phosphate  of  lime 

6.064 

firomlde  of  magnesium 

Silica 

0.018 

•  •  •  ■ 

0.679 

Total 

248.80T 

•  •  •  • 

•  ••• 

194.99 

Cublo  In. 
5.82 

•  •  •  • 

41.888 

CuUc  In. 
7.80 
0.08 

Oasks. 
Carbonic  acid 

66.486 
Cubic  in. 

Nitrogen 

15.7 

.... 

Pallna. — ^This  is  an  exceedingly  strong  pnrgative  water, 
and  of  the  class  known  in  Germany  as  Bitterwasser.  It  is 
indicated  in  such  cases  as  demand  a  saline  purgative;  its 
action,  however,  is  milder  than  ordinary  Epsom  salts.  The 
water  should  only  be  used  as  an  evacuant,  as  continuous  use 
causes  derangement  of  digestion,  and  decidedly  impoverishes 
the  blood.  ' 

The  manner  in  which  this  water  is  collected  is  peculiar. 
There  is  no  spring,  properly  speaking,  but  several  pits  sunk 
in  the  earth.  The  water  which  enters  them  is  that  which 
falls  directly  in  rain  and  filters  through  the  surrounding  earth. 
In  dry  weather  the  supply  is  considerably  diminished.     The 


EUROPEAN  SPAa 


863 


surrounding  soil  is  composed  of  basalt  and  phonolite,  contain- 
ing large  quantities  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia. 

There  are  no  bath-buildings  at  PtiUna,  the  water  only  be- 
ing used  in  the  bottled  form. 

Miedrichshall. — ^This  is  a  more  agreeable  purgative  water 
than  PtUlna,  and  verjr  popular  at  the  various  German  spas. 
Its  action  is  much  less  liable,  it  is  said,  to  be  followed  by  con- 
stipation, and  it  may  be  used  for  considerable  time  without 
producing  injurious  eflFects. 

There  are  no  accommodations  for  visitors  at  the  spring, 
but  the  bottled  water  is  consumed  in  considerable  quantities. 

Sedlitz.—-ThiB  purgative  water  contains,  in  the  pint,  76 
grains  sidphate  magnesia,  17  sulphate  of  soda,  4  sulphate  of 
potassa,  4  sulphate  of  lime,  5  carbonate  of  lime,  and  1  grain 
chloride  of  magnesium. 

It  is  this  water  which  gives  the  name  to  the  familiar  sed- 
Utzpowdery  composed  of  tartrate  of  soda  and  potassa,  carbon- 
ate of  soda,  and  tartaric  acid,  and  not  containing  a  single  con- 
stituent of  the  water  from  xohich  it  is  named, 

Sedlitz  is  in  Bohemia,  not  far  distant  from  Pullna.  The 
water  is  exported  in  bottles. 

Carlsbad  or  Karlsbad.— Theae  waters  contain  the  very 
unusual  combination  of  a  considerable  proportion  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  salt,  and  Glauber's  salt,  together  with  a  high  degree 
of  heat.  They  may,  therefore,  be  termed  alkaline-salitie 
purgative  waters.  The  taste  of  the  water  is  said  to  resemble 
weak  mutton-broth.  The  water  produces,  according  to  Krey- 
sig,  "  slight  purgation  and  liquid  motions,  but  without  cclic. 
It  is  rare  that  it  produces  nausea,  unless  the  person  is  exceed- 
ingly delicate,  or  the  digestive  organs  much  diseased.  The 
urinary  and  cutaneous  secretions  are  favored  in  a  marked 
degree,  but  at  the  same  time  the  circulation  is  excited  and 
the  water  disposes  to  congestion  toward  the  head."  Prof. 
Seegen  says  of  the  water:  "The  effect  upon  the  kidneys  is 
only  trifling.  The  function  of  the  intestine  is  moderately  ex- 
cited, and  a  really  laxative  effect  is  very  rare.  .  .  .  The  secrc- 


304 


MINERAL  SPRINQS. 


tion  of  the  bile  is  increased,  and  the  composition  of  this  liquid 
is  probably  altered.  The  high  temperature  facilitates  the 
absorption  of  the  water,  and  at  the  same  time  prevents  loss 
of  animal  heat.*'  The  water  is  said  to  have  produced  ptyal- 
ism  when  no  mercurials  have  been  taked. 

Prof.  Seegen  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  action  of 
this  water.  He  experimented  on  seven  persons  whose  con- 
dition was  carefully  noted  for  seven  days  previous  to  drink- 
ing the  water,  and  for  from  seven  to  nine  days  during  the 
administration  of  the  water.  From  the  results,  as  given  by 
Althaus,  I  have  formed  the  following  table : 


K^OBTTTANS  XZAiniTKD, 

BXBiaTS. 

Inenawd. 

Vnaltmd. 

Dlmlnlihad. 

Totd. 

Fnoes 

2 
B 
1 
6 
8 
7 

8 

1 

a 

•  • 
•• 

8 
1 

4 

•  • 

4 

•  « 

Urine .i.  j 

Urine,  nrea  to 

Urine,  phosphOTic  add  In «• 

Urine,  chlonde  of  sodium  In 

Body  weight 

The  acidity  of  the  urine  was  aflFected  thus :  continued 
acid  in  three,  became  alkaline  in  three,  rendered  neutral 
after  taking  the  water  in  one,  but  became  acid  by  night. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  was  diminished  in  some 
cases,  and  increased  in  others,  always  inversely  proportional 
to  the  quantity  of  iu*ine  discharged. 

Although  the  urine  was  increased  in  five  out  of  seven,  the 
increase  was  not  proportional  to  the  additional  quantity  of 
water  ingested. 

The  waters  of  Carlsbad  possess  a  reputation  above  all  oth- 
ers-in  diseases  of  the  liver.  Of  these  diseases,  hypercemia, 
from  whatever  cause,  whether  the  congestion  be  active  or 
passive,  is  most  frequently  cured.  Those  cases  arising  from 
prolonged  exposure  to  paludal  poison,  are  often  relieved  in  a 
remarkable  manner.  It  is  also  said  ih^i  fatty  degeneration  of 
the  liver  is  cured  by  their  use.  The  proof  of  this  must,  how- 
ever, be  exceedingly  di£Eicult  to  determine.  In  cases  of  gall- 
stone they  are  also  exceedingly  efficient,  and  in  icterus  arising 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


865 


7 
1 
7 

e 

7 
7 


from  oatarrli  of  the  hepatio  ducts.  In  each  of  the  conditions 
named,  no  less  an  authority  than  Frerichs  testifies  to  their 
utility.  The  waters  have  also  considerable  reputation  for  the 
relief  of  diabetes^  -when  associated  with  disease  of  the  liver  or 
gout.  Govt  is  -also  frequently  amenable  to  these  waters 
when  the  liver  or  abdominal  organs  are  in  a  turgid  condi- 
tion. Gastric  catarrh  is  most  especially  subject  to  cure  by 
these  waters.  Prof.  Niemeyer  is  exceedingly  explicit  on  this 
point. 

Carlsbad  is  situated  in  a  profound  valley,  surrounded  on 
either  side  by  immense  masses  of  overhanging  granitic  rock. 
Being  one  of  the  most  renowned  resorts  in  Europe  for  those 
diseases  which  most  frequently  attack  those  who  lead  an  easy 
and  luxurious  life,  it  possesses  aU  the  requirements  for  per- 
sons of  that  class.  The  name  of  the  place  is  due  to  Charles 
IV.,  who  erected  an  establishment  there  in  the  fourteenth 
century. 

The  Sprudel  is  the  spring  most  frequently  employed. 
Constantin  James  says:  "This  source,  the  queen,  without 
contradiction,  of  all  the  mineral  waters  of  Europe,  jets  forth, 
bounding  and  boiling  from  beneath  the  earth  by  a  large 
orifice,  then  falls  back  in  foam.  A  cloud  of  vapor  envelops  it 
on  all  sides,  and,  united  to  the  noise  made  by  the  rushing 
water,  announces  its  presence  from  afar."  Large  quantities 
of  incrustations  form  about  the  reservoir,  and  green  confervoid 
growths  appear.  There  are  many  springs  at  Carlsbad,  vary- 
ing in  temperature,  but  difiFering  little  in  constitution.  The 
high  temperature  of  the  water  aflFords  ample  facilities  for 
baths,  which  are  frequently  employed  in  conjimotion  with  the 
internal  use  of  the  water  for  the  treatment  of  the  diseases 
named.  Bathing,  however,  is  of  secondary  importance  at 
this  resort. 

Marienbad. — ^The  waters  of  these  springs  do  not  diflFer  es- 
sentially from  those  of  Carlsbad,  except  in  containing  a  larger 
proportion  of  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonic  acid,  and  iron  ;  and 
being  cold  in  temperature.  The  difference  in  the  effects  can 
readily  be  traced  to  this  difference  in  constitution.    They  are 


860 


MINERAL  SFRINOa 


much  more  readily  purgative,  and,  if  large  quantities  are  taken, 
the  excretion  of  urine  is  decidedly  augmented.  The  secre- 
tions of  the  mucous  membrane  are  increased,  perspiration  is 
more  free,  and  in  some  instances  eruptions  appear  on  the  sur- 
face. The  appetite  and  digestion  usually  improve  under  their 
use,  and,  owing  to  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  and  iron,  the 
prolonged  use  of  the  water  does  not  prove  as  debilitating  as 
otherwise  would  be  anticipated. 

The  waters  are  recommended  in  the  same  diseases  as 
Carlsbad.  They  are  preferable  to  Carlsbad  in  those  cases  in 
which  free  purgation  is  advisable,  but,  in  subacute  gastric 
catarrh,  the  large  amount  of  carbonic  acid  contained  would 
prove  injurious. 

A  specialty  at  Marienbad  is  the  mineral  mud-bath.  The 
dried  moor  from  which  these  baths  are  made,  contains,  besides 
purging  sulphates,  humic  acid,  and  organic  matter,  a  large 
amount  of  the  salts  of  iron,  as  much  as  two  hundred  and 
sixty-eight  grains  in  a  thousand. 

Marienbad  is  beautifully  situated  at  an  altitude  of  two 
thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The  country  is  open  and 
inviting,  and  the  arrangements  for  entertainment  and  for  bath- 
ing are  superior. 

Mamensbad. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  Bohemia, 
three  and  a  half  miles  from  Eger.  In  chemical  characteristics 
they  very  much  resemble  Marienbad  —  the  Wiesenquelle 
(51°  Fahr.,)  containing  in  the  pint  25  grains  sulphate  of  spda, 
9  of  chloride  of  sodium,  0.376  carbonate  of  iron,  traces  of  bro- 
mides and  iodides,  and  45  cubic  inches  of  carbonic-acid  gas. 
Their  therapeutic  application  also  resembles  Marienbad,  except 
that,  containing  but  a  very  small  proportion  of  alkaline  carbon- 
ates, they  act  much  more  decidedly  as  an  iron  tonic. 

The  specialty  of  Franszensbad  is  the  mineral  mud-bath^ 
which  possesses  a  reputation  above  every  other  in  Germany. 
The  composition  of  the  dried  moor,  of  which  this  bath  is  com- 
posed, is  given  under  the  title  mud-baths.  These  baths  are 
especially  recommended  in  cases  of  paralysis,  rheumatism, 
and  gout. 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


867 


OAIiOIO  WATEB8. 

CMtreiTlUe. — France,  department  of  Yosges,  two  hundred  and  thirt7> 
five  miles  east  of  Paris. 

Ba(pitresMle'Bigorre. — France,  department  of  Hautes-Pyr^n^cs,  eighty* 
fiye  miles  west  of  Toulouse. 

hnkt — Switcerland,  canton  of  Yalais,  twenty-two  miles  east  of  Sion. 

WUdiBgen.— Germany,  principality  of  Waldeck,  eighteen  miles  south, 
west  of  Cassel. 

ANALYSIS.  * 


Om  piBt  OMUIn* — 


BOUDS. 

Garbouate  of  soda. 

Carbonate  of  maerneBia  . . . . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganeso  . . . 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  strontta 

Chlorido  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium  . . . . 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  strontla 

Phosphate  of  lime 

Organic  matter  and  arsenic. 

Loss 

Alumina 

Silica 

Besldue,  Ibtty  matter 


Total, 


Oabeb. 
Carbonic  add 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 


OONTBIX. 

VILLI. 

FivlUoB. 

18.0*  Fahr. 

Hniiy. 


Gniu. 
1.488 
1.60« 
0.066 > 

i'.m 

traces. 

1.022 

0.293 
traces. 
0.949 
1.88T 
8.896 


[«• 


611 
0.876 « 


21.469* 

Cubic  in. 

0.29 

undetermined. 


BAOIfiBM-DI- 

BIOOBBB. 

L*  RellM. 

115.1*  Fahr. 

Gandanz  tad 

Rodira. 


GnlBi. 
«... 
0.831 
0.684 

i!942 


0.468 
0.949 

3.891 
13.364 


0.894 

6!268 
0.060 


20.111 


undetermined. 


umc. 

Its*  Fahr. 
Brann«r. 


Onln*. 


002 
034 


0.867 


030 
066 


0.037 

b'.m 

1.991 

12.712 

0.081 


0.103 


16.880 

Cubic  in. 
0.26 
0.19 
0.86 


wiLoimflnT. 

Btadtbraanao. 
to*  Falir. 


Oninf. 
0.492 
2.408 
0.189 
0.068 
8.778 


0.071 


0.919 
0.289 


0.008 
0.279 


8.481 

Cubic  In. 
42.70 


Contrexville.  —  The  prominent  eflFect  of  this  water  is 
diuretic,  and  the  quantity  of  urine  passed  seems  more  than  in 
proportion  to  the  water  ingested.  When  taken  in  large 
quantities,  and  it  is  readily  tolerated,  there  is  frequently 
slight  diarrhoea,  abundant  perspiration,  and  phenomena  of 
general  excitement. 

These  waters  are  distinguished  for  the  relief  given  in  cases 

*  And  carbonate  of  manganese. 

3  And  alumina. 

■  This  spring  also  oontfuns  traces  of  iodine,  bromine,  and  nitrates. 


368 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  catarrh  of  the  bladder^  nephritic  colic^  calcultts^  and  gravek 
The  value  of  the  waters  in  gravel,  says  Durand-Fardel,  is 
**  neither  contested  nor  contestable."  The  eflfeot  of  the  waters 
in  this  disease,  according  to  his  view,  depends  on  their  diuretic 
action,  on  the  washing  out  of  the  urinary  organs,  and  not  on 
any  decided  effect  on  the  organism  by  which  the  diathesis  is 
destroyed.  The  relief  given,  however,  is  immediate,  and  con- 
tinues for  a  considerable  time  after  the  use  of  the  water  is 
suspended.  In  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  however,  the  waters 
exercise  a  decidedly  curative  effect. 

This  is  comparatively  a  recent  resort,  but  within  a  few 
years  has  received  considerable  patronage,  and  possesses  fha 
requisites  for  a  comfortable  abode. 

JSagnhea-de-Higorre. — ^These  waters  are  reputed  sedative 
to  all  conditions  of  over-excitement  or  sensitiveness  of  the 
nervous  system,  and  find  especial  application  in  disorders  of 
the  genito-urinary  apparatus,  and  menstruation  in  females. 
They  also  prove  useful  in  the  atonic  and  nervous  condition  of 
students,  and  men  who  lead  a  sedentary  life.  These  good 
effects  are  attributable  almost,  if  not  altogether,  to  the  baths 
and  fresh  mountain-air.  The  waters,  however,  contain  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  iron,  which  proves  valuable  in  the  con- 
ditions named,  and  in  certniu  dyspepsias. 

The  number  of  sprii  i  at  Bigorre  is  upward  of  thirty, 
and  the  supply  of  water  is  abundant.  The  bathing  arrange- 
ments are  superior. 

Besides  the  calcic  waters,  there  is  a  fine  sulphur-spring  not 
far  distant,  the  waters  of  which  have  been  brought  into  the 
village. 

Bagn6res-de-Bigorre  is  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts  in 
the  Pyrenees,  as  many  as  eighteen  thouoa^v*  persons  going 
there  during  the  season.  It  is  delightfully  situated  amid  the 
heights  of  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  eighteen  hundred 
feet.  Every  opportunity  for  pleasure  and  recreation  is  af- 
fot'..' 


-These  waters  are  chiefly  appropriated  to  the  bath. 
For  this  purpose  they  are  used  in  common  by  both  sexes, 


KUROPSAN  SPAS. 


360 


after  the  manner  described  in  another  chapter.  The  patient 
remains  in  the  water  from  one  to  five  hours,  with  the  object 
of  producing  the  phenomenon  known  as  la  pouasee^  or  the  bath- 
eruption.  This  mode  of  treatment  is  especially  applicable  to 
dry  dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as  paoriaaia^  lichen^  and 
pityriaaia^  accompanied  with  want  of  vital  action  in  the  in- 
tegument. The  bath-eruption  seems  to  remove  this  incrtin, 
and  cure  by  substitution.  The  application  of  the  waters,  in 
these  diseases  and  conditions,  is  recommended  by  Hardy  and 
other  specialists  of  equal  note. 

The  village  of  Leuk  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Gemmi 
Pass,  at  an  elevation  of  four  thousand  six  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea.  On  either  hand  glacier-crowned  summits  tower  five 
thousand  feet  above,  and  the  entire  region  possesses  a  wild 
and  sterile  grandeur. 

Wildungen. — The  waters  of  this  spa  are  readily  tolerated 
by  the  stomach,  and  prove  decidedly  efficacious  in  gravel  and 
the  lithic-acid  diathesis.  They  exercise  a  happy  effect  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  urinary  passages,  and  under  their 
use  gravel  and  renal  culculi  are  passed  without  pain,  and  the 
formation  of  new  concretions  is  prevented.  The  water  also 
proves  curative  in  catarrh  of  the  bladder, 

Wildungen  is  a  quiet  resort,  situated  in  a  pleasant  valley, 
and  offers  attractions  to  those  who  desire  to  avoid  the  confusion 
of  the  larger  watering-places. 


THEBHAIi   WATEBS.> 

GMtdn. — ^Austria,  duchy  of  Salzburg,  seventy-four  milea  south  of  Salz- 
burg. 

TttpUtz. — Bohemia,  circle  of  Leitmeritz,  forty  miles  south  of  Dresden. 

SchlangeiUMid. — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  four  miles  south  of  Schwal* 
bach  Springs. 

Plombl^res. — France,  department  of  the  Vosges,  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
one  miles  east  of  Paris. 

Oastein. — ^These  waters  are  devoted  almost  exclusively  to 
bathing.    There  are  eight  springs  varying  little  in  composi- 

*  Se«  Analysis,  pngs  870. 


370 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


tion,  but  ranging  in  temperature  from  87°  to  160°  Fahr.  The 
eflFects  of  the  waters  are  in  great  measure  those  of  the  warm 
and  hot  bath.  Prof.  Seegen  regards  the  curative  agency  as 
due  only  to  this  action  and  the  mountain-air.  However,  Con- 
stantin  James  affirms  that  a  bath  in  these  waters,  unlike  one 
in  ordinary  warm  or  hot  water,  produces  contraction  and 
rigidity  of  the  skin,  and  that  when  a  number  of  baths  are 
taken,  they  especially  stimulate  the  genital  organs  and  the 
nervous  system.  The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  from  98°  to 
100°  Fahr. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  contain*— 


SOUBB. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese . . . 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  strontU 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodinm 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  alumina 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Fluoride  of  silicium 

Arseniate  of  soda 

Silicate  of  potassa 

Silicate  of  soda. 

Silicate  of  lime  and  naagnesia 

Crenlc  acid 

Alumina 

Btrontla 

Silica 

Oisranic  matter 


OABTKIN, 

87MW*  Fahr. 
Wolt 


Gnlni. 
0.04 
0.02 
0.05 
0.03 
0.88 


0.86 

b.bi 

1.51 

6!64 

tnces. 


Total. 


Oases. 
Carbonic  add , 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen. 


TOFLITZ. 

Hauptqaell*. 

ISO*  F»br. 

Wolf. 


traces. 

0.24 

traces. 


2.66 

In  lOOptrti. 

so.'so 

69.11 


Onlni. 
2.6S5 
0.088 
0.019 
0.021 
0.880 
0.02T 

0*488 

d.m 

0.290 
0.014 
0.020 

o'.ssi 


0.084 


0.448 


BOHtAKOENBAD, 

8».4*-89.6*  Fahr. 
FMienlua. 


Oraini. 
0.079 
047 


250 

004 
626 

091 

004 


258 


PLOlfBI^BXS. 

Source  d«i  Dtunet. 
1S6<»  Fahr. 
LhftrlUer. 


Oralni. 

•  •  •  • 

•  ■  «  • 


2.568 


In  100  part*. 

Cubic  in. 

4.74 

0.67 

0.66 

94.59 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

[   0.276 
0*.62T 


0.006 
0.008 
0.626 
0.168 

0*.076 

0'.089 
0.163 


2.012 


These  baths  possess  especial  reputation  in  cases  of  paraly- 
sis, both  hemiplegia  and  paraplegia,  provided  the  originating 
attack  has  been  some  time  passed,  and  organic  degeneration 
of  the  nerve-tissues  has  not  occurred.     They  are  also  said  to 

ility.     It  is  almost  needless  to 


wc  ui  aurvice  in  icStufing  vir 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


871 


add  that  they  prove  valuable  in  chronic  rheumatism.  Ga- 
stein  is  situated  in  a  romantic  valley  of  the  None  Alps  at 
an  elevation  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  journey  thither  is  a  most  delightful  one 
to  the  tourist,  passing  by  the  charming  chdteavan  of  Hell- 
brunn,  through  the  narrow  defile  of  Pass-Leug,  and  the  peril- 
ous passage  of  the  Klamm,  with  the  pathway  cut  in  the  solid 
rock. 

2'6>>/«fe.— The  Waters  of  this  resort  are  devoted  to  the  bath 
for  which  they  are  especially  adapted.  It  is  this  resort  which 
has  added  most  to  the  reputation  of  indifferent  thermal  waters. 
The  effect  of  the  baths  is  that  of  warm  or  hot  bathing.  When 
skilfully  administered,  according  to  Prof.  Seegen,  they  increase 
the  function  of  the  skin,  stimulate  the  circulation  and  peri- 
pheno  innervation,  and  in  certain  cases  facilitate  the  deple- 
tion of  engorged  organs. 

Parcdysia  and  neuralgia  are  successfully  treated  at  Toplitz 
also  chronic  muscular  and  articular  rheumatism.  Atonic  gout 
IS  frequently  improved  under  the  treatment. 

There  are  five  springs-  at  TOplitz,  and  the  system  of  baths 
consistmg  of  swimming-baths,  private  baths,  douches,  and 
vapor-baths,  is  unsurpassed.  We  should  not  omit  naming 
the  mud-bath.  Schmau,  a  suburb,  where  there  are  six 
spnngs,  is  included  in  this  statement.  The  surroundings  of 
this  resort  are  agreeable,  and  visitors  or  patients  have  every 
opportunity  for  passing  time  agreeably.  Ten  thousand  per- 
sons visit  Toplitz  during  the  summer. 

Schlangenbad.— This  is  exclusively  a  tepid  bath,  but  a 
tepid  bath  possessing  peculiar  properties.  The  water  is 
characterized  in  a  high  degree  by  unctuosity,  so  that,  when 
passed  between  the  fingers  and  rubbed,  there  is  a  sense  of 
oilmess,  or  velvety  sensation.  When  immersed  in  the  water 
the  entire  integument  presents  the  same  soft  and  velvet-Uke 
feeling.  The  bath  is  delightful.  The  resort  is  known  through- 
out  Europe  as  the  ladies'  hath. 

The  baths  prove  sedative,  and  are  especially  applicable  to 
hysteria,  and  erethism  of  the  nervous  system,  depending  on 


Bl2 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


functional  derangements  of  the  sexual  organs  in  females. 
They  also  prove  valuable  in  certain  cases  of  gout  and  rheu- 
matism, and,  by  virtue  of  their  calming  action  on  the  integu- 
ment, prove  of  utility  in  diseases  of  the  sMn^  accompanied 
by  hyperaesthesia.  The  waters  also  have  a  reputation  as  a 
cosmetic. 

Schlangenbad  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  valley  nine  hundred 
feet  above  the  Hea-level,  on  the  road  between  Wiesbaden  and 
Schwalbach,  and  not  distant  from  either  place.  The  surround- 
ings are  agreeable.  The  whey-cure  adds  to  the  resources  of 
Schlangenbad. 

PlombUres. — ^These  waters,  like  the  indifferent  thermals 
in  general,  are  largely  employed  in  the  form  of  baths.  The 
Source  des  Dames  and  du  Crucifix  are,  however,  used  for  drink- 
ing. They  are  distinguished  irom  other  thermal  waters  by 
the  large  proportion  of  silicates,  and  an  appreciable  amount  of 
arsenic.  They  present,  however,  no  characteristic  effect  when 
taken  internally,  or  employed  externally.  The  water  is  trans- 
parent, without  taste  or  odor,  and  soft  to  the  touch. 

As  a  remedy,  they  prove  exceedingly  efficacious  in  gastraJr 
gia,  also  in  chronic  enteritis^  associated  with  much  abdominal 
pain.  In  articular  and  muscular  rheumatism,  unaccompanied 
by  exudation,  they  are  also  of  decided  utility.  In  the  dry 
dartrous  diseases  of  the  shin,  such  as  psoriasis  and  lichen, 
they  have  proved  efficacious.  Paraplegia  is  also  treated  at 
this  resort  with  considerable  success. 

Plorabi^res  is  situated  in  a  valley  of  the  Vosges  Moun- 
tains, at  an  elevation  of  fourteen  hundred  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  surroundings  are  agreeable.  The  place  was  largely 
patronized  by  the  Emperor  Louis  Napoleon,  and  the  Bain 
Napol6on  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  Europe.  Every  con- 
venience for  swimming-baths  and  douches  is  afforded.  This 
resort  was  a  favorite  with  the  Romans,  as  numerous  remains 
testify.  One  of  the  ancient  thermae  is  in  an  excellent  state 
of  preservation. 


females, 
md  rheu- 
e  integu- 
smpanied 
bion  as  a 

!  hundred 
laden  and 
surround- 
Durces  of 

thermals 
bhs.  The 
for  drink- 
eaters  by 
imount  of 
feet  when 
r  is  trans- 

n  gastral- 
ibdominal 
ompanied 
1  the  dry 
id  lichen^ 
ireated  at 

•es  Moun- 
e  the  sea. 
IS  largely 
the  Bain 
Svery  con- 
ned. This 
[S  remains 
lent  state 


SEA-SIDE   EESOETS. 


CHAPTER   XIX. 
One  who  has  passed  his  early  life  in  an  inland  city  or 

IZT  T  ''"'^"*''''  ^°^  frequently  he  has  desired  to 

see  the  heavmg  waters  of  the  ocean,  to  hear  its  tempestuous 
roar;  and  on  visitmg  a  seaboard  city  for  the  first  time,  he 
may  not  have  been  content  to  look  upon  the  waters  of  the 
bay  but  may  have  journeyed  to  some  exposed  portion  of  the 
.  coast-hne,  where  the  waves  roll  in  from  across  the  broad  waste 
of  waters.  To  every  one  there  is  majesty  and  beauty  in  the 
sea.  *^ 

The  air  at  the  sea-side  has  a  peculiar  freshness  and  life 
that,  as  we  breathe,  seems  to  penetrate  every  portion  of  ou^ 
frame  and  impart  to  us  renewed  vitality.     And  we  shall  not 
have  breathed  this  air  long  before  we  shall  experience  a  keen 
appetjte,  and,  if  vigorous,  feel  inclined  to  athletic  exercise. 
Exactly  what  It  is  m  the  constitution  oi  seorair  that  produces 
these  effects  has  not  been  discovered.     We,  however,  know 
that  the  air  is  purer  than  that  of  the  land,  less  contaminated 
by  miasm,  by  vegetable  exhalations  and  noxious  gases,  though 
m  the  component  oxygen  it  differs  but  little.     The  air  of  the 
ocean  is  always  highly  charged  with  watery  vapor,  bearing 
mth  It  a  perceptible  amount  of  chloride  of  sodium.     When 
we  have  been  exposed  to  the  sea-air  for  a  long  time  we  detect 
this  m  the  salt  taste  experienced  when  the  tongue  touches 
the  outer  borders  of  the  lips.     Experiment  has  shown  that 
th.s  sahnc  vapor  is  much  more  freely  diffused  when  the  ocean 


874 


MINERAL  SPRINOS. 


is  agitated,  and  it  is  then  carried  inland  for  several  miles. 
Besides  containing  chloride  of  sodium,  it  is  quite  probable 
that  the  atmosphere  of  the  sea  also  contains  a  proportion  of 
iodides  and  bromides — a  conclusion,  however,  which  is  not 
based  on  direct  experiment.  And,  although  chemistry  has 
not  revealed  the  minute  differences  between  ocean  air  and 
that  of  the  land,  still,  whoever  is  familiar  with  its  odor  can 
recognize  it  miles  inland  from  the  sea-shore.  Many  persons 
sojourn  at  the  sea-shore  more  for  the  purpose  of  breathing  the 
sea-air  than  for  bathing  in  the  surf.  Breathing  sea-air  affects 
the  organism  by  the  change  wrought  in  the  blood,  and  thus  in 
the  entire  system.  How  quickly  medical  agents  act  through 
the  lungs  is  shown  by  the  rapidity  with  which  anaesthesia  may 
be  produced  by  chloroform. 

Sea-air,  is  deemed  especially  applicable  to  chronic  bron- 
chitis accompanied  with  considerable  expectoration.  If  the 
patient,  on  the  contrary,  has  dry  cough  and  great  irritability 
of  the  lungs  and  larynx,  it  will  not  prove  beneficial.  In  the 
chronic  cough  of  old  age — senile  bronchitis — ^it  is  also  advan- 
tageous, if  the  patient  is  not  a  sufferer  from  asthma  and  em- 
physema. Phthisis  in  its  early  stages  is  favorably  influenced 
by  a  residence  at  the  sea-side,  or  repeated  ocean-voyages. 
Indeed,  the  last-named  remedy  has  been  a  favorite  in  all  ages. 
Pliny,  Celsus,  and  Galen,  have  all  testified  to  its  virtues. 
Care,  however,  is  recommended  that  those  cases  only  seek 
the  sea  in  which  the  cough  is  moist,  and  there  is  very  little 
tendency  to  haemoptysis. 

The  wcUer  of  the  sea  is  exceedingly  complex  in  constitu- 
tion, and  contains  several  medical  substances  in  active  propor- 
tion. The  analysis  of  sea-water,  on  page  375,  will  illustrate 
this  statement. 

From  the  analysis  it  is  seen  that  chloride  of  sodium  is  the 
chief  constituent,  and  next  is  chloride  of  magnesium,  then 
sulphate  of  potassa,  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
etc.  It  will  also  be  noticed  that  the  composition  varies  in  dif- 
ferent seas.  The  waters  of  northern  seas  are  less  saline,  be- 
cause of  the  small  amount  of  surface  evaporation.    The  waters 


SEA-SIDE  RESORTS. 


876 


ral  miles, 
probable 
ortion  of 
h  is  not 
istry  has 
air  and 
odor  can 
^  persons 
thing  the 
ir  a£fects 
d  thus  in 
>  through 
esia  may 

lie  bron- 

If  the 

ritability 

In  the 

)o  advan- 

.  and  em- 

ifluenced 

•voyages. 

all  ages. 

virtues. 

Qly  seek 

ery  little 

oonstitu- 
e  propop- 
illustrate 

im  is  the 
um,  then 
nagnesia, 
les  in  dif- 
aline,  be- 
le  waters 


of  the  Dead  Sea  are  very  heavily  charged,  because  of  the  con- 
tinual access  from  surrounding  rivers  without  any  correspond- 
ing outflow. 


ANALYSIS. 


On*  fliit  oonUlni — 


801JD8. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassiam . . 
Chloride  of  sodium .. . . . 
Chloride  of  magneslnm. 
Chloride  of  alnmlnom. . 

Chloride  of  iron 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Chloride  of  ammonium. 
Chloride  of  manganese. . 
Sulphate  of  potiwsa. . .  ,t , 
Sulphate  of  magnesia. . . 

Sulphate'  of  lime 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Iodide  of  sodium ', 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  magnesium. . 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Bromine 

Silver 


BlMca. 

Organic  matter., 
Bitumen . 


Kesln  and  extractlTe  matter. 


Ondiii. 

trace. 

208!g2 
24.96 

tfvce. 


18.66 
4.87 

11.66 

trace. 

trace. 
8.89 


trace, 
trace, 
trace, 
trace, 
trace. 


Onini. 

6.'86 

8.78 

220.41 

24.12 


Total 


267.86 


18.65 
10.16 


4.16 
6!62 


Gnim. 


2.42 

149.68 

12.88 


2.72 


17.84 


I 

I 


anlni. 

0.94 
12.46 

6.66 

268.28 

46.18 


282.06 


trace. 

6!66 
6.*89 


185.69 


90.47 
86.80 


trace. 


Gnini. 

trace. 

86.88 

887.84 

667.15 

8.92 

0.19 

172.09 

0.42 

0.42 


4.76 

trace. 
19.67 


469.68 


trace. 

4.82 

trace. 


1686.01 


The  accumulation  of  solid  matter  in  the  water  of  the  sea 
occurs  as  follows :  The  pure  clear  drops  of  water  descend  from 
the  heavens,  and,  as  they  pass  to  the  stream,  dissolve  and  carry 
from  the  rocks  and  loam  many  of  their  constituents,  though 
in  exceedingly  small  proportion.  These  myriads  of  drops  of 
water,  each  freighted  with  its  little  burden,  meet  in  the  rivers 
and  pass  on  to  the  ocean.  Arriving  here  they  are  heated  by 
the  sun  and  arise  in  vapor,  depositing  the  burden  they  have 
borne.  Again  this  vapor,  wafted  across  the  land,  meets  a 
cold  stratum  of  air  and  descends  once  more  in  rain,  again  to 
bear  a  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  to  the  ocean.  This  aggre- 
gation for  ages  of  dissolved  salts  has,  in  great  nart^  caused 
the  saline  condition  of  the  ocean.     But^  in  addition,  there  are 


876 


MINERAL  SPRINOa 


large  beds  of  salt  on  the  shores  and  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean 
which,  doubtless,  contribute  to  its  saltness. 

We  find,  then,  that  sea-water  is  exceedingly  complex  in 
constitution.  Besides,  it  possesses  various  colors,  due,  how- 
ever, in  great  measure  to  its  varied  surroundings — the  color 
of  the  slcy,  the  disposition  of  the  coast-line,  whether  bold  and 
precipitous,  or  low  and  receding.  From  the  varied  colors  we 
have  the  names  White,  Red,  and  Black  Sea,  etc.  One  char- 
acteristic, however,  which  has  been  the  subject  of  a  number 
of  theories,  is  its  phosphorescence.  When,  on  a  steamer  far 
out  in  the  ocean,  we  look  back  at  night  over  the  ship's  track 
we  see,  just  bordering  the  crest  of  the  wave,  a  line  of  faint 
sparkles  appearing  and  disappearing  with  the  changes  of  the 
wave — now  they  flash  out  in  peculiar  brilliance,  then  are  lost 
in  the  daxk,  surge.  Some  consider  that  this  effect  is  due  to  a 
peculiar  chemical  combustion,  others  to  myriads  of  animalcules 
capable  of  luminosity,  like  the  glow-worm,  and  another  theory 
attributes  it  to  electrical  conditions. 

The  temperature  oi  the  sea,  like  that  of  rivers,  is  never  con- 
stant, varying  according  to  the  seasons.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture of  the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  near  the  coast 
of  France,  is  found  to  be  59°  Fahr.  But,  beneath  the  surface, 
the  temperature  decreases  downward,  and  in  mid-ocean  the 
temperature  has  been  found  as  high  as  83.4°  Fahr.  at  the  sur- 
face, while  at  the  depth  of  six  thousand  feet  it  marked  but 
45.5°  Fahr.  Aim6  has  shown  that  the  lowest  temperature 
of  the  depths  of  the  ocean  is  equal  to  the  mean  temperature 
of  the  surface  during  the  winter.  At  the  sea-side  resorts  the 
temperature  ranges  between  60°  and  70°  Fahr.  during  the  sea- 
son. The  sea-hath  is  a  cold  bath,  and  its  effects  may  almost  all 
be  deduced  from  this  fact.  But  it  is  a  cold  bath  under  the 
most  favorable  conditions.  The  fascination  of  the  sea,  the 
attraction  of  many  bathers  in  the  water  at  the  same  time,  the 
excitement  attendant  on  the  rolling  in  of  the  waves,  and  the 
exercise  required  in  meeting  them,  contribute  to  the  salutary 
effect  that-  is  experienced.  Here  the  person  makes  no  con- 
scious effort  to  exercise,  but  the  entire  surroundings  lead  him 


SEA.SIDE  RESOBT& 


377 


he  ocean 

nplex  in 
ue,  how- 
the  color 
Dold  and 
olors  we 
►ne  char- 
number 
amer  far 
p's  track 
of  faint 
!S  of  the 
are  lost 
due  to  a 
malcules 
ir  theory 

iver  con- 
tempera- 
he  coast 
surface, 
scan  the 
the  sur- 
ked  but 
perature 
perature 
lorts  the 
the  sea- 
most  all 
ider  the 
sea,  the 
ime,  the 
and  the 
salutary- 
no  con- 
ead  him 


to  do  80,  and  often  so  vigorous  is  this  exercise  that  reaction 
commences  while  in  the  water,  to  be  followed  by  complete 
redness  of  the  surface,  and  a  feeling  of  renewed  energy  when 
he  retires  to  the  dressing-room  and  is  thoroughly  rubbed  and 
dried.     That  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  water  have  any 
part  in  the  result  is  exceedingly  doubtful,  for,  on  the  one 
hand,  the  temperature  of  the  water  is  so  low  that  the  skin  is 
unprepared  for  absorption,  and,  on  the  other,  the  period  of 
immersion  is  usually  so  short  that,  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions,  little  absorption  could  occur.     However,  it  must 
be  remembered  that,  during  the  entire  time,  the  lungs  are 
continually  filled  with  the  aroma  of  the  sea,  and  the  blood 
much  more  highly  charged  with  its  medical  properties  than 
when  at  the  hotel  on  the  shore.    The  time  passed  in  the  bath 
varies  from  five  to  twenty  minutes,  and,  where  the  water  is* 
unusually  warm,  it  may  be  extended  beyond  these  limits. 
One  bath  a  day  is  sufficient,  and  two  each  day  as  many  as 
should  be  indulged  by  the  most  vigorous.     In  some  instances 
reaction  is  not  readily  established  on  coming  from  the  bath, 
and,  in  such  cases,  in  addition  to  rubbing  with  the  coarse 
towel,  it  will  be  advantageous  to  immerse  the  feet  in  warm 
water.     It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  morning  is  the 
preferable  time  for  the  bath,  and  that  the  stomach  should  be 
empty  when  it  is  taken.    The  rules  given  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Cold  Bath  "  are  also  applicable  to  sea-bathing. 

The  eflfect  of  a  course  of  sea-bathing,  according  to  Durand- 
Fardel,  is  as  follows :  The  first  baths  cause  excitement,  exces- 
sive fatigue,  pain  in  the  muscles  and  course  of  the  nerves,  es- 
pecially if  the  sea  has  been  rough ;  sometimes  the  appetite  is 
lost.  But,  in  five  or  six  days,  these  conditions  disappear,  and 
a  feeling  of  bien-^tre^  of  vigor  and  joyousness,  succeeds ;  at  the 
same  time  the  appetite  is  increased,  and  the  secretions  are 
more  active,  especially  those  of  the  kidneys,  skin,  and  lungs. 
But,  if  the  baths  are  too  long  continued,  after  fifteen,  twenty, 
or  thirty  days— according  to  the  individual — the  excitement, 
fatigue,  and  the  pain  reappear,  and,  if  the  baths  are  not  dis- 
continued, all  the  advantage  gained  may  be  lost. 


378 


MINERAL  SPBINOS. 


Sea-baths  are  especially  applicable  to  persons  of  lymphatic 
constitutions.  In  these  classes  they  favorably  influence  a  num- 
ber of  diseases  by  the  tonicity  wrought  in  the  system.  They 
have  been  highly  lauded  as  a  remedy  at  the  age  of  puberty, 
in  both  sexes,  when  there  is  a  want  of  "development,  an  ap- 
parent failure  of  the  vital  force ;  they  then  stimulate  to  a  re- 
newed effort,  the  pale  youth  develops  into  a  vigorous  boy,  and 
the  cheek  of  the  anaemic  girl  assumes  the  rosy  hue  of  health. 
In  cases  of  delayed  or  difficult  menstruation,  accompanied 
with  chlorosis  in  the  young  girl,  sea-baths  are  of  peculiar 
benefit.  Indeed,  so  decided  is  their  influence  upon  the  uterine 
functions  that,  in  women  who  have  ceased  to  msnstruate,  the 
flow  has  reappeared,  and  those  always  sterile  have  become 
enceivUe.  The  beneficial  effects  to  the  scrofulous  of  a  residence 
at  the  sea-side  are  generally  known. 

Sea-bathing  is  not  without  danger  to  those  who  are  reck- 
less, or  do  not  observe  the  rules  which  are  given  for  the  guid- 
ance of  bathers.  Those  who,  in  a  strong  sea,  quit  the  lines 
of  rope  are  never  without  danger,  for,  in  those  seemingly  small 
waves,  there  is  a  power  that  can  only  be  appreciated  by  those 
who  have  felt  their  force ;  and  those  who  wander  beyond  the 
prescribed  limits,  recklessly  peril  their  lives. 

Marshall  Hall's  ready  method  for  resuscitating  persons  as- 
phyxiated from  drowning,  may  prove  useful  to  those  at  the 
sea-side.    It  is  as  follows : 

1.  Treat  the  patient  instantly  on  the  spot  in  the  open  air, 
freely  exposing  the  face,  neck,  and  chest  to  the  breeze,  except 
in  severe  weather. 

2.  In  order  to  clear  the  throat,  place  the  patient  gently  on 
the  face,  with  one  wrist  under  the  forehead,  that  all  fluid  and 
the  tongue  itself  may  fall  forward,  and  leave  the  entrance  into 
the  windpipe  free. 

3.  To  excite  respiration,  turn  the  patient  slightly  on  his 
side,  and  apply  some  irritating  or  stimulating  agent  to  his 
nostrils,  as  ammonia,  camphor,  etc. 

4.  Make  the  face  warm  by  brisk  friction ;  then  dash  cold 
water  upon  it. 


SEASIDE  RESORTS. 


379 


ympbatio 
ce  a  num- 
n.    They 
puberty, 
at,  an  ap- 
e  to  a  re- 
boy,  ani 
)f  health. 
>mpanied 
peculiar 
e  uterine 
uate,  the 
i  become 
residence 

are  reck- 
the  guid- 
the  lines 
^ly  small 
by  those 
irond  the 

rsons  as- 
e  at  the 

^pen  airy 
},  except 

■ently  on 
Quid  and 
mce  into 

y  on  his 
b  to  his 

ish  cold 


6.  If  not  successful,  lose  no  time ;  but,  to  imieate  reapi- 
ratioriy  place  the  patient  on  his  face,  and  turn  the  body  gently 
but  completely  on  the  side^  and  a  little  beyond;  then  again 
on  the  face,  and  so  on  alternately.  Repeat  these  movements 
deliberately  and  perseveringly,  fifteen  times  only  in  a  minute. 
When  the  patient  lies  on  the  chest,  this  cavity  is  compressed^ 
and  eajpiration  takes  place.  When  he  is  turned  on  the  side, 
this  pressure  is  removed  and  inspiration  occurs. 

6.  When  the  patient  is  in  the  prone  position,  make  a  uni- 
form and  eflScient  pressure  along  the  spine^  removing  the  press- 
ure immediately  before  rotation  on  the  side.  The  pressure 
augments  the  eajpiration ;  the  rotation  commences  aspiration. 
Continue  these  measures  without  tiring^  for  restoration  often 
results  when  hope  is  entirely  lost. 

7.  Rub  the  limbs  upward^  with  firm  pressure  and  with  en- 
ergy ;  the  object  being  to  aid  the  return  of  venous  blood  to 
the  heart. 

8.  Substitute  for  the  patient's  wet  clothing,  if  possible, 
such  other  covering  as  can  instantly  be  procured,  each  by- 
stander supplying  a  coat  or  cloak.  Meantime,  and  from  time 
to  time,  to  excite  inspiration,  let  the  surface  of  the  body  be 
slapped  briskly  with  the  hand. 

Avoid  the  immediate  removal  of  the  patient,  as  it  involves 
a  dangerous  loss  of  time;  also  the  use  of  the  bellows,  or  any 
forcing  instrument. 

SEA-SIBE    BESOBTS. 

Portland,  Maine. — ^Three  miles  distant  from  this  city  is 
Cushing^s  Island,  which  contains  about  two  himdred  and  fifty 
acres.  It  commands  magnificent  ocean-views.  The  beach,  on 
either  side  of  the  island,  is  exceedingly  good,  and  every  facil- 
ity, including  bathing-houses,  dresses,  etc.,  are  at  hand.  This 
resort  is  popular  with  Canadians,  and  those  who  prefer  a  quiet 
retreat  to  the  excessive  excitement  of  more  noted  places.  Fish- 
ing of  all  kinds  is  abundant. 

Portsmonth,  New  Hampshire. — ^Near  this  city  is  Bye  Beach, 


OTOwino"   in   ■nnmilnritv- 
g3__TT — ^    —    %r~s. J- 


The  bathing  is  good.     It 


ros 


ILTCT 


380 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


reached  by  carriage-drive  of  seven  miles,  over  an  excellent 
road,  from  Portsmouth,  or  by  train  to  Greenland,  four  miles 
from  Portsmouth ;  thence  by  stage.  Hampton  Beach  is  also 
near  by ;  not  so  fashionable  as  Rye,  but  celebrated  many  years 
ago.  To  good  fishing  and  bathing  it  adds  the  attraction  of 
charming  scenery.  Access  by  railroad,  seven  miles  south- 
west from  Portsmouth,  to  Hampton  Station ;  thence,  by  stage, 
to  the  beach. 

Boston,  Massachusetts. — The  fashionable  sea-side  resort  of 
Boston  is  Swampscott  It  is  twelve  miles  north  of  the  city, 
on  the  coast-line  of  railroad  to  Portsmouth.  The  bathing  is 
excellent,  with  no  undertow.  Its  popularity  seems,  however, 
to  be  entirely  fortuitous,  as  the  beaches  are  not  large  and  the 
scenery  not  peculiarly  attractive. 

The  best  beach  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Boston  is 
Nahant.  It  is  approached  by  the  coast-line  of  railroad.  The 
passenger  leaves  the  train  at  Lynn,  eleven  miles  north  of  Bos- 
ton; thence  four  miles  by  stage.  It  is  a  charming  peninsula 
of  rocky  islands,  connected  with  each  other  by  a  series  of  un- 
surpassed beaches.  Many  Cambridge  professors  choose  this 
for  their  summer  home.  Chelsea  Beach  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Chelsea,  four  miles  north  of  Boston  by  rail.  The 
beach  is  three  miles  long.     It  is  a  pleasant  resort. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island. — ^This  is  the  most  elegant  water- 
ing-place in  the  United  States,  and  the  facilities  for  bathing 
are  unsurpassed.  The  beaches  are  known  as  EaMovi^s^  Sa- 
chitset\  and  Smithes,  the  first-named  being  the  most  popular. 
The  location  of  Easton's  is  admirable,  the  waves  rolling  in  in 
majestic  succession,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  bather  is  with- 
out danger  from  undercurrents. 

Besides  the  attraction  of  Newport  as  a  resort,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  those  who  delight  in  studying  the  early  history  of 
America. 

The  drives  about  Newport  are  dehghtful,  the  new  one — 
ten  miles  long — ^giving  an  unobstructed  view  of  the  ocean 
almost  the  entire  distance. 

JVarragansett  Pier,  about  one  hour's  sail  from  N"ewTV)rt. 


SEA-SIBS  RESORTS. 


381 


exuelleiii 
lur  miles 
)h  is  also 
my  years 
iction  of 
iS  south- 
ay  stage, 

resort  of 
the  city, 
ithing  is 
tiowever, 
and  the 

ioston  is 
ad.  The 
1  of  Bos- 
teninsula 
s  of  un- 
>ose  this 
I  in  the 
il.    The 

it  water- 
bathing 
n'Sj  So- 
popular. 
ng  in  in 
is  with- 

is  inter- 
3tory  of 

w  one — 
e  ocean 


~  ■•  I » 


J 


has  been  known  over  twenty  years  as  a  watering-place ;  within 
a  few  years  it  has  become  quite  a  popular  resort.  The  beach 
is  at  the  mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay.  It  slopes  gradually, 
and  there  is  an  absence  of  strong  undercurrents.  The  Pier  is 
also  reached  by  the  Shore-line  Railroad  from  New  York  to 
Boston,  leaving  the  train  at  Kingston,  a  station  twenty-seven 
miles  southwest  from  Providence,  whence  stages  convey  to 
the  hotels. 

New  York  City.— The  most  fashionable  resort  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  New  York  is  Long  Branch.  It  is  about  thirty-two 
miles  distant  from  the  city,  by  steamer  to  Port  Monmouth,  or 
Sandy  Hook,  New  Jersey;  thence  by  rail.  Within  a  few 
years  many  commodious  hotels  have  been  erected,  and  throngs 
of  visitors  have  gathered  during  the  summer  season.  Long 
Branch  is  famed  for  its  bathing,  its  sea-breezes,  its  shell-fish, 
and  its  hotels.  Its  nearness  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
and  its  ease  of  access,  are  its  chief  claims  to  popularity. 

Coney  Island  was  once  a  fashionable  resort,  but  it  is  now 
only  sought  by  those  of  moderate  means.  During  the  summer 
season  large  numbers  go  over  for  a  day's  pleasure,  by  steam- 
boat from  New  York.  The  distance  is  ten  miles.  Or,  it  is 
reached  from  Fulton  Ferry,  Brooklyn,  by  street-oars.  The 
beach  is  exceedingly  fine. 

EocJcaway  is  also  one  of  the  once  fashionable  resorts  which 
have  fallen  into  decay,  because  of  their  immediate  proximity  to 
the  city.  It  is  accessible  during  the  summer  season  by  steam- 
boat from  New  York,  or  from  Brooklyn  by  Long  Island  Rail- 
way and  South  Side  Railway. 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. — ^The  sea-side  resort  of  Phila- 
delphia is  Cape  May,  New  Jersey.  It  is  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  State,  having  on  the  one  side  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  on  the  other  Delaware  Bay.  It  has  long  been  one  of  the 
most  fashionable  and  elegant  sea-side  watering-places,  patron- 
ized by  the  inhabitants  of  every  portion  of  the  United  States, 
but  especially  from  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  and 
the  West  and  South.  The  beach  is  over  five  miles  long,  ex- 
ceedingly firm  and  solid,  and  offers  every  facility  for  the  enjoy- 


882 


MINERAL  BPRINOa 


ment  of  sea-bathing.  Here  the  hotels  are  built  almost  on  the 
beaoh,  in  full  view  of  the  ocean,  giving  easy  access  to  the 
baths,  and  affording  the  amplest  opportunity  for  breathing 
sea-air.  Cape  May  is  reached  by  oars  from  Philadelphia  on 
the  West  Jersey  Railroad,  distance  eighty-one  miles  south. 
Passengers  from  New  York  change  cars  at  Camden ;  thence 
southward. 

Atlantic  City  is  on  the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  about 
sixty  miles  southeast  by  rail,  via  the  Camden  &  Atlantic 
Railroad.    There  are  fine  accommodations  for  bathing. 


u 


APPENDIX. 


A. 

ADAMS  BMLtNOB. 

LoMtlOB)  tU,—See  page 

88». 

▲NALT8I8.1 

One 

pint  contains : 

Solids. 

Oratiu. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

•     ■      •           • 

7.129 

Oarbonate  of  magnesia 

.     12.878 

Oarbonate  of  iron  . 

0.064 

Oarbonate  of  lime 

• 

.      8.689 

Ghloride  of  sodium 

0.614 

Potassa  salts    . 

• 

.    traces. 

Nitrio  acid  . 

traces. 

Silica    . 

t 

.      0.902 

Organic  matter 

• 

0.861 

Total     . 

.    24.927 

Gas. 

OaUoln. 

Oarbonic  acid 

88.00 

iVop«r«*e«.— According  to  the  analysis,  this  is  an  exceed 
ingly  valuable  alkaline  water,  resembling  in  character  the 
celebrated  Vichy  of  France,  though  in  this  water  the  alkaline 
carbonate  of  magnesia  seems  to  predominate,  while  in  the 
Vichy  it  is  the  alkaline  carbonate  of  soda. 

AIiAUEDA  WABM   SPBINaS. 

LocatiOB* — Alameda  County,  California. 

Aeeess.— Prom  San  Prancisco,  go  by  rail  forty-seven  miles  south  to  San 
Jo86,  thence  by  stage.  Prom  Oakland,  go  by  Central  Pacific  Railroad  to 
Niles,  thence  by  stage. 

Hdtel.— Warm  Springs. 

-  "  Scconu  Bieoalai  Beport  of  State  Bou-d  of  Health  of  Caiifomis,"  p.  123. 


884 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Analj/8i.^.~-.Tho  waters  oontoin  sulphur,  litne,  magnesia,  and 
iron,  m  various  proportions.    No  exact  analysis  has  been  made. 

Jiemarks.-.The8o  springs  are  situated  about  two  miles 
from  the  old  Mission  of  San  Jos6,  near  the  banks  of  Agua 
Cahente  Creek,  in  the  midst  of  a  grove  of  oak  and  other 
trees.     Its  balmy  climate  and  pleasant  surroundings  render 
It  one  of  the  most  attractive  resorts  near  San  Francisco.     To 
the  east,  Mission  Peak,  the  highest  of  the  Contra  Costa  Moun- 
tarns  attains  an  elevation  of  3,275  feet,  presenting,  with  its 
angular  outlines,  its  grassy  sides,  and  its  patches  of  evergreen 
mcinal  and  chmmzal,  a  grand  background  to  the  intervening 
landscape.     From  this  peak  is  obtained  a  charming  view  of 
San  Josd,  Oakland,  and  the  city  and  bay  of  San  Francisco. 
Ihe  old  mission  buildings  are  still  in  good  repair,  being  used 
as  a  Catholic  church  ;  and  the  orchards  planted  so  many  years 
ago  by  the  padres  yet  flourish  and  bear  annually  large  crops  « 


B. 

BIBOH.DALB   SPBINOS. 
LocatiM,  tttt—See  page  887. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contohis : 


Solum. 
Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron  . 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda     . 
Phosphate  of  soda 
Alumina 
Silica    . 
Organic  matter 


Total 


» JVom  Stephen  Powers.  Ebo. 


Concord  Spring, 
C.  F.  Chandler. 

Grains. 
0.016 
0.063 
0.084 
0.182 
0.047 
0.008 
0.032  • 
0.001 
0.014 
0.116 
0.084 

0.696 
(1878.) 


APPENDIX. 


886 


nesia,and 
sen  made, 
wo  miles 

of  Agua 
md  other 
fs  render 
isco.  To 
ta  Moun- 

with  its 
ivergreen 
erven  ing 

view  of 
ranoisco. 
ing  used 
ny  years 
e  crops.' 


Spring, 

tandler. 

Ins. 

)16 

163 

84 

82 

47 

08 

82   • 

01 

14 

16 

84 


[1878.) 


Propertie9.^AccoTdmg  to  the  analysis,  this  is  a  calcic 
water. 

BLUB   BIDQE    SPBINOS. 


-Blue  Ridge  Springs,  Botetourt  County,  Vir- 


Location  and  Post-Offlce. 

ginia. 

ieees8.-Krom  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  twenty-six  miles  eouth- 
west  to  the  station  (Blue  Ridge  Hprings),  or  from  Knoxville,  via  Virginia  & 
Tennessee  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  ninety-ono  miles  northeast 

Ilotel.— Blue  Ridge. 


Solids, 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Alumina      .  . 

Silicic  acid 

Total 


ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (F.  A.  Genth) ; 


Grains. 
0.228 
0.087 
0.472 
0.031 
0.060 
0.122 
6.944 

12.627 
0.018 
0.167 

19.681 


(1878.) 

J^operties.— These  are  exceedingly  valuable  purgative  cal- 
cic waters,  a  combination  seldom  met  with,  the  laxative  action 
of  the  sulphate  of  magnesia  being  favorably  modified  by  the 
sulphate  of  lime  and  alkaline  carbonates.  The  waters  prove 
diuretic,  aperient,  or  purgative,  according  to  the  quantity 
taken.  They  are  especially  beneficial  in  dyspepsia  associated 
with  engorgement  of  the  liver  and  spleen,  and  attended  with 
constipation.  Also,  as  a  result  of  the  presence  of  the  calcic 
ingredients,  they  relieve  chronic  inflammations  of  the  bladder 
and  urinary  organs. 

Owing  to  the  stable  combination  of  the  ingredients  of  this 
water,  there  is  no  deposit  even  after  long  standing,  and  it  is 
therefore  well  adapted  for  transportation. 

I^emarks.— Tills  resort,  though  but  recently  brought  promi- 


386 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


nently  before  the  public,  has  met  with  much  favor.  Its  aooom- 
modations  have  been  largely  increased,  and  located  as  it  is, 
immediately  on  the  line  of  the  railroad,  and  amid  the  beautiful 
scenery  near  the  summit  of  the  mountains,  it  is  an  exceedingly 
pleasant  summer  retreat.  Only  one  and  a  half  mile  from  the 
hotel  is  Wild-Cat  Knob,  giving  a  far-extended  view  of  valley 
and  mountain  scenery,  including  the  Peaks  of  Otter. 

BOBAX   SPBINQS. 

Location. — Lake  County,  California. 

Access. — Go  to  Vallejo,  then  take  the  cars  for  Calistoga,  thence  by  regu- 
lar stage  to  Lower  Lake,  Lake  County,  thence  by  private  conveyance. 
Hotel. 

.     ANALYSIS. 


SOUDS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .           .           . 

6.671 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 

.      8.618 

Chloride  of  sodium 

lo.mi 

Iodide  of  magnesium   . 

.      0.011 

Biborate  of  soda    .           .           . 

12.911 

Alumina          .... 

.      0.167 

Silicic  acid              .           .           . 

1.029 

Matters  volatile  at  red  heat     . 

.      8.221 

Total 

48.190 

Oas. 

Cnbloln. 

Carbonic  acid  .... 

9.60 

Analysis. — ^**  These  substances  being  calculated  as  anhy- 
drous salts  and  borax,  containing  47  per  cent,  of  water  when 
crystallized,  causes  12,911  grains  in  the  above  analysis  to  be 
equal  to  24,417  of  commercial  borax.  There  are  probably  no 
springs  in  the  world  which  contain  so  large  a  per  cent,  of 
ammoniacal  salts  as  these." ' 

Bemarks. — Two  miles  south  of  these  springs  is  Borax 
Lake,  which  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Veatch  in  September, 
1859.  When  filled  up  by  the  winter  rains  it  is  about  6,000 
feet  long  and  2,000  feet  wide.     The  bottom  of  it  consists  of 

*  Also  traoes  of  solphate  of  lime,  chloride  of  potassinm,  and  bromide  of  magnetinm. 

•  "  The  Natural  Wealth  of  California." 


APPENDIX. 


s  aocom- 
as  it  is, 
3eautiful 
eedingly 
from  the 
)f  valley 


i  by  rega- 
ce. 


887 


black,  jelly-like  mud,  full  of  crystals  of  biborate  of  soda,  from 
which  is  manufactured  about  three  thousand  pounds  of  borax 
daily.  Prof.  Oxland  found  this  mud  to  contain  17.73  per  cent, 
of  borax ;  Mr.  Moore,  a  chemist  of  San  Francisco,  found  18.86 
per  cent. 

One  of  these  springs  discharges  nearly  one  hundred  gallons 
of  water  per  minute ;  and  all  of  them  together  discharge  about 
three  hundred  gallons  per  minute.  It  is  allowed  to  run  to 
waste  because  of  the  more  abundant  material  in  the  lake. 
They  are  scattered  over  an  area  of  eight  acres.  Near  them 
is  a  deposit  of  sulphur,  covering  forty  thousand  square  yards, 
from  beneath  which  these  springs  appear  to  flow. 


ins. 

m 

}18 

m 
)ii 
)ii 

L67 

)29      - 
S21 

L90> 
in. 

.60 

IS  anhy- 
er  when 
is  to  be 
►ably  no 
cent,  of 

{  Borax 
(tember, 
it  6,000 
sists  of 

nesinm. 


0. 

OAUSTOaA. 

• 

LOMtioii,  tte»^See  page  289. 

ANALYSIS. » 

One  pint  contains  (P.  W.  Hatch,  M.  D., 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  calcicum 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 

SUica 

Alumina      ..... 

97«'Fahp.): 

Grains. 

0.425 
.       2.781 

0.408 
.       0.202 

0.068 
.      0.812 

trace. 

Total     .... 
Gab. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

.      4.686 

Onbbjin. 

0.40 

CANADA. 

The  vicinity  of  St.  Leon  Springs  and  Caxton  Springs 
abounds  in  mineral  waters,  as  I  am  informed  by  W.  H.  Parker 
Esq.  The  Durocher  Spring,  the  water  of  which  is  very  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste,  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  a 

'  "  Second  Biennial  Beport  of  Oallfomla  State  Board  of  HealtV''  b"  T.  M.  Li 


P.12T. 


\r 


388 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


quarter  of  a  mile  below  Caxton,  and  the  St.  Pierre,  two  miles 
farther  down  on  the  east  side.  There  is  also  a  mineral  spring 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  Caxton ;  and,  two  miles  beyond,  a 
basin,  in  which  a  number  of  springs  are  found.  Near  Berthier 
there  are  two,  and  at  St.  Heneri,  a  few  miles  from  Joiiette, 
another.  There  is  also  one  in  the  parish  of  St.  Joseph,  and 
one  m  the  parish  of  St.  Severe,  on  the  little  Y'Machiche  River. 


OATOOSA   SPRINaS. 

Loeatloil.-(^e  page  240.)    A  station  known  as  Catoosa  has  been  estab- 
lished  on  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad ;  thence  two  miles  to  springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contalni— 


Solids. 

Carlwnate  of  potassa 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. . . . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese. . 

Carbonate  of  Ume 

Carbonate  of  lithia 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia. .... 
Sulphate  of  alumina. .... 

Sulphate  of  Ume 

Sulphate  of  strontia  ...'.'. 
Bromide  of  magnesium. . . 

Bromide  of  calcium 

Nitrate  of  calcium .' .' 

Nitrate  of  ammonia 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Crenlc  and  apocrenlc  acids. 


AU-Heallng. 
Wm.  J.  Land. 


Total., 


Oab. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen ...  ,. 


Grnlni. 

0.018 

0.081 

0.878 

0.016 

0.001 

0.440 

trace. 

0.008 

0.016 

0.276 

0.187 

8.817 

0.068 

4.856 

0.026 

0.037 

0.161 

0.062 

0.015 

0.002 

0.008 


Red  Sweet. 
Wm.  J.  Land. 


10.882 

Cubic  in. 
1.17 

(1878.) 


Graini. 

0.014 

0.086 

0.998 

0.018 

0.002 

0.497 

trace. 

0.006 

0.018 

0.811 

0.212 

8.747 

0.088 

6.483 

0.029 

0.041 

0.171 

0.059 

0.017 

0.002 

0.008 


White  Sulphur. 
Wm.  J.  Laud. 


Oralni. 

0.014 

0.082 

1.060 

0.086 

0.008 

0.481 

trace. 

0.006 

0.017 

0.290 

0.209 

4.001 

0.809 

6.601 

0.026 

0.088 

0.018 

0.040 

0.012 

0.002 

0.001 


Buflkla. 
Wm.  J.  Land. 


11.742 

Cubic  In. 
1.16 

(1878.) 


12.184 

Cubic  in. 
1.19 
0.01 

(1878.) 


Graini. 

0.002 

0.008 

1.087 

0.086 

0.002 

0.482 

trace. 

0.005 

0.014 

0.289 

0.209 

4.127 

0.298 

5.626 

0.086 

0.041 

0.019 

0.004 

0.114 

0.001 

0.001 


12.894 

Cubic  Id. 

1.22 

trace. 

(1878.) 


Besides  the  above-named  springs,  there  are  six  others 
which  have  been  analyzed,  as  follows ;  the  Cosmetic,  the  Cha- 
b^beate,  the  Magnesia,  the  Congress,  the  Alum,  and  the  Black 
Sulphur.  The  Alum  spring  contains  considerable  sulphate  of 
alumina,  though  not  as  much  as  the  White  Sulphur.  The 
Buffalo  spring  contains  a  larger  proportion  of  saline  matter 

than  anv  of  thfi  sr»rinorH  nnalvwaA 


two  miles 
ral  spring 
beyond,  a 
■  Berthier 
Joliette, 
seph,  and 
he  River. 


been  estab- 
prings. 


BuSUo. 
Wm.  J.  iMxd. 

Gralni. 

0.002 

0.008 

1.08T 

0.086 

0.002 

0.482 

trace. 

0.005 

0.014 

0.289 

0.209 

4.12T 

0.298 

6.626 

0.086 

0.041 

0.019 

0.004 

0.114 

0.001 

0.001 

12.894 

Cubic  in. 

1.22 

trace. 

(1878.) 

I  others 
the  Cha- 
le  Black 
phate  of 
ir.  The 
!  matter 


APPENDI3L 


389 


Properties.  —  These  are  purgative-calcic  waters  with  an 
active  proportion  of  alkaline  carbonates,  a  combination  not 
often  found,  and  one  which  renders  the  waters  of  special  value 
in  dyspepsia  associated  with  constipation  and  hepatic  en- 
gorgement. In  chronic  hyperaemia  of  the  liver  and  enlarge- 
ment of  the  spleen  they  are  said  to  prove  beneficial.  The 
calcic  salts  render  them  effective  in  catarrh  of  the  bladder. 

Hemarks.— These  springs  are  situated  in  an  elevated  basin 
of  the  Blue  Ridge,  bounded  on  either  hand  by  mountain-sum- 
mits. Something  over  a  mile  distant  is  Sandstone  Mountain, 
which  rises  1,800  feet  above  the  valley.  From  the  summit 
Missionary  Ridge  and  Lookout  Mountain  are  distinctly  visible. 
The  hotel,  rebuilt  in  1872,  occupies  three  sides  of  a  rectangle, 
and  looks  out  on  the  area  containing  the  springs,  fifty-two  in 
number,  which  issue  from  a  bed  of  hard  black  slate.  The  air 
of  the  locality  is  pure  and  bracing,  and  even  in  midsummer 
the  nights  are  cool. 


OAXTON  SFBINQ. 
LoMtton,  about  seven  miles  east  of  St.  Leon  springs,  see  page  334. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (T.  Sterry  Hunt) : 


SOUDB. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Iodine 

firomide  of  magnesium 
Alumina  .  . 

Silica 

Total 
Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 


GraiiiB. 
1.121 
0.039 
1.6H 
0.588 
86.828 
2.661 
0.366 
traces. 
0.249 
0.036 
0.349 

99.406 

Oablo  in. 

9.93 


Properties. — This  is  a  good  alkaline-saline  water. 


890 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


OHERBT  VALLET. 
LoeattoB,  f>U»—S^  page  210. 

ANALYSIS.  • 

One  pint  contains  (Phosphate  Spring.   Prof.  Perkins): 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Phosphate  of  lime  (acid) 
Silica 


Total 


Grains. 
0.6Y2 
0.078 
0.868 
0.069 
0.669 
1.Y21 
0.078 

8.626 


>  ! 


a. 

GBYSEB  SPA  SPBINa. 

L«catloii« — Sonoma  Coimty,  California. 

ANALYSIS.* 

One  pint  contuns  (F.  W.  Hatch,  M.  D.): 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda  .  .  . 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .  . 

Carbonate  of  iron  .  .  .  . 

Carbonate  of  lime       .  .  .  . 

Chloride  of  sodium  .... 

Sulphate  of  soda         .... 
Silica  .  .  .  '        .  .  . 

■IjOSS       .•••.. 

Total  .  .  .  . 


GrainB. 
2.086 
0.726 
0.475 
0.670 
1.246 
0.425 
0.276 
0.040 

6.792 


tl 
a 

Is 
is 
oi 

OJ 


aLAOIEB  SPBING. 
Location.-— Saratoga. 

>  '"SacoBd  Biemiia!  Bcpari,  Oalifomia  Siata  Board  of  Health,^'  p.  123. 


lai 


APPENDIX. 


801 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains 

SOLIDB. 

Carbonate  of^soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Carbonate  of  litbia 
Carbonate  of  strontia 
Carbonate  of  baryta 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Phosphate  of  soda 
Iodide  of  sodium 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Fluoride  of  calcium 
Biborate  of  soda 
Alumina 
Silica 
Organic  matter 

Total 
Qas. 
Carbonic  acid 


(48°Fahr.    C.  F.  Chandler) : 


•  •  • 


Ontlns. 
1.628 
14.866 
0.069 
19.712 
0.666 
0.008 
0.218 
6.066 

81.119 
0.081 
0.001 
0.029 
0.447 

traces. 

traces. 
0.067 
0.087 
trace. 

129.986 
Onb.  in. 
68.18 


Properties. — As  will  be  seen  on  comparison  of  analysis, 
this  spring  is  one  of  the  richest  in  mineral  constituents  of  any 
at  Saratoga.    It  readily  produces  a  laxative  effect. 

BemarJcs. — ^This  spring  is  about  one  mile  south  of  the  vil- 
lage, and  directly  opposite  the  Geyser.  This,  like  the  Geyser, 
is  a  spouting  spring,  throwing  a  column  of  water  to  the  height 
of  fifty-two  feet  through  a  quarter-inch  opening.  The  depth 
of  the  well  is  three  hundred  feet. 


OBEEN  SPBINOS. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllce.— Green  Springs,  Sandusky  County,  Ohio. 
Aeeess. — Green  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Cincmnati,  Sandusky  &  Cleve> 
land  Raihroad,  twenty-two  miles  south  from  Sandusky. 
Hotel.— Springs. 


392 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS.* 

One  pint  contains  (60°  Fahr.    0.  N.  Stoddard)  : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia     . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Bromide  of  potassium 

Silica 

Alumina    .  .  . 

Total 
Qab. 
Carbonic  acid 


27.058 

Oab.  In. 

12.06 


U 


H. 


HABBIN  SPBINQS. 
LoeatlOD,  tte»—See  page  834. 

Anali/sis.'— This  water  is  said  to  be  highly  charged  with 
sulphur,  soda,  iron,  and  magnesia,  the  sulphur  predominating. 
The  temperature  of  the  springs  ranges  from  118"  to  130°  Fahr. 

I'roperties.— These  thermal  waters  are  chiefly  used  for 
bathing,  and  are  applicable  to  the  diseases  for  which  this  class 
of  waters  are  usually  prescribed.  The  water  is  said  to  feel 
"  as  soft  and  agreeable  to  the  skin  as  if  it  were  oil." 

Hemarks. — These  springs  are  twenty  miles  north  of  Calis- 
toga,  and  four  miles  west  of  Middletown,  in  a  wild  and  pict- 
uresque canon  of  the  Coast  Range  Mountains.  A  number 
of  bath-rooms  have  been  constructed,  and  also  plunge-baths. 

HIGHLAND  SPBINQS. 
Location. — Napa  County,  California. 
Aeeess,— From  San  Francisco,  via  Cloverdale  or  Calistoga. 
Analysis.— An  incomplete  examination  reveals   sulphate 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia,  chloride  of  sodium,  manganese, 

»  Ohio  Geologrloal  Survey,  18T8,  vol.  1.,  "  Geology,"  p.  609. 

s  "  Second  Biennial  Report,  Oallfornia  State  Board  nf  Hssltb  "  p.  122 


APPENDIX. 


888 


Jnins. 
2.798 
2.402 
0,810 
4.617 
0.816 
8.176 
2.005 
0.762 
0.122 

7.068 
lb.  In. 
2.06 


[•ged  with 
minating. 
30°  Fahr. 
used  for 
this  class 
id  to  feel 

1  of  Calis- 
and  pict- 
u  number 
ige-baths. 


sulphate 
mganese, 

122. 


potassium,  silica,  and  calcium ;  also  a  trace  of  sulphur.     They 
are  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Remarks. — These  springs  have  been  a  resort  for  several 
years  of  invalids  afflicted  with  rheumatism  and  other  chronic 
diseases.  On  account  of  the  thermality  of  the  water  they 
are  much  used  in  the  way  of  baths. 

J. 
JOBDAN    ALUM    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Jordan  Alum  Springs,  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia. 

ieee88.~From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  k  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapealce  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight 
miles. southwest,  thence  oae  hour  by  stage  to  the  springs.  From  the  West 
via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  River  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five 
miles  east ;  thence  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
one  miles  southeast,  to  Goshen. 

Hoteh — Jordan  Alum. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  GonUbu— 


SULTDS. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese . . . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

Sulphate  of  Iron 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Phosphate  of  Iron 

Phosphate  of  lime  (trlbasic), 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Silicate  of  soda 

Crenate  of  Iron 

Grenate  of  ammonia 

Alumina 

Silica 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

Organic  matter. 

Total 

Gasea. 

Carbonic  acid 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 


Alom  Spring. 
Wm.  E.  Aikin. 


Gnlni. 


o.odi 

0.164 
0.022 
0.647 
8.172 
2.817 
0.555 
0.081 

o!688 
0.814 
0.085 
0.066 


8.966 
0.078 


ChalybeaU  Sprtny. 

62.7'  Fahr. 

T.  W.  Blallrt. 


10.680 

Cable  in. 
0.77 


Gmlu. 
0.092 
0.0S8 
0.005 
0.014 
0.016 
0.017 


0.464 
0.662 


0.007 
0.090 

o'.oii 


» 0.806 

CuMo  tak 
0.70 
0.20 
1.07 

(1873.) 


*  In  addition,  tra<;pn  of  srsenic  and  CQ»>')er  were  found  In  the  o? 
■light  trace  of  nitric  acid,  and,  by  the  spectroscope,  distinct  evidence  of  carbonate  of  lithla. 


894 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Pfopertiea. — This  is  one  of  the  valuable  alum  waters  of 
Virginia,  which  has  been  found  efficacious  in  scrofula,  chronic 
diarrhoea,  scrofulous  skin-diseases,  etc.  According  to  Prof. 
Mallet's  analysis  the  iron  of  the  chalybeate  spring  is  in  the 
form  most  readily  absorbed,  that  of  a  carbonate,  and  accom- 
panied with  free  carbonic-acid  gas.  Such  waters  are  valuable 
in  chlorosis  and  other  diseases  accompanied  by  impoverished 
blood. 

Memarka.  — This  resort  is  situated  in  a  mountain-nook 
formed  by  North  Mountain  on  the  one  hand,  and  Mill  Moun- 
tain on  the  other.  It  is  one  of  those  places  which  attract  by 
pleasant  surroundings  as  well  as  by  the  value  9f  the  water. 


1 1 


M. 


MAMrron  spitnra. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Haoitou,  El  Paso  County,  Colorado. 
AewM.— From  Denver,  via  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad,  seventy-Bix 
milefl  south,  to  Colorado  Springs,  thence  five  miles  west  by  stage. 
Hotelt— Manitou  Hotel. 

ANALYSIS. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  an  accurate  analysis  of  these  waters  has  not 
been  made.  An  analysis  of  a  solid  residue,  obtained  by  boiling  down  an 
unknown  quantity  of  the  water,  and  sent  to  T.  M.  Drown,  Philadelphia, 
shows  the  following  percentage : 


Botnw. 
Bicarbonate  of  soda 
Bicarbonate  of  magnesia 
Bicarbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  soda         . 

Total 


Grains. 
24.01 
8.89 
16.62 
10.01 
86.69 
4.78 

100.00 


Properties. — ^It  is  obvious  from  the  above  report  that  these 
Watf^ra  nnnt-nin  iraliml-klA  nlL-nlipo  onA  at%\ir\i^  ^^n«iU,,^^x^    ..— j 


waters  of 
a,  ohronio 
:  to  Prof, 
is  in  the 
nd  accom- 
3  valuable 
overished 

tain-nook 
ill  Moun- 
ittraot  by 
water. 


0. 


seventy-Bix 


era  has  not 
g  down  an 
biladelphia, 

aim. 

4.01 

8.89 

6.62 

0.01     • 

3.69 

1.78 

).00 

lat  these 


APPENDIX  .-,. 

ova 

"at/:?  t'::s' " " "' '"'  ""*  °'""'°'*' "  *-  '""*" 

Jiemark,.~The,e  springs  are  situated  in  a  picturesaue 
™<>u„  a'"  d-t"oe,  at  an  elevation  of  6,5.9  feet  aje  th  ? 

Chmna  Mountain  and  near  at  hand  is  tlio  famed  "Garden  of 
the  Gods."  In  addition  to  the  s,,ring  whieh  gives  „a,„e  to 
the  place  there  are  also  the  Navajo,  the  Ir„f  Ute,  tl  e  C^ 
manohe,   he  Pawnee,  the  Shoshone,  and  the  Arapahc^. 

The  c hraat^  of  this  portion  of  Colorado  has  lately  attract- 
ed eons.derable  attention  as  a  resort  for  persons  ^fferilg 
trom  pulmonary  diseases,  and,  with  due  regard  to  the  selectiof 
of  such  oases  as  retain  sufficient  vitality^  there  is  no  do"b" 
that  many  cases  of  phthisis  will  be  benefited,  if  not  cured"  by 
resorting  and  rema  ning  there.  Although  the  winter  are  of 
considerable  severity  when  compared  with  tropical  resorte 
y^t  as  a  result  of  the  dry  atmosphere  and  sunsh^y  a^°Z 

delightful,  the  temperature  at  Colorado  Springs  during  two 
successive  seasons  (1872-'73)  not  rising  above  90»  Fahf  the 

1^0  !^        r   ^'''"■-    '^"""S  ">«  y""'  fro-"  December  1 
1873,  to  December  1,  1873,  there  were  237  clear  days,  75  mI 
days  and  but  63  cloudy  days,  whUe  the  previous  ^ear  the 
number  o  cloudy  days  was  but  44.  As  a  resort  for  Xato 

MASSANETTA  SPBINas. 

Loeatlon.— Rockingham  County,  Virginia. 
Post-Offlee—Harrisonburg,  Rockingham  County,  Virrinia 

Hotel. 

th.  wT^^f""'^  qualitative  analysis  by  Prof,  Rogers  showed 
the  water  to  contain  narhnnio  „«h  — — .-      -     .. 

^  „.^^a,  ^A-jgexj,  ana  nitrogen,  in 


^ 


806 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


abundance ;  also,  chlorine,  iodine,  potassium,  sodium,  magne* 
sium,  iron,  calcium,  and  arsenic. 

Memarka. — These  springs  are  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Valley  of  Virginia,  near  the  peaks  of  Massanetta  Moun- 
tain.    They  were  formerly  called  Taylor's  SpHnga, 


K. 


NAPA  SODA  SPBINaS. 


Location,  tXtt—8ee  page  884 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint 

BOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

contains  (Lanzweert) : 

Grains. 
1.188 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
i  Carbonate  of  iron 

•            • 

.  8.266 
0.980 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•            * 

.       1.860 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.660 

Sulphate  of  soda 
Silicic  acid 

•            . 

.  0.280 
0.086 

Alumina 

Loss            .           . 

* 

•                        • 
_     i           il     _                  1 

•          1 

.  0.076 
0.810 

Total     . 

n... A'..         A _T?„ 

.     .       8,093 

Properties. — According  to  the  analysis,  this  is  an  alkaline- 
chalybeate  water. 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  at  an  elevation  of  about 
1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  Napa  Valley,  on  the  slope  of  the 
mountain.  There  is  a  great  number  of  them,  issuing  from  an 
area  of  about  thirty-five  acres.  Some  of  them  discharge  very 
little  water — others  enough  to  fill  an  inch-pipe.  Some  merely 
ooze  from  the  slate  formation  of  the  mountain. 

The  liquid  from  the  largest  spring  is  a  fine  quality  of 
natural  soda-water,  highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid,  and  in 
California  has  nearly  supplanted  all  importations.  Gasometers 
are  placed  over  the  larger  springs  to  collect  the  gas,  which  is 
there  conveyed  by  pipes  into  the  main  gasometer,  and  forced 
into  the  bottles  under  a  pressure  of  forty-five  to  sixty  pounds. 


m,  magnc' 

ist  side  of 
itta  Moun- 


}ntliiB. 
1.188 
8.266 
0.980 
1.860 
0.660 
0.230 
0.086 
0.078 
0.810 

8.093 

1  cUkcdine- 

of  about 
3pe  of  the 
g  from  an 
large  very 
ne  merely 

quality  of 
id,  and  in 
asometers 
1,  which  is 
,nd  forced 
y  pounds. 


APPENDIX. 


O. 


397 


ORKNEY    SPBINCa. 
Location,  ttt»—3ee  page  840. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  pint  ooDUtn*— 


SOLIDfl. 

Oarbonato  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  inagnosla. . . 

Carbonate  of  Iron .".'.' 

Carbonate  of  manganese! 

Carbonate  of  liuie ." 

Chloride  of  potassium.. 

Chloride  of  sodium '.'. 

Sulphate  of  potassa. . ....... 

Sulphate  of  magnesia. ..." 

Sulphate  of  alumina '. .' 

Sulphate  of  iron  (ferrous). . '. 
Sulphate  of  manganese 
Sulphate  of  lime. . . 

Sulphate  of  hthia. .     

Phosphate  of  Hole  (tribaalo); 
Sulphide  of  sodium.. 

Sulphuric  acid  (free).      

Silica ........; 

Organic  matter. ..... i " .' 


HttWag  Bpiiag, 

M.6*  F.hr. 
T.  W.  MalUt. 


Total. 


Oases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hvdrogea' 

Oxygen _" 

NlDogen 


Orarni. 

0.002 

0,141 

0.068 

0,001 

1.088 

0.004 

0.016 

0.028 

o.66i 


0.148 
0.662 

0^04 

U.680 

Cubic  In. 
0.48 

bii 

0.81 
(1874.) 


Powdn  BprlDg. 

B9.7*  I.«hr. 
T.  W.  HaUnt. 


Otalni, 
0.400 
0.869 
0.02T 
0.002 
0.47T 
0.008 
0.044 
0.020 

0.662 


0.210 

trace. 
0.066 

o.iia 

trace. 


t8.«*  Falir. 
T.  W.  MtlUu 


»1.W 

Cubic  in. 
0.89 
0.61 

0.89 
(1874.) 


Gratnt. 


o.oos 

0.011 
0.020 
0.806 
0.007 
0.667 

o'.oso 

0.008 
0.001 

0*644 
0.102 
0.008 


» 1.266 

Cubic  In. 

0.60 

0.05 

0.16 

(1874.) 


i^oper^e,^  These  springs  present  three  different  kinds 
of  waters.  The  Healing  Spring  is  an  alkalin^alcic  water 
with  sufficient  iron  to  adapt  it  to  anemic  cases.     Such  waters 

ly  when  the  disease  is  associated  with  debility.  The  Powder 
Spnng  zs  ^n  alkaline-mlphur  v^ater,  ^nd  in  addition  to  its 
adaptation  to  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs  may  be  expected 
to  prove  of  service  m  dyspepsia  of  the  gastritic  type.  The 
Bear-Wallow  Spring  is  a  chalybeaCe  water,  modi6cd  by  the 

per;  a  distinct  trace  of  sul^^e  of  b^^^ S^^^^  sulphate  of  cop- 

wdiment,  a  dUtinct  trace  o?  arsenic  '  "*  °'  ""'P'"*'  °'  '*™°"'^  «"'^' »"  "»« 


^98 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


presence  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  potassa,  and  sulphuric 
acid.  It  has  considerable  reputation  for  the  cure  of  chronic 
diarrhoea,  scrofula,  and  diseases  depending  on  impoverished 
blood. 

MemarJcs. — This  resort  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  east- 
ern slope  of  North  Mountain^  where  pure  air  may  be  enjoyed. 
The  Healing  Spring  is  about  one  mile  north  of  the  hotel.  The 
water  is  clear,  devoid  of  smell,  and  somewhat  styptic  in  taste. 
A  flooculent  whitish  sediment  accumulates  at  the  bottom  and 
sides  of  the  spring.  The  flow  is  thirty  gallons  per  hour. 
The  Powder  Spring  is  about  one  mile  and  a  quarter  in  an 
easterly  direction.  The  water  is  clear,  but  has  the  smell  and 
taste  due  to  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  The  Bear-Wallow  Spring 
is  within  the  grounds  of  the  hotel.  It  has  the  usual  taste  of 
chaly)^ate  waters,  and  deposits  an  ochreous  sediment  which 
is  used  by  visitors  as  an  application  to  indolent  ulcers. 


S. 


t 
t 
i: 
a 

B 

4 


P. 


r 


SEiaiiEB  SPBIHaS. 

Location! — ^Lake  County,  California. 

iccess. — ^From  San  Francisco,  or  Sacramento,  go  by  daily  boat  to  Yallejo, 
thence  by  rail  to  Calistoga,  thence  by  stage  to  Seigler  Valley. 

Remarks. — Seigler  Valley  is  about  five  miles  In  circum- 
ference, surrounded  by  mountains  of  very  picturesque  appear- 
ance. One  of  these  mountains,  from  which  the  valley  is 
named,  contains  the  springs,  which  vary  from  icy  coldness  to 
boiling  heat,  of  different  flavors  and  colors,  including  one  of 
cold  soda-water. 

Lake  County  is  well  called  the  "  Switzerland  of  California." 
Lying  at  an  elevation  of  about  1,500  feet  above  the  sea,  com- 
posed mainly  of  a  single  valley,  walled  all  around  by  moun- 
tains between  3,000  and  4,000  fe^t  high,  with  a  lake  in  the 
centre  of  it,  every  way  as  romantic  and  picturesque  ais  Lake 
Como,  and  a  climate  of  great  salubrity,  this  beautiful  Alpine 
region  is  destined  to  become  the  sanitarium  of  San  Francisco.* 

^  Stephen  Powers. 


sulphuric 
>f  chronic 
Dverished 

the  east- 
enjoyed. 
)tel.  The 
!  in  taste, 
ttom  and 
3er  hour, 
ter  in  an 
iraell  and 
>w  Spring 
.  taste  of 
nt  which 


to  Yallejo, 

a  circum- 
e  appear- 
valley  is 
Idness  to 
ig  one  of 

ilifomia." 
sea,  com- 
)y  raoun- 
ze  in  the 
ais  Lake 
il  Alpine 
rancisco.* 


APPENDIX. 


SLATEBVILLB  SPBIiraS. 


Jlf     r    ♦  P«f *"»«*«-Sl'^t«'^iUe,  Tompkins  County,  New  York. 
■  w«„      i,  w  '^°  °°  *^^  ^'*«  R^lroad,  thence  via  Delaware.  Lacka. 

«^r^!'  ,^J?;*»™/'^^»™'0°*be  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  t;e«  South- 
Hotels.— Hasbroucke,  Fountain. 

^«o/j,«-,. -According  to  an  analysis  by  B.  Hitchcocl^ 
these  waters  contain  1. 46  grain  solid  constituents  in  a  pint  of 
the  water;  the  amount  however,  of  each  ingredient,  consist- 

45*  Fahr  '^^  "'"  "  "''«"«*''^     Temperature, 

SPABTA  ABTBSIAN  WELL. 
W«?"  r*  '^Jft-Offl'^-Sparta.  Monroe  County.  Wisconsin. 

rJ^^Za^'Z     ^""^""1  "^  ^  ^'■^^'^  ^'^^'^-^  of  MUwaukee  &  St. 
i-aui  Kailroad,  170  miles  north-west  to  Sparta. 

Hotel. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pinf  contains 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  , 

Carbonate  of  iron  , 

Carbonate  of  manganese         , 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 

Carbonate  of  lithia 

Carbonate  of  stiontia 

Carbonate  of  baryta 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Phosphate  of  soda     . 
Phosphate  cf  alimina      , 
Iodide  of  sodium     . 
Silica    .  .  ,       *    ^ 

Hydric  sulphide 

Total      . 


(J.  M.  Hirsh): 


Ondns. 
0.016 
0.249 
1.083 
trace.' 
0.029 

trace.* 
0.002 
0.001 

trace.' 
0.014 
0.063 
0.066 
0.230 
0.018 
0.007 
0.006 

trace.' 
0.029 

trace.' 

1.812 


..l!^'u'S^J^'^n't^Tr'!'^'''''^^'^^^^<^bnt  in  reducing  to  the  nint  H 
„...,^  .,„.  Sg^,  ^^.^^^  ^0  ^^  jj^  ^j.  ^^j,^^  ^^  therefore  Is  noted  "  trace.-^"'  ~ 


400 


HINERiL  SPRINOS. 


I^qperties.— It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  this  is 
an  unusually  fine  chalybeate  water,  &  pure  chalybeate^  and  the 
iron  is  in  the  form  most  readily  assimilated,  that  of  a  oat^ 
bonate.  " 

SPENOEB  SPBINGS. 

Locati«ii  and  Post-Offlee.— Spencer  Springs,  Tioga  County,  New  York. 

Aeeess.— Prom  New  York,  via  Erie  Railroad,  io  Owego,  286  miles;  thence 
by  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  to  Candor  Station,  ten  miles; 
thence  Rix  miles  by  stage  to  springs. 

Hotel.— Spencer  Springs.  ^ 

Anali/si8.—A  qualitative  analysis  by  George  Hadley  shows 
the  sulphur  spring  to  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of 
carbonates  and  chlorides,  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  The 
iron-water,  besides  containing  considerable  iron,  also  holds 
alkaline  carbonates  in  solution. 


ST.  HELENA  WHITE   SXTLFHUB   SPBINQS. 

Location,  ttt»—See  "  White  Sulphur  Sprinqs,"  page  184,  which,  are  the 
same. 

ANALYSIS. » 


Om  pint  contatni— 

No.  8. 

8».6*  F«hr. 

Prof.  La  Conic 

No.  6. 
'      SS"  F»hr. 
Ptof.  Le  Conte. 

No.  7. 

6>.8<>  Fahr. 

Prof.  U  CoBto. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  uagneBia, 

Gntlni. 
0.077 
0.166 
2.716 
0.108 
0.146 
1.082 
0.881 

Gralni, 
0.070 
0.806 
2.961 
0.277 
0.107 
1.416 
0.281 

Onlni. 
0.646 
0.606 
0.779 
0.081 
0.097 
1.606 
0.203 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  ma^eslun 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda [',',', 

Sulphides  of  sodium  and  caldum 

Total 

4.664 

Cubic  In. 
0.76 

8367 

CoUo  In. 
0.68 

4.004 

Cnblo  in. 
trace. 

(Jab. 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Properties. — These  are  mild  saline-sulphur  waters,  with 
sufficient  sulphate  of  soda  to  render  them  aperient.  They 
will  undoubtedly  be  found  useful  in  many  of  the  diseases  to 
which  sulphur-waters  are  adapted.  Their  elevated  tempera- 
ture well  adapts  them  for  bathing  purposes. 

>  "Second  Biennial  Beport  Oalilbmls  State  Board  of  Health,"  by  Thomas  M.  Lossn. 
M.  D,  p.  186.  ^^ 


S 

q 

t< 
II 


APPENDBt 


401 


lat  this  is 
if  and  the 
of  a  oar* 


5W  York. 
les;  thence 
ten  milea; 


ey  shows 
>rtion  of 
3n.  The 
so  holds 


[chare  the 


No.  7. 
6».80  Fahr. 
rof.  L«  Contf. 

Gnini, 
0.646 
0.686 
0.779 
0.081 
0.09T 
1.606 
0.802 

4.004 

CaMola. 

tntoe. 


jrs,  with 
.  They 
eases  to 
tempera- 

B  M.  Logan, 


Jiemark8.—Thh  is  a  pleasant  resort  for  summer  tourists. 
The  springs  are  situated  in  a  deep,  romantic  cafion  of  Napa 
County,  about  two  miles  west  from  the  town  of  St  Helena. 

ST7MMIT  SODA  SPBINaS. 
IiMatlOH,  t)U,—See  page  382. 

ANALYSIS.' 

One  pint  contains: 
Solids.  fl_i__ 

Carbonate  of  soda  . 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Oxide  of  iron         .  , 

Potassa 

Silica  .  ... 

Alumina 


Total 
Gas. 

Carbonic  acid 


9.433 
Cub.  In. 
23.29 


I^operties.—AcGording  to  the  analysis,  these  are  chalpb- 
eate  waters,  containing  so  large  a  proportion  of  carbonic  acid 
as  to  hold  the  oxide  of  iron  in  solution  as  a  carbonate,  the 
form  most  readily  assimilated.  The  presence  of  alkaline  salts 
and  chloride  of  sodium  modifies  the  character  of  the  water. 

SWAYNZi'S  MAMMOTH  SPBINGS. 
Loeatton* — Henry  County,  Tennessee. 
P«8t-0fflee.— SpringviUe,  Henry  County,  Tennessee. 
Aeeess.— Springville  is  a  depot  on  the  Memphis  &  LouieviUe  Railroad, 
140  miles  east  of  Memphis,  thence  three  mUes  and  a  half  by  stage  to  springs! 
Hotel. — Springs. 

Anali/sis.—Frol  J.  M.  Saflford  has  made  an  analysis  of  a 
solid  residue  of  the  artesian  white  sulphur,  though  from  what 
quantity  of  water  is  not  stated,  showing  the  chief  constituents 
to  be  chlorides,  carbonates,  and  sulphates,  the  chlorides  being 
in  excess.  There  is  also  a  large  quantity  of  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen in  the  water. 

»  "Second  Biennial  Esport  C!.-«f«m}a  State  BoaM  of  Health,"  p.  215. 


402 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


JPropertiea. — ^The  water  is  undoubtedly  of  the  saline-sul- 
phur  class. 

i?6mor^.— Besides  the  spring  analyzed,  there  are  twelve 
others  at  this  resort.  The  Artesian  « is  a  natural  wonder, 
supplying  fifteen  barrels  per  minute,  through  a  four-foot  res- 
ervoir, and  capable  of  rising  by  its  own  force  eighteen  feet." 

T. 


TBITON  SFBINa. 

Loeatton.— Saratoga,  about  two  mUes  south  of  the  village. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (60*  Fahr.   S.  P.  Sharpies) : 
Solids.  *^     ' 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  lithia 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Carbonate  of  baryta 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  sodium    . 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Alumina 

Silica 

Total 
Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 


TITLE  mVEB  SODA  SSTCnSQt, 


Grains. 

5.861 

6.221 

0.141 

11.407 

0.403 

trace. 

0.102 

2.123 

29.812 

trace. 

0.006 

0.226 

trace. 

trace. 

0.160 

66.460 
Oab.ln. 
46.10 
(1872) 


Location. — Tulare  County,  California. 

iecess.— Take  the  San  Joaquin  VaUey  Railroad  at  Stockton  and  ride  to 
Visalia,  thence  by  daUy  stage  to  PortervUle,  thence  about  fifteen  mUes  by 
private  conveyance. 

Hotel. 


I 


APPENDIX. 


Jine-sul- 

)  twelve 
wonder, 
!bot  res- 
feet." 


408 


Jiemarks.— This  spring  was  brought  into  notice  in  1870 
by  Dr.  E.  B.  Bateman.  It  issues  from  a  crevice  at  the  foot 
of  an  immense  granite  bowlder,  on  the  bank  of  a  little  brook 
and  is  an  agreeable,  pungent  water,  highly  charged  with  carl 
bomc-acid  gas.  It  is  in  a  wild  mountain-region,  and  forms  a 
most  grateful  retreat  from  the  fervent  heat  of  Tukre  Valley 
Near  by  is  the  Painted  Rock,  a  cavern  whose  walls  are  cov- 
ered with  rude  figures  of  men  and  animald,  sketched  by  sonfe 
extinct  race.* 


la. 
31 
21 
11 
)7 
)3 
e. 
)2 
S3 
12 
e. 
\5 
IS 
e. 
e. 
0 

0 
1. 


IJ. 
UNION  SPBINa. 


172) 


ride  to 
oiles  bj 


L«catl«i* — Saratoga  Springs. 


ANALYSIS 
One  pint  contains  (48°  Fahr 

SOUDS. 

Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Carbonate  of  lithia 
Carbonate  (S  baryta  . 
Carbonate  of  strontia 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Phosphate  of  soda 
Iodide  of  sodium 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Fluoride  of  calcium   . 
Biborate  of  soda  . 
Alumina 
Silica 
Organic  matter 

Total 
Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 


Stephen  Powem. 


C.  F.  Chandler) : 


Graiiis. 
-  1.471 
8.126 
0.024 
8.306 
0.236 
0.176 
trace. 
1.092 
67.287 
0.227 
0.008 
0.006 
0.168 
trace, 
trace. 
0.040 
0.331 
trace. 

77.676 
Gab.  in. 
48.12 
(1873) 


404 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


V. 

VALHEBUOSO  SPRINaS. 

LMltfoii  and  Po8t^)fflce*—-yalhermoao  Springs,  Morgan  County,  Alabama* 
Amcm.— From  Decatur,  a  station  on  the  Memphis  &  Charleston  Railroad, 
188  miles  east  from  Memphis,  via  steamboat  on  Tennessee  River,  twenty-fire 
miles  to  landing,  thence  two  miles  and  a  half  to  the  sprmgs. 
Hotel* — ^Valhermoso.' 

AncUyais. — ^None.  The  waters  are  said  to  be  sulphur  and 
chalybeate. 

JRemarks. — ^The  resort  is  situated  amid  the  spurs  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains,  and  the  nights  are  cool.  Cascades 
and  oaves  invite  the  visitor  to  morning  rambles.  Previous  to 
the  war  this  was  a  popular  watering-place,  known  as  "  Mor- 
gan County,"  "Manning's,"  "Wallace's"  Springs,  etc. 


VZOHY  SPBINaS. 
LocattoB,  etc*— /S(S«  page  838. 


ANALYSIS.! 

* 

One  pint  contains : 

Solids. 

Orainf. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

•           *           •           • 

lt.440 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•           •           •           ,  • 

2.8Y8 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•           •           •           . 

4.200 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•           •           « 

1.600 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

•           •           •           . 

6.260 

Oxide  of  iron 

•           •           • 

0.600 

SiUca 

•           •           •           * 
•           •           . 

trace. 

Total 

.      81.868 

Oas. 

Onb.  in.      , 

Carbonic  acid 

•           •           •           . 

29.8K 

VICHY. 
Location,  tit,— See  page  841.  • 

»  "Second  Biennial  Report  CaBfomia  State  Board  of  Health,"  p.  180. 


APPENDIX. 
ANALYSIS. » 


405 


On*  pint  oooMii»— 


OoiNtWalli. 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  potassa 

Garbonat*  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia... '.' 

Carbonate  of  iron .' 

Carbonate  of  manganese. .'. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  strontla 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Snlphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  soda. ..'.'.','. 

Borate  of  soda. ." 

Arseniateof  soda..  .    *  !" 

SlUca ......'; 

Bituminous  organic  matter! 


ElintMlh. 

»».»•  Fahr. 

Boaqntt. 


Total. 


Gas. 

Carbonic  acid. 


Gralnf. 
1.401 

24.481 
1.990 
0.110 

traces. 

8.S86 

0.010 

8.416 

2.782 

traces. 

traces. 
0.021 

0.248 

traces. 


su.  Mmi*. 

M.i*  F«lir. 

Bouqmt. 


88.0S4 

CnUoin. 
27.88 


Oralni. 
1.460 

26.200 
2.008 
0.281 
traces. 
8.008 
0.010  •• 
8.80T 
2.482 

traces. 

traces. 

0.021 

0.182 

traces. 


89.444 

OaUeln. 
26.80 


I'roperttes.-These  waters,  as  will  be  seen  on  comparison 
of  analyses,  are  of  the  same  character  as  the  Grande  Grille 
Says  Durand-Fardel :  «  The  waters  of  Cusset  take  part  in  the 
reff^men  of  Vichy;  their  origin  is  without  doubt  identical; 
their  composition  and  their  therapeutic  applications  are  ob- 
viously  the  same."  It  should  be  noticed,  however,  that  the 
Ste  Mane  weU  is  stronger  in  iron  than  any  other  waters  of 
Vichy.    These  waters  bear  transportation  exceedingly  well. 

Iiemarks.--The  wells  of  Cusset  are  not  quite  two  miles 
distant  from  Vichy.  They  were  bored  about  the  year  1860, 
the  Ste.  Mane  having  been  sunk  to  the  depth  of  379  feet,  and 
the  Elizabeth  to  the  depth  of  395  feet. 


VIOTOB  SPBINa. 

LoMtlOD  and  Post^MBee—Darien  Centre,  Geneaee  County,  New  York, 
nf  **«!f-^*"«»»  a  station  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  twenty-five  miles  east 
of  Buffalo,  from  which.the  spring  is  one  mUe  and  a  half  distant. 

Hdtel* — ^Boarding-bouse. 

Analysis.— According  to  an  analysis  by  Prof.  Hadley,  this 


»  «  Dlotionnalre  des  Eaux  Min6rales,"  par  Durand-Fardel.  tome  1..  n. 


Rig. 


406 


MIKEBAL  SPRINGa 


water  oontains  105  grains  of  solid  constituents  in  a  pint.    It 
is  said  to  be  rich  in  chlorides,  bromides,  iodides,  and  iron. 

Jh-operties. — ^Tbe  water  is  pleasant  to  the  taste  and  seems 
to  belong  to  the  alkaline-saline  class. 


Z. 

ZEIE-ZEK  SPBINaS. 

LoeatloB* — ^Napa  Oounty,  Oaliforaia,  on  Etlquary  Creek,  forty  miles  from 
Napa  City. 

Access* — By  direct  road  to  Clear  Lake,  via  Berryepsa  Valley. 

Analysis. — ^An  incomplete  one  shows  the  water  to  con- 
tain sulphur,  iron,  and  magnesia,  in  considerable  quantity. 
The  water  is  cold  and  very  palatable,  temperature  64°  Fahr. 

Memarks, — ^The  peculiar  name  of  this  spring  is  that  of 
"the  holy  well  in  Mecca." 


pint.     It 
ron. 
,d  seems 


GEJSTERAL    INDEX. 


niles  from 


to  con- 
[uantity. 
4"  Fahr. 

that  of 


A.  I 

Abdominal  plethora 'lai     -^Visd  Mattiaoss oS 

Acid,  apoorenio '.'.'.'.'.'.    60  '  Areenio  

boraoio .*.'.'!*'*'    «o 

oarbonio .'.'.'!.'.'.'.*    68 

in  baths '.'.'.'.'.    64 


orenic.< 


60 


fluohydrio !!.*!!!.*    60 

nitric *"*    qq 

organic '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.    60 

Acne 2Qi^ 

Action  of  mineral  waters ......"    86 

l^'^firea 856 

5'«,T®i 8«8 

Carlsbad 868 

Oontrexville .'!!!!!*  867 

£ms 843 

g?8*ein ."!.*.*.'!!!.'  870 

KissiDgen 847 

Luchon 


Ascending  douche i  so 

Asthma.: ;;;..; gj 

Ataxia,  locomotor.... gs 

Atlantic  ocean !!!!,'!!.'  876 


Schlangenbad ." '  87i 

S?^y  ^ 842 

Wiesbaden 848 

^dipsus WW      J 

Ague  (8ee  IirrBBiaTTxirT  FaviW).' 
Albuminuria /,.  iqi 

A  i^Ll*  "j"  •.*••• ',. 62 

Alibert,  advice  of u^ 

Alkaline  waters .' .'  144 

alterative  action  of .' .' ' .'    43 

immediate  action  of ,'.    41 

muriated \[    3^ 

Alum-waters \[  286 

Aluminous-chalybeate  waters  .' . !    73 

Amenorrhoea 102 

Analyses,  imperfections  of. ...'.'!    43 

of  seas 876 

Anasarca '.'.,"    78 

Aniemia '.".eV,  80'  236 

Anchylosis 107  285 

Ancient  baths j 

perfumes !*.!!.'.*.'!      7 

Antimony '"    qq 

Aqua  Soils .,[ 3 

Aqufflgrani '.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.  856 

GratianaB.,  ,  ""s* 


B. 

Badfriesel « 

bILT:"! V.V.V.V4V180 

Bar^gine '.'.'.'.'. ', \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  \l 

Bath,  carbonic  acid. . .  .'.*.'.'.'  *  *  64'  142 

f^^^ 'm 

J®^*"" 44,130 

{fo* 140 

?^*--, 182 

not-air 186 

medicated 141 

mud '.'.'.'.'.  140 

Bussian .'.*.'!'  184 

f*°d .'.'69,141 

shower i89 

f'*'=-r .*!.*.'  189 

?P<*"' ' 189 

temperate 129 

l«PiJ;v *.'*.*  129 

■^"rkish 186,188 

^«Por 'i84 

Warm..... J29 

Baths,  ancient ...*.'.'!...  I-IO 

Roman 0 

^f^rippa. ..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;   4 

oJAgrippina 9 

ot  Caraealla 4 

of  Diocletian 4 

Bathing,  sea '.'.'.*.','.'  876 

time  for ' "  j ji* 

Bioarbonates * .' .' 5] 

Biliary  ducts,  catarrh  of! '.'.'.'.'.'..'    93 

xiitterwasser 862 

Bladder,  catarrh  of  the'.'.lOo" 'l45,  268 

flowing  cave '  ggs 

aoileau,  letter  of,  to  Racine  .' ,"  .* .' ."  116 


yipi" 


<mmmw4'i>'mH 


40(3 


INDEX. 


PAQI 

Borax 60 

Bottlinjc 11* 

BracoioUni,  Pogffio,  on  Baden. . .     10 
Brtght'B  diHeaHo  (tet  Albuminuria). 

Briiie,  graduated 852 

Brines 161 

Bromides 69 

Bronohltls,  ohronio 88, 146 

Brusa ....      8 

Bullet-wounds 110 

C. 

Oadieotio  diseasos 66 

Oaloio  waters 268 

immediate  action  of. 42 

Calculus 99,  268 

renal 100 

Cancer 78,164 

Caraoalla,  baths  of 4 

Carbonates 61 

Carbonic  acid 68 

bath 64, 108, 142,  858,  861 

solvent  powers  of 49 

waters  containing 42 

Carburetted  hydrogen 65 

Cardialgia 93 

Caries 109 

Casotis 1 

Caspian  Sea,  analysis  of. 876 

Catarrh  of  the  biliarv  ducts 98 

bladder 100, 145,  268 

uterus , 101 

Chalybeate  waters 285 

alterative  action  of 44 

Change  of  air 87 

of  scene 88 

Charles  Eiver,  analysis  of 16 

Chemical  constituents 48 

Chlorides 54 

Chlorosis 80,  285 

Chronic  diseases 66 

Classification  of  mineral  waters. .    82 

authors 84 

French 83 

German 82 

Clergymen's  sore-throat 86 

Climatology  of  resorts 112 

Cold  bath 127 

Colic,  hepatic 96 

Color,  of  mineral  waters 22 

Constipation 94 

Constituents  of  mineral  waters. .    48 

Constitutional  diseases 66 

Consumption 88,  90 

Consumptives,  resorts  for. . .  185,  296 

Contractions  of  muscles 108,  286 

Copper 60 

Coxalgia 109 

Crenio  acid 60 

Crisis 116 


FAoa 

Croton  Bivor,  analysis  of 16 

Cure,  whey 118 

grape 118 

Customs  in  baths,  ancient 6 

DartrouB  diseases 104 

Dax a 

Dead  Sea,  analysis  of  the 876 

Deposits 61,  171 

Descending  douche 189 

Diabetes  mellitua 76, 146 

Diarrhoea,  chronic 77,  286 

Diocletian,  baths  of 4 

Diseases,  chronic 66 

surgical 107 

of  the  digestive  organs 90 

of  the  heart 86 

of  the  liver 96,262 

of  the  nervous  system .../....    81 
of  the  respiratory  organs ....     86 

of  the  skin 104 

of  the  urinary  organs 98 

of  the  uterus 101 

Douche,  the 188 

Drinking  mineral  waters 114 

Dropsy 78 

of  joints 108 

Drowned,  resuscitation  of  the. . .  878 

Dysentery,  chronic 77 

Dysmenorrhcea 108 

Dyspepsia 90, 145, 161,  268 

E. 

Earthquakes,  effect  of,  on  springs    60 

Eczema 105,  286 

Electricity 26 

Elevation,  of  resorts 112 

Engorged  liver 96, 180 

European  spas 872 

Extracts  of  waters 118 

P. 

Fan  douche 189 

Fatty  liver 97 

Ferruginea,  Gallionella 62 

Flag  rock 823 

Fluorides 60 

Foot-bath 140 

French  military  hospitals 110 

Fumigation 141 

G. 

Gall-stones 96, 146, 161,  262 

Gallionella  Ferruginea 62 

Gambling  at  Baden 12 

Gastein-water,  action  of 870 

Gastraljria » ^  ^  ».».  =  ...  ^     98 


INDEX. 


409 


Oaatrio  oaturh 99,  Hs'mI 

Gastric  uloer .,.        93 

QBBtrltlB,  ohronlo 9l' 'i«,  262 

Glairino gj 

Gout. . . .  68  69,  Hi,  161, 181,  262,  286 

Graduftted  brine 862 

Grape-oure "  *  ug 

G'»vel 98,144,268 

H. 

Hffimaturia joo 

Haemorrhoids ."'94  igi 

Hadrian,  anecdote  of '     7 

Hairs,  Marshall,  method  of  re- 

suscitating  the  drowned. . ,  878 

Heart,  diseases  of  the 86 

Hemiplegia gi 

■Mepatic  colio 99 

Hjarpetio  diseases .*.'.'.'.'  104 

Hip-joint  disease 109 

Horace,  quotation  from 2 

Hospitals,  military,  at  springs. , .  110 

Hot-air  bath ; . . . .  186 

Hot  bath 182 

Hot  sand  douche ,*    59 

Hydrarthrosis ,',  108 

gydrosin 61,62 

Hydrogen,  carburettcd 66 

sulphuretted 64 

.  Hypochondria gs 

Hysteria g^ 

I. 

lotems  (m«  JAtnmiox). 

Impetigo 105 

Intermittent  fever 77 

springs 'I    21 

Inydids,  advice  to 112, 116, 117 

Iodides sg 


Lead, 


60 


James.  Constantino,  on  Leuk. ...    12 

Jaundice. 98, 146, 161 

Jomts,  stiffened. 68 

K. 

Kedzie,  on  magnetic  wells 29 

Kidneys,  Bright's  disease  of  the. .  101 
Kreuznach  treatment 862 


L. 


Laryngeal  catarrh 

phthisis 

Lai^ngitiB,  chronic ..,,,,,,,,,,, 
Laws  concerning  ancient  baths. 
17 


86 
88 
fiR 

8 


Letters,  to  proprietors  of  reVorti  ilS 

Leucorrhoea log,  m 

ijiohen iQd'  2g(i 

Liver,  engorged '. '. .  96!  269 

•  latty _    ^ 


Magnetism 27 

Medicated  baths '.'.'.'.'.'.  141 

Meditorrunoan  Sea .', 876 

Menstruation,  painful '.'..'/,  108 

suppression  of ,"  102 

Metallic  poisoning,  chronic.'.  .76,  181 

Metritis,  v.iironic 101 

Mineral  springs,  life  at. ...!!,".' .'  114 

Mineral  water,  action  of |    86 

action  o^  Bareges 866 

action  of,  Bigarre 868 

action  of,  Carisbad 868 

action  of  Contrexville 867 

action  of.  Ems 848 

action  of,  Gastein ,.'.'.'.  870 

action  on  Kissingen 847 

action  of,  Luchon ."  868 

action  of  Schlangenbad 871 

action  of,  Vichy '342 

action  of,  Wiesbaden .'  843 

bottling 118 

olassiflcation  of '.'.'.'.'.      84 

color  of \\["    23 

constituents  of. ........"  .* .'  * .' .'    43 

definition  of ' .'  .*    14 

electricity  in '.'.'.'.'.'.    26 

extracts  of '*','*  118 

invariability  of  constitution  of   60 

magnetism  of 27 

odor  of WW    28 

prescription  of .*.'.'.''  m 

salts  of *  118 

soaps.. :;;;;  ii8 

taste  of 28 

temperature  of. ."*'*'    24 

texture  of .'.'WW.    24 

time  for  drinking .'.'.*.'.*  114 

treatment  by ' . '  ng 

Monas  sulfuraria W.'.'.    62 

Mont^gne,  on  Baden "    10 

w^'i^v^^Z®  ••.••-., 162,  862 

Mud  bath,  mmeral.  .140,  290,  850, 

^  859, 866 

Musa '     Q 


Necrosis 109 

Neuralgia '.gV  ggs 

Nitrates go 

Nitrogen ,,.  "' 

North  Sea,  analysis  of  the! ! ! ! ! ! !  875 


II 


410 


INDEX. 


O. 

tAom 

Odor  of  mineral  waters 28 

OllineHs  of  WAtflrs 24 

Old  woundi 110,  181 

Organic  acids 60 

Organic  matter 34,  42 

substances 61 

Osoillaires 62 

Oxygen 66 

P. 

Poralysls 81,  161,  286 

Paraplegia 82,  285 

Pealcs  of  Otter 259 

Peprs,  on  batlis 11 

Ponumes.  ancient 7 

Petrified  forest ; .  290 

Pharyngitis,  chronic 88 

Phosphates 69 

Phthysis,  laryngoa 88 

Piles  (<M  Ujbhobbhoidb). 

Pityriasis 106 

Pliny,  on  springs 2,    21 

Poustde,  la 45 

Prescription  of  waters Ill 

Prurigo 107 

Psoriasis .106,  286 

Psydraoia  thermalis ' 45 

Purgative  waters 261 

R. 

Benal  calculus 100 

Kesplratory  organs,  diseases   of 

the, 86 

Besv/rts,  climatology  of 112 

early 171 

elevation  of 112 

recreations  at 114 

Bheumatlsm 67,  69, 161, 181,  286 

Blng  douche 189 

Blvers,  analyses  of 16 

Bule,  as  to  dlseasea 66 

as  to  time  for  treatment. ...     66 
BuBslan  bath 184 

S. 

Saline  waters 160 

alterative  action  of 44 

Salts,  Grab  Orchard 268 

Epsom 261 

or  mineral  waters 113 

Sand-bath 141 

douche 69 

Schuylkill  Blver,  analysis  of  the. .    16 

Scrofula 78,161,236 

Scrofulous  skln-dlseases 107 

Se»-alr 873 

bath 876 

water 874 


PAoa 

Sea-side  resorts 878 

Atlantic  City 882 

Cape  May 881 

CliolHea  Boach.... 880 

Oonoy  Ittland 881 

Cushiiig's  Island 879 

Hampton  Beach 880 

Long  Branch 881 

Nahant 880 

Naragansett  Pier 880 

Newport 880 

Bockaway 381 

Rye  Beuoh 279 

Swampscott 880 

Sedlitz  powders 368 

tieneca,  description  of  BaisB 0 

on  ancient  baths 7 

Shasta's  peak 288 

Showor-bnth 139 

Silicates 69 

in  glairlnes 61 

In  Hulfuraria 62 

waters  containing 24 

Sitz-bath 189 

Skin,  anatomy  of  the 120 

aisoases  of  the 104 

£\inotlon  of  tho 122 

normal  condition  of  the 126 

Soaps,  mineral  water 118 

Soda-water 68 

Spas,  European 341 

Spout-bath 189 

Springs,  ascending 19 

descending 20 

intermittent 21 

origin  of 14 

Tuscan,  geological  section  of  20 

Saratoga,  geological  section  of  18 

St.  Lawrence  River,  analysis  of. .  16 

St.  Nicholas 1 

St.  Patrious,  on  hot  springs 26 

Sterility 108, 276 

Stiff  joints 68, 181 

Stone  {set  Calculus). 

Substitution,  cure  by 45 

Sulfuraria 61 

Sulfurhydrlne 61 

Sulphates 67 

Sulphur-waters ; 180 

alterative  action  of 44 

Immediate  action  of 42 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 64 

Surgical,  diseases 107 

Swope's  Mountain 230 

Syphilis 78,  76, 181,  286 

Syphilitic  skin-diseases 107 

T. 

Tarbellum 2 

Taste  of  mineral  waters 28 


INDEX 


411 


Tekahsrawa  Falls '  01 S 

Temperate  bath .y..         i£ 

Tomperttturo  HtBeorshebaSpri'nKB  250 

nealm^Hprin^a :.„.!.  826 

KookhridKe  Alum 266 

oantft  JJarbura 000 

Sweet  Chalybeate :;;:  268 

of  the  batli 130 

of  minerol  wutera oj 

Tepid  bath ,?J 

Texture  of  waterB:::;:;:::: I! 

TherapouticB " "     «? 

Thermal  waters ...'.'.'.         284 

action  of !  "ii  mk 

ThermopyltB \\\\     '  "J 

Time  for  using  mineral  waters. ." '.    66 

■^'D , «A 

Treatment,  preliminary . ,' !  .* .' ' ' '  *  im 

time  required  for ',,[  115 

to  oommence jjj 

Trousseau,  quotation  from. !."!!'    45 

T&hbath;.v.v.v.v.v.'V'"'15J 

Tuscan  sprinirs,  section  of .'.    20 

lyndall,  oii  thermo-electricity...  285 

U. 

Ulcer,  chronic 109 

gastric .'.'.'.'."*  98 

Ulcerations  of  the  uterus !!!!!!!!  101 


•••••as*     OOX 


Unclassified  waters... 

UnlverHal  douche 

Urinary  organs,  diseases  of  the! .     98 
Uterus,  diseases  of  the loi 


189 


Vapor-bath jg^ 

Vesical  catarrh !.'.'.'.*.'!  100 

W. 

Warm  bath ]29 

Washington's  property  at  Berk'e- 

loy 279 

Water,  absorption  of. '.'.'.'.'.    40 

action  of 40,96 

in  the  body g j 

of  constitution '.!*.!',!*..*    48 

properties  of ,"'    14 

«r,"o<^a- •.••.•••• '.'.'.*     68 

Whey,  action  of. g? 

cure...     118,878 

White  swelling 109 

W  omb,  diseases  of  the  (tee  Uterus). 
Wounds,  old 1 


Zinc... ... 

Zymotic  diseases. 


Z. 


110 


60 


AMERICAN    SPRINGS. 


Adams,  Cal 

Adams  County,  O. .'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.." 

Agua  Caliente,  N.  M ! 

Alabaster  Cave,  Cal "  61 

Albany,  Artesian,  N.  Y ' 

Alburg,  Vt 

Alleghany,  Va !.!..'.','!!!.*! 

Alpena,  Mich 28 

Amherst,  N.  H '.*.*. . . .' 

Augusta,  Vi 
Avon 


174 

887 

888 

247 

809 

881 

179 

217 

279 

201 

888 

257 

208 

Bailey,  Ala 286 

Ballston,  N.  Y 175 

Bartlett,  CaJ !!!.*!!*.  888 

Bath  Alum,  Va ....'!.'  256 

Bedford,  Pa 264 

Bedford,  Ky [//  199 

Bedford  Alum,  Va .'         259 

g«er,Or         ;;  266 

Beersheba,  Teun 250 

Berkeley,  W.  Va 1 VV  ^TT 

Bsrksghir=  «=.-..-q=  »»=- ^  '  -?" 


y.  V!: 


Bethesda,  Wis 28I 

Bethesda,  Ga ."!!.*!!'.!  886 

Big  Bone,  Ky loo 

Birch  Dale,  N.  H '/,',',,',  JJ? 

Bladon,  Ala j^g 

BloBsburgj  Pa ...*!!.'.*!*  248 

Blount,  Ala 192 

Blue  Lick,  Upper,  Ky. . . .'.. .' ." .' .' .'  .*  1 91 

Blue  Lick,  Lower,  Ky 192 

Blue  Ridge,  Va 889 

Blue  Sulphur,  W.  Va ',',[  284 

Botetourt,  Va "  900 

Bradford,  N.  H '.'.'.'.'.'" 


t  V  t J  vaS,  ju  a83 . . .  , 


i 

S90   i 


Buffalo.  Va 

Burners,  Va '.".'.'!'.'.'.  225 

Butterworth's,  Mich .'..'.'.'.*.'  2C9 

Caledonia,  Can 163,  188 

Call  stoga,  Cal 289 

c«pon,"w.  Va ::::::::  i5s 

Capper's    Va 339 

Carlisle,  Pa 2I6 

Catoosa,  Ga .'.'.'.*,*  240 

Central,  Vt ][[  15B 

uLtuieston,  Artesian,  S.  C. . ! ! ! .  i  179 


il2 


INDEX 


PAoa 


Oharlotsville,  Can 186 

Cherry  Valley 210 

Chittenango,  N.  Y 206 

Church  Hni,  Va 258 

Clarendon,  Vt 274 

Clifton,N,  Y 211 

Cold  Whifcs  Sulphur,  Va 224 

Columbia,  N.  Y 212 

Columbian.  N.  Y 178 

Congress,  Cal 147 

Congress,  N.  Y 50, 172 

Cooper's  Well,  Miss 244 

Coyner's,  Va 222 

Crab  Oronard,  Ky 262 

CresBon,  Pa 248 

Crystal,  Cal 884 

Crystal,  N.  Y 174 

Daggar's,  Va 226 

Des  Chutes,  Or 816 

De  Soto,  La. 2OO 

Dibrell's,  Va 226 

Drennon,  Ky 199 

Dryden,  N.  Y 205 

Eaton  Tiapids,  Mich 28,  270 

Eggleston's,  Va 223 

EWVt 267 

ElRs,  N.  Y 174 

Empire,  N.  Y 178 

Esuulapia,  Ky 195 

Estill,  Ky 197,  241,  262 

Eureka,  N.Y .....174 

Excelsior,  Saratoga,  N.  Y 174 

Excelsior,  Syracuse,  N.  Y 176 

Fauquier,  Va 224 

Fayette,  Pa 249 

Flint,  Mich 836 

Fox,Ky 197 

French  Lick,  Ind 186 

Fruit  Port,  Mich 167 

Fry's  Soda,  Cal 


PAGB 


Gettysburg,  Pa... 278 

Geyser,  N.  Y 28,  68, 175 

Geysers,  ChI 290 

Geysers,  Wyo 51,  826 

Gilroy,  Cal 303 

Glenn,  8.  C 215 

Grand  Ledge.  Mich 337 

Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah 215 

Grfien  Brier,  W.  Va 227 

Green  Castle,  Ind 240 

Green  Cove,  Fla 185 

Grayson,  Ky 195 

Grayson,  Va 226 

Hamilton,  N.  Y 173 

Harbino's,  Cal 834 

Harrodsburg,  Ky 264 


Hathom,  N.  Y 174 

Healing,  Va 80,  828 

High  Rook,  N.Y 51,170 

Highgate,  Vt 219 

Holston,  Va 282 

Hopkinton,  Mass 242 

Hot,  Ark 286 

Hot,  Va •. 817 

Hubbardston,  Mich 272 

Huguenot,  Va 226 

Idaho,  Col 804 

Indian,  Ga. . . , 189 

Indian,  Ind 188 

Jordan's,  Va .    2I8 


Knightstown,  lud 242 

Lafayette,  Ind 190 

Lake  Sulphur,  N.  Y 174 

Lake  Tahoe,  Cal 808 

Lansing,  Mich 164 

Latonia,  Ky 887 

Lebanon,  N.  Y 810 

Leslie,  Mich 271 

Lodi,  Ind 189 

Longmuir's,  N.  Y 209 

Louisville,  Artesian,  Ky 198 

Lower  Blue  Lick,  Ky 192 

Lower  Soda,  Or. 158 

Madison,  Ga 241 

Massena,  N.  Y 204 

Middle  Park,  Col 806 

Middletown,  Vt 157 

Midland,  Mich 266 

Mineral,  N.  J 247 

Mineral,  0 247 

Minnequa,  Pa 214 

Missisquoi,  Vt 156 

Montgomery,  Va 224 

Montvale,  Tenn 249 

Napa  Soda,  Cal 834 

Newbury,  Vt 220 

Oak  Orchard,  N.  Y 58,  245 

Ocean,  Miss 245 

Old  Sweet,  W.  Va 24,  268,  275 

Olympian,  Ky 196 

Orange,  Fla 335 

Orkney,  Va 340 

Owosso,  Mich 243 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va 389 

Paroquet,  Ky 194 

Paso  Kobles,  Cal 298 

Pavilion,  N.  Y 173 

Perry,Ill 148 

Piedmont.  Cal 184 


INDEX. 


418 


PAoa 


Piedmont,  Tox 838 

Plantagenet,  Can 168 

Puebia,  Nev gi    gio 

p"j«»ki>a ;.•;;;;;;;;":  SI 

Putnam,  N.  Y 173 

RftwW.Va 260 

Bed,  N.  Y 174 

K^'lSulphur,  Ga .■..*.'!.'.*.'  186 

T?  ^Q       .  Vr 62,89,  281 

Bed  Sweet,  Va 61    251 

Biohfleid,  if.  Y ;;. '  207 

Eoaiioke  Bed  Sulphur,  Va. .' .'  .* ! .' .'  226 
Eookbridgo  Alum,  Va. .'. .  .20,  80.  258 

Baths,  Va '..;  157 

Booky  Mountain,  Col 885 


Salt  Lake,  Utah 

Salt  Sulphur,  W.  Va. ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'. 

San  Bernardino,  Cal ', 

Sandwich,  Can 

San Bufael,  Cal '.'.'.'.'."" 

Santa  Barbara,  Cal 

Saratoga,  N.  Y 

Schooley's  Mountain,  N.  J. ! !  .* ! " 
Schuyler  Co.,  111........ 

Seltzer,  Cal.. 

N.  Y '.'.'.'.'."" 

Seven  Fountains,  Va 

Shannondale,  W.  Va 

Sharon,  N.  Y '  202 

Sheldon  Vt. 78,153; 

Shooco,  N.  C , . ' 

Sitka,  Alaska 

Skaggs,  Cal !!!.'."!!!! 

Spring  Lake,  Mich *  28* 

St.  Catiiorine,  Can 

St.  Leon,  Can .'!.!!!!'. 

St.  Louis,  Mich '.*.'.*.28* 

St.  Louis,  Artesian,  Mo. . .  .".'.* '    ' 

Stafford,  Conn 

Star,N.Y '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Stribling's,  Va '.*'.'  220*, 


820 

229 

301 

182 

884 

295 

168 

243 

242 

148 

173 

226 

840 

247 

156 

218 

216 

808 

166 

161 

334 

150 

167 

239 

178 

257 


Summit,  Cal : 'gSS 

Sweet,  W.  Va. 24,"  268*,  275 

Sweet  Chalybeate 251 

Togus,  Me oofl 

Trfnity,  Ind .' .' .' .' .' ."  .* .' .'  ?^ 

'"  ""  "882 


Tuscan,  Cal .19* 

United  States,  N.  Y. . .  ,  174 

Upper  Blue  Lick,  Ky... .'.'.'.'..'/,',  191 

Vallejo,  Cal ig. 

Vallouia,N.Y ;;:  33I 

Varennes.Can 335 

Variety,  Va. [[l  260 

Vermont,  Vt 15^ 

Versailles.  Ill 149 

Viohy,CaI. ::;  333 

Volcano,  Nev 313 

Warm,  Qa 

N.C 

Va *.*.*.'.*****24; 

Warner's  Banch,  Cal '  ^ 

Warren,  N.  C 

Washington,  N.  Y.  ..."."'*"***' 

weidenfvt........ ::::::: 

West  Baden,  Ind 

White,N.  Y 

White  Sulphur,  Cal .'.*,"" 

La 

N.C 

N.  Y 

o ;;;;;; 

Greenbrier,  W.  Va '..'.'.'. 

Montgomery,  Va '.'.'... 

Saratoga,  N.  Y 

and  Tar,  Ky.. 

Wilhoit's,  Or... ;.* 

Yellow,  0 272 

Yellow  Sulphur,  Va....".* ooj 

York,  Pa ;:;;  215 


810 

807 

821 

800 

218 

173 

157 

187 

178 

184 

200 

214 

212 

213 

227 

224 

174 

200 

178 


EUROPEAN   SPAS. 


Spa 


Belgium. 


860 


England. 

Aqua  Solia o 

Bath I 

fift«" ::::::::::::  5? 

^^P^ona 67,261 


Ihtnee. 


&hi. 


Aix-la-Chapelle 354 

Aix-les-Bains ','.*  3  355 

Bagn^res-de-Bigorre 3,' 46!  367 

Bagn^res-de-Luchon 3,  355,  358 

Bar^^es. 61,  353,  356 

Bourbonne-les-Bains 56  346 

Cautereta '133 

^«"f 156 

Challes..     75  229 

Uontrexvillo, 97  35* 

Eaux  Bonnes ",'/.', . .  /    gg 


Fnrbnch . 


91 


8  I  Mont-Dore ...'.'.    46 


\   I 


414 


.  INDEX. 


Nens 4S 

Kiederbronn 91 

Plombi^rea 46,  870,  872 

Pouguea 46,  91,  97 

ValB '71,97 

Vichy. ....  .46,  71,  76,  91,  97, 144,  841 

Germany. 

Baden-Baden 12,  66,  849 

Bilin 49 

Carlsbad.  .71, 76,  85,  91,  92,  95-98, 

100,  261,  862 

Diirckheim 56,  164 

Eger 78 

Eflsen 205 

Ems 86,  97,  841,  348 

Fachingen 841,  845 

Franzensbad 141,  866 

Friedriclisballe 100,  362 

Gastein 26,  50,  73,  82,  83,  370 

Gleichenberg 86 

Homburg 78,  95,  846 

Ischel 79 

Karlsbad  {see  Carlsbad). 
Kissingen. .  78, 85, 91, 95, 96, 98, 864, 847 

Kosen 79 

Erankenheil 113 

Kreuznaoh 79, 162,  851 

Marienbad.  .85,  92, 95, 98, 100,  862, 865 

Meinberg 354 

Nauheim 91,  851,  858 

Neundorf". 209,  354 

Obersalzbrunnen 86 

Pullna 362 

Pyrmont 360 

Schlangenbad 870 

Schwalbach 360 

Sedlitz 368 

Selters 846,  850 

Soden 91 

ToplitJ! 50,  82,  88, 100,  870 

Wiesbaden 8,846,848 


PAOI 


Wildbad 78,  82,  88, 192 

W ildungen 867,  869 

Wittekind 79 


^dipsuB  . . . . 

Cosotis 

St.  Nicholas.. 
Thermopylae. 


Greece, 


1 
1 
1 
1 


Iceland, 


Geysers 22 

Italy, 

iEnaria 9 

BaifiB 2,  9 

Ischia 2 

Pliniana 21 

Sineusa 2 

Spain. 

Alhama 8 

Galdas 5 

Switzerland.  " 

Baden g^  10 

EngBtlebrunnen 2I 

Leuk 11,367 

PfafiFers 73,  82,  88 

Ragatz 88 

Saxon 50,  75 

St.  Moritz 860 

Tarasp 861 

Wildegg 76 

Wyh 861 


Brusa 


Turkey. 


APPENDIX.— LATER  ANALYSES  OF  SPRINGS. 


Adams 883 

Birch-dale 884 

Blue  Eidge 385 

Borax 386 

Calistoga 887 

Canada 387 

Catoosa 388 

Caxton 389 

Cherry  Valley 390 

Geyser  Spa 390 

Glacier 390 

Green  391 

Harbin 392 

Highland 392 

Jordan  Alum ,...,,,.,,,,,,,,  ,<?93 

Manitou 394 

Massanetta 895 


Napa  Soda 896 

Orkney 397 

Seigler 398 

Slaterville 399 

Spencer 400 

St.  Helena  White  Sulphur 400 

Summit  Soda 401 

S Wayne's  Mammoth 401 

Triton 4,02 

Tule  River  Soda 403 

Union 403  . 

Valhermoso 404 

Vichy,  California 404 

Vichy 404 

Victor,  =  ,._.. 405 

Zem-Zem 406 


THE  REPUTATION 


JS?rSN?rTetSj?eaT?aKf^£^«„^^^^^^^^  ^  maintained  during  ..„, 


SJaTZER 


theJr  inediclDa^vlrtnef  to  the  C^rL^^^  ACIDULO-ALSALINE,  which  owe 

Hence  they  act  chiefly  onteXS&^'^„ifanrne*^o?B%S"  *"  ««"'«^«»^^' 

AS  A  SALINE  CATHARTIC 

rallttd&Tnd^^^^^^^  <=««ft>l  consfdemtfon  of  phyMcIans 

hepatic  derangement;  inXseconS 

E»?®*'?"'J''i?  w"™  seasons  SrSl  cfimati«  ?  ?i*?if"**5  "«"'"  »"«» aPPend- 
PePBia,   taclnding  Constipation,    Aciditv     H^rtK^L*"  ***•*  various  forms  oY'Dys- 
connected  with  an  inactlvltv  of  the  Ia^Jp  4*^^?'*'*°™'    ^*«-  ?   ^n  Uterine  disease 
nancy;  in  fehrile  conSn J;  in  ghoW  all  ttts"^  ^  nausel  of  preg! 

Purgatives  are  indicated,  we  have  no  hesltStion^n^i^P®*  °'  ^^^^^^  where  jffi, 
efficacious  cathartic.  nesitatlon  in  recommending  it  as  a  mUd  yet 

AS  A  DIURETIC, 

fmedto^J.rrSsys\'em"S„tt''A°H.^'"^^^^  influence  is  t^ns- 

the  Urinarv  System  CVtzERAPE&T^^  Dropsy,  and  Diseaserof 

aciditi  of  tlie  Urine,  and  promote  a  copSSaTs^^etion""^'*  "P°°  *°  «'"^'  t»»« 

AS  A  PALATABLE  CATHARTIC 

SWo^'Jf^^eiiS^dl^l^^^^^^^^^^  re-oves  tha't  horror  and 

cate  stomach,  it  is  cooling,  refreshW  Int^nS^*'    '"stead  of  nauseating  a  dell- 

tt^dtr^''--^--^^- 

CONVENIENT  FOR  ADMINISTRATION. 

«  sp^ffig"  aVd"Sfh1ngT;itag°J."  ''''''''''  *'"'  "^"'"^^  o^  -«ter  to  create  ai  once 

IT  HAS  STOOD  THE  TEST  OP  TIME 
^  FOR  SALE  BY  ALL  DRUGGISTS,  ^i 


THE 


CO^GRESS  AND  EMPIRE 

Spring  Waters  of  Saratoga 

ARE    THE    BEST    OP    ALL    THE    SARATOGA   WATERS  FOR    THE 
USE    OF    PERSONS    OF    CONSTIPATED    HABIT. 

Tbey  act  promptly  and  pleasantly,  without  producing  debility,  and  their 
effect  is  not  weakened  by  continued  use,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  cathar- 
tics. At  the  same  time,  they  are  not  too  cathartic — a  fault  with  some  of  our 
more  drastic  mineral  waters — but  sufSciently  so  for  daily  and  healthful  use, 
and  not  strong  enough  to  produce  reaction. 

Their  continued  use  keeps  the  blood  in  a  very  pure  and  healthful  condi- 
tion, producing  a  clear  florid.  They  preserve  the  tone  of  the  stomach,  and 
are  powerful  preTentivefl  of  fever  and  bilious  complaints. 

THE  COIiUMBIAN  SPRING  WATER 

Is  universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Chalybeate  Water  known.  Where 
the  blood  requires  Iron,  this  water  supplies  it  in  the  best  possible  form  for 
use.  The  assimilation  is  perfect.  A  .grain  of  iron  in  this  water  is,  in  the 
opinion  of  a  celebrated  physician,  *'  more  potent  than  twenty  grains  exhibited 
according  to  the  Pharmacopceiay 

These  waters,  being  purely  natural,  are  highly  recommended,  and  very 
frequently  prescribed  by  the  best  medical-  authorities,  many  of  whom,  how- 
ever, have  expressed  their  condemnation  in  strong  terms  of  the  use  of  artifi- 
dal  mineral  waters. 

Every  genuine  bottle  of  Congress  Water  has  a  large  '*  C  "  raised  on 
the  glass. 

FOR  SALE  BY  DRUGGISTS  AND  HOTELS  throughout  the  country. 

None  Genuine  Sold  on  Draught. 

At  our  General  Mineral  Water  Depot,  in  New  York,  all  varieties  of  Natu- 
ral Waters  for  sale  at  proprietors'  prices,  delivered  and  shipped  in  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  and  Jersey  City,  fbee  of  charqk. 

Orders  by  mail  will  receive  prompt  attention.  Empties  taken  back  and 
allowed  for  at  liberal  prices.    Address 

CONGRESS  AND  EMPIRE  SPRING  CO., 

94:  CJiambers  St,,  New  York  Cityt 

Or,  SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y. 

}^°  In  connection  with  a  recent  analysis  of  Congress  Water,  Professor 
Chandler  says : 

"  Ab  a  Cathartic  water,  its  almost  entire  freedom  from  iron  ohauld  recommend  It 
above  all  others,  many  of  which  contain  bo  much  of  this  ingredient  ae  to  eenousiy  • 
Impair  their  uBefhlneBS." 

1 


CUSSET  VICHY  WATERS. 


ELIZABETH, 

Alkaline^  Magnesian  Sprinff. 


STE.  MARIE, 
Alkaline,  Ferro-Manganic  Spring.^ 

•IWine  water  "of  iiwe     The  to&.™S  °°  'Tt''  """-S  .11  the 
richer  in  Mlo.S'^coiSiiJueSS  "''^  "'""^'  ""'  *"  '""^  •'^ 

being  richest  In  Magnesi.  and  liicarbZt^of  Soda-  the  M-mI^""' 

•"Thrre^Tr  ^^'iirth*';;' ^'°«'°^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Oonffesiion  yihi  t£         ^^«^?"°S  are  recommended  especially  for 
Ohlor'o£''£te^«!i^t-5*'^^  ^P"."e  ^''^  ^«ry  efficacious  inAn«mia. 


"The  ^«  J!.* '?"!." '■^'  ^™"  *^"""*''*  Physieians  and  Chemists. 

the  oTher  v£y  ^\ff.?"^  ^""^^'''^  "'«'^  ^*««'b.  Soda  and  five  tltnes  more  Magnesia  than 
"Dr.  0.  H,  Heepin,  of  Metz.  k,  ^  „ 

„  ,,     ,       ChUfo/tJie  Laboratory  and 
"The  waters  of  the  Elizabeth  SorivfrTt^  "-^i  ^*  Academy  of  Medicine,  Parish 

at  a  distance  from  the  Springs  ^  "^  preferred  when  they  are  to  be  used 

i^«WaTXtX?&S.*'^  ''^*^^'^'-''*^^  ''•-'^  -^"1-  the  u^^-o?l?.7r-;^. 

"By  their  Intrinsic  value,  and  their  nerfect  nreaprvafil?"";  J'^^'l",'™''*^  Dufkesne." 
and  ^e.  Marie  Springs  deserve  ^^^tl^'^^fSZ^^i'^^hZyX'^S' 

^on^^^^St^SAZ^^^rlS^^^  ^'if  -"«  '"  Perfect^'soTutloT^ih 

This  ouality  should  secure  for  thei^ft^«f~2^  '^*^w?:'•  ""^  "'^  'he  other  Vichy  Springs, 
of  S«<fa,  wh'ile  it  assu^s  to  theSwiSEen^^  sJ/'^^W."  ^**'''!  Tf^'^^^S  BiSarEonato 
waters  used  at  the  Springs,  but  f^Z  S  m1«  wmS.*  *  ^ff"i^*"l*''  "«'  «"'y  f*""  the 
physician,  at  a  dlstaice  ^ih  be  b^tterafqTalnted  wS'thXroiertS"  ''^  ^'^'P'"^'^^,  when 

^  '*«  principal  Springs  of  fi-irope,  p.  428.*' 

E.  roUGERA'&  CO., 

30  NORTH  WILLIAM  STREET,  NEW  YORK 
...P^^^^f  *^  ^'^"^  Waxkrs  are  for  sale  bv  dru^<ri«t«  <,.n-.„iw     n-'lra 
«dda.8«cd  to  the  Ageuts  will  meet  with  promipt  attention."  " 


WEST   BADEN   SPRINGS, 

ORANGE  COUNTY,  INDUNA. 
The  finest  Sallne-Snlpliiir  ITatera  in  the  Western  Country.     Unequaled 
for  the  cure  of  Diseasea  qf  the  Liver,  Skin  XHsecues,  Omt,  Rheumatism,  etc.    See  tbo 
aualyala  by  Prof  B.  T.  Cox,  State  Geologist: 


jA.isrj^irsr&XQ. 


Carbonate  of  Magnesia. 
Soda.. 


Iron  and  Alumina. 

"  Fotassa 

Lime 

Sulphate  of  Magnesia 

Soda 

"         Lime 

"         Potasea 

"        Alumina 

Chloride  of  Sodium 

''        Magnesium 

,     "        Potassium 

"        Calcium 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Silicic  Acid 

Iodides  and  Bromides 


No.  1. 

No.  S. 

Gralni  per  piUon. 

Oralnt  |<«r  gMon, 

47.0036 

7.257 

1.3856 

11.640 

8.607 

.7497 

49.6601 

28.360 

43.3881 

83.a36 

8.7296 

88.127 

18.4)90 

130.074 

1.6136 

6.4096 

•  •  ■  •  <  • 

93.6026 

97.456 

18.6878 

11.087 

..•••• 

7.858 

8.7846 

0.1060 

••>••■ 

0.6260 

Trace. 

362.241 


Total 282. 

WABH  ANB  COLB  8ULFHUB  BATHS. 
Cbaboxs  :  $2.00  per  day ;  $10.00  to  $12.00  per  week.    Address,  for  Circulars,  etc., 

Dr.  J.  A.  LANE.  Proprietor. 

EXCELSIOR  SPRING,  SARATOGA. 

Iiidprsed  by  Professor  Fordyce  Barker  and  J.  R.  Wood,  M.  D.,  of  New. York  •  8 
H.  Dickson,  M.  D.,  of  Philadelphia ;  and  N.  R.  Smith,  M.  D.,  of  Baltimore-;  as  one  of 
tbo  flret  waters  of  Saratoga. 


of 


ON  DBAVGHT.— We  have  provided  for  the  pale  of  this  deliifhtful  wafer,  an 
draught,  by  means  of  our  (patented  November  6,  1867)  Block-tin  Iteeervoirs— the 
water  being  Introduced  by  its  own  hydrostatic  pressure,  therefore  retaining  all  the 
when  drawn  at  the  counter,  is  precisely  as  it  flaws  from   " 
.         .         ^ply  all  dealers  with  a  founts  ■  -  - 

words  "^  JSxcelsior  Spring  Water,  Saratoga,  Jf.  Y.' 


.  ^.„,„      ^  iflO  f 

gas^  and,  when  drawn  at  the  counter,  is  precisely  as  it  flows  fivrnth^  spring.  To  sniard 
against /ra«d,  we  supply  all  dealers  with  a  fountain-stand,  bearing  on  the  base  the 


BOTTIiKD.— For  sale  in  pints,  4  dozen  in  a  box ;  quarts,  2  dozen  in  a  box. 
Send  for  Pamphlet,  Circulars,  etc. 

A.  B.  LAWBENCE  ft  CO.,  Proprietors, 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y. 


METROPOLITAN  HOTEL, 

JACKSONVILLE,  FLORIDA. 


J.  B.  TOONI,  Proprietor. 


O.  L.  EEBNE,  Manager. 


GRAND  NATIONAL  HOTEL, 

JACKSONVILLE,  FLORIDA. 


GEO.  XvIeGINLEY,  Proprietor. 


RAWLEY  SPRINGS, 

Chalybeate  in  the  Unh^d  StXf  anA  F/Se  JiarlTefflclen  ""^^^  ''  the  stron^ert 

while,  as  a  tonic.  Its  virtues  are  unBuroLsed     Z-onmlS^^  dUcases  of  females, 

clagB.  Since  last  season,  anotLr  larS  Ind  rnm™?S=''S"i''i  V*"®^"  ''*'"'«="y  A^i 
meet  the  extra<)rdlnarv  natronairfl  {hS^«  ^^  **"*«'  has  been  erected,  to 

of  the  Valley  Koa  1  t(f  CuS  ir  vS  «  H.~5?"^  °^  '?,'*  "^r""-  '^'^^  complot  on 
Ohio  Kailroa'd  at  that  pXt  thus  WnS  &i  *="!!"';<=  °°  w"'»  »»>«  Chesaneake  & 
flye  ihlles.  There  "raTSSh-offieln  the  Hn?«i  "mm'LV^^^^-^i^^  of  twenty. 
Livery-Stable,  good  Buthingf  53^anSlient  Iten     '  ^""'"^■Saloon,  Ten-pin  Alley, 

und'JfliyaV^eTS WiSc?."""  ^^^'''  «^»"«'  P«' ™«»th,  tW.OO.  Children 
^-  *•  IMCK,  President  of  Board  of  Direotore. 


NEW  YORK  MEDICAL  JOURNAL. 

JAMES  B.  HUNTEE,  M.  D.,  Editor. 


Inc™  ed'L^litil^ff/pTcS'Soir^^^^^^  'tL"^  *r"f'«*''  ^°'""«'  has  greatly, 
and  discoveries  in  me^iS  th^reSillW  ?he  actTv'f n™i"??M**'''  '"^^l*  mo/emenfs 
|.adin«  is  limited,  to  keep  ^ace  v^i^'ToVil.f^ll\rt&''^^^^^^  gr 

\-^''^'i^c.f^eir^^^^^^  the  editor  in  glean- 

111  the  ftom  rank  of  Medical  Llleratare  "onree,  and  Ihni!  keeping  the  Joubkai. 

follJwtag^  ""  ''"'°"°"°'  "■»'""«  "'a"  K'"  VoBi.  M,„,„„  ,„„,»„  „,  ^, 

wh»„«[dS??=-2spa'ErK^^^^^^^ 

..efeMe.^5?.?^SJ;%?,«^1«iS.l'e-„™;^^^^^^ 
fce55'?h'?S»l"l,K.ffi^;.'fC,l;a,«",'].^  ■iJJtn.  „.e.t.onf^,  the  da,  „. 

F™^lllS?„°'l5'd'i?C£e1iSrJfc.'tt«Jl'cX"'  '"'■°  ""^  """■  "«"»••. 

cmfs^dSid^uSaf  SMii"sSi°t;  i;i'„,s,r''';r''."'\'«  "»"<. »,  m.di- 

large  thelp  Ubrarlea.  "»i"itiiting  an  InTaluable  guide  to  those  vishing  to  en- 


,a,;?,.T»sx%ir^hteaVrh,';5°pr/i^7Jf-iS^%^s  iSj  s^^^^ 

Terma,  Four  Oollam  per  Annnm, 

The  JoTONAi.  win  be  aent  on  trial  for  ««,  «»«,/„  ^  *«»■ 

e.nMedic.U..„.l.  „  .  >i<^?Sii>'''c^V:Si^^^SI,^&'J^: 

D.  APPLETOB  &  CO.,  549  «  551  Broadway,  H.  Y. 


PURCELL,  UDD  &  CO.,  Druggists, 

RICHMOND,  VIRGINIA, 

AGENTS   FOE   VIRGINIA   SPRINGS   WATERS, 

Have  constantly  on  hand : 


WSITE  8ULPH1TB  WATEB, 

Greenbrier  Co.,  W.  Va. 
HEALING  BPBUI08  WATEB, 

Bath  Co.,  Va. 
BLUE  BIDOE  WATEB, 

Botetourt  Co.,  Va. 


BOCKBBISOE  ALUM  WATEB, 

Rockbridge  Co.,  Va. 
ALLEOHANT  WATEB, 

Montgomery  Co.,  Va. 
CAPON  WATEB, 

Hampshire  Co.,  W.  Va. 


Bath  Alum,  and  other  Alum  firings  of  Virginia,  and 
also  the  Waters  from  the  Congress  and  other  Saratoga  Springs, 
Blue  Lick,  Ky,,  Frederickshall  Bitter  Water,  Vichy, 
Seltzers,  etc. 

B^~  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 

Descriptive  Pamphlets  of  the  VIRGINIA  SPRINGS  WATERS  furnished 
on  amplication. 

THE 

POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY, 

OONDUOTBD  BT 

Professor  E.  L.  YOUMANS, 

Is  published  in  a  large  octavo,  handsomely  printed  on  clear  tjrpe,  and,  when 
the  subjects  admit,  fully  illustrated.  Among  popular  articles,  covering  the 
whole  range  of  Natural  Science,  we  have  the  latest  thoughts  and  words  of 
Herbert  Spencer,  and  Professors  Huxley,  Tyndall,  and  R.  A.  Proctor.  Since 
the  start,  it  has  proved  a  gratifying  success  to  every  friend  of  scientific  prog- 
ress and  universal  education ;  and  those  who  believed  that  science  could  not 
be  made  any  thing  but  dry  study  are  disappointed. 
Remark  what  is  said  of  it : 

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also  in  this  form.  I  always  thought  tliat  there  was  a  ;  reat  need  lor  a  popular  maga- 
zine on  science,  better  than  a  mere  repository  of  stories  about  phenoineua,  and  tfiis 
you  have  grandly  demonstrated.  I  was  sure,  also,  that  you  were  the  right  man  to 
coustrtict It,  but  you  have  done  far  better  than  I  expected.  The  Monthlt  is  full  of 
various  matter  for  all  classes  of  readers,  discussed  with  eminent  ability,  and  without 
sectarianism  in  science,  or  scientific  bigotry.    May  its  days  be  long  I 

"Yours  truly,  Hbnry  Ward  Bkecheb." 


Terms:  $5  per  Annum,  or  50  cents  per  Number. 

Any  person  remitting  $20  for  four  yearly  subscriptions,  will  receive  an 
extra  copy  gratis,  or  five  yearly  subscriptions  for  $20. 

Now  ready.  Vols.  I.,  II.,  III.,  and  IV.,  of  The  Popular  Science  Monthly, 
embracing  the  Numbers  from  I  to  24  (May,  18*72,  to  April,  18'74).  4  vols., 
8vo.     Cloth,  $3.50  per  vol. ;  half  morocco,  $6.60  per  vol. 

For  sale.  Binding  Oases  for  Popular  Science  Monthly.  Vols.  I.,  II., 
III.,  and  IV.  These  covers  are  prepared  expressly  for  binding  the  volumes 
of  The  Popular  Science  Monthly  as  they  appear,'  and  will  be  sent  to  Sub- 
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expense.    Price  60  cents  each.     Agents  wanted.     Address 

D,  APPLETOW  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  k  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


CATOOSA  SPRINGS, 

THE  WONDERFUL  POUNTAIJTS  OP  HEALTH  AND  PLBASTOB, 
The  Brightest  Spot  in  the  Sunny  South, 

Are  located  In  the  PIEDMONT  BEOION  OH"  nmnrtnik   a^^  »    ^ 

waters  cUractfrlS^^thfMoDtvaW^te  ^l-o  th^ 

Georgia  ;  all  of  whlcff  are  to  be  found  h?iWabnnd?nP«  L^m'^''*/"*'*''"  SP^'ng"  ot 
"  Maaic  Vale,"  affording  a  ct^tAinrnilV^  "''"°«ancei  Mthin  the  compadB  of  this 
complaint",  8croKafi  kinds  of  Cutineona &??„'«"-'  Rheumatism,  clSut,  Llver- 
that  human  flesh  is  heir  to.  *-ataneou8  Affections,  and,  In  feet,  every  disease 

W.  C.  HEWITT  A  CO.,  Proprietors. 


THE  IWA88ENA  8PI?INC  WATERS. 

St. Svwt'?c"e'c^o?m"^?A7?p'4^^^^^^  the  leading  physician,  of 

of  the  Massena  Waters  of  ImmWS  for  t^«  P^-llrlT^'l**'®  ™«^'™1  qualities 
have  been  analyzed,  and Vrnd  to  contain  a  comwS^lnn"^?"^  ^*.*?'"'?'-  The'Waters 
of  great  importance  to  our  profeseloS  The  wS?r- hiS?  k  •  "e^'cinal  agents  that  are 
for  the  following  diseases:  Affections  of  thn  &i?7®.^S''?/"""1,h'ehly  beneficial 
Dy8pepsla.Dlfleaeesof  theSkln  I^/«nr  AL»iw°®??  and  Liver,  Scrofula,  Ohronic 

|e.a.d  many  Who  havl  beU^'^co^iMf  SS"^^^^^ 

JOHK  W.  SHEDDEN,  Masaena  Springs, 

St.  Lawrenok  Co.,  N.  Y. 


J.   W.   R.   MOOBB. 


MOORE    &    PERRY, 

FBOPItlBTOBS  or 


JOSBPH  PbBBT. 


OKKNEY   SPRINGS, 

SHENANDOAH  CO.,  VIRGINIA. 
Maj.  P.  H.  Woodward,  "'Virginia  Superintendont.    Dr.  Wk.  Qbken,  of  Baltimore 

moa!'UI?e"rTre7^l^n£',S:«'=  ^^  -kroner  month,  |50;  per  two 


SEA-SIDE  HOTEIjy 

BAY  ST.  LOUIS,  MISS. 

flf.Jll!ile'sToTth?c?t?i?&*i^^^^^^^^^^  ?rtfc  *'^%?"V'  ^«-'<=«-  »d 

with  extensive  buildings  Lr  the  aSmnr/in^  L  5^**^®  ?°  the  shore  of  415  feet, 
oak,  maifnolia,  and  celar  tree«  of  Xte?v  cJjZfh  !^/?h^**'  '""^'i^'  ^^"^^^  ^^  »^e! 
very  beautiful     TheBrthingi^'sa  t  but^^ffi^pJo  °     *^^^^^  "nd 

A.  E.  TOWN. 


MEDICAL  WORKS  PUBLISHED  BY  D.  APPLETON  &  CO. 

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^T^tL^rSeKjgf  ^{i?ro?r^^^^^^^^  With  Analyses  and  Notes 

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DESCRIPTIVE    SOCIOLOGY. 


Mb.  Hebbeiit  Spknckb  has  been  for  several  years  engaged,  with  the  aid  of 
three  educated  gentlemen  in  his  employ.  In  collecting  and  orgini  ng  the  li 
concerning  all  orders  of  human  societies,  which  mu^t  constitute  the  dat  of  .  ^^^ 
^ial  Science     He  tabulates  these  fact,  so  as  conveniently  to  admit  oft! 

o^tanklX  T'  '"'  "•'''  *''  *"^'°"''^-  -«P»"»«'y-     "'divides  the  «^ 
of  mankind  Into  three  great  groups :  the  savage  races,  the  existing  civlIl«Zr 

THE  SOCIOLOGICAL  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND, 

In  seven  continuous  tables,  folio,  with  seventy  pages  of  verifvinir  tLt  i.  «n- 
ready.     This  work  will  be  a  perfect  Cyclopia  of' the  kIL    f  1,1   's^^e    ! 

problems.     Price,  five  dollars.     This  great  work  is  spoken  of  as  follows : 

From  (he  BHtith  Quarterly  Review. 

From  th^  Saturday  Sevteto. 

From  the  London  Examiner.  - 
I.  ..'!**"''!  ^Il^n"""*'  *°  *''®  ""'•°'  ''^  <»°"°»  "P^-J^  too  highly;  and  we  mnst  .oMnft 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  ^^International  Scientific  Series.** 

I. 

Tyndall's  Forms  of  Water. 

I  vol.,  lamo.     Cloth.     Ilhistratcd Price,  $1.50. 

"  In  the  volume  now  published,  Profesior  Tyndall  hat  presented  n  noble  illuttrntion 
of  the  acutencss  and  subtlety  of  hit  intellectual  powen,  the  scope  nnd  insiicht  of  his 
scientific  vision,  hit  singular  command  of  the  appropriate  language  oi  exposition,  nnd 
the  peculiar  vivacity  and  grace  with  which  he  unfolds  the  results  of  intricate  scientific 
research."— M  V.  TribtiHt. 

"  The  •  Forms  of  Water,'  by  Professor  Tyndnll,  is  an  interesting  nnd  instructive 
little  volume,  admirably  printed  and  illustrated.  Prepared  expresitly  for  this  series,  it 
is  in  some  measure  a  guarantee  of  the  excellence  of  the  volumes  thnt  will  follow,  and  nn 
indication  that  the  publishers  will  spare  no  pains  to  include  in  the  series  the  freshest  in- 
vestigations of  the  best  scientific  minds.  "—i9ojr/oM  youmal. 

"  This  scries  is  ndmirnbly  commenced  by  this  little  volume  from  the  pen  of  Prof. 
Tyndall.  A  perfect  master  of  his  subject,  he  presents  in  a  style  easy  and  attractive  hit 
methods  of  investigation,  and  the  results  obtained,  and  gives  to  the  reader  .n  clear  con- 
ception of  all  the  wondrous  transformations  to  which  water  is  subjected."— 6'AMn>i/»AM. 


II. 

Bagehot  s  Physics  and  Politics. 

I  vol.,  latno.     Price,  $1.50. 

■  "  If  the  *  International  Scientific  Series '  proceeds  as  it  has  begun,  it  will  more  than 
fulfil  the  promise  given  to  the  reading  public  in  its  prospectus.  The  first  volume,  by 
Professor  Tyndall,  was  a  model  of  lucid  and  attractive  scientific  exposition ;  and  now 
we  have  a  second,  by  Mr.  Walter  Dagehot,  which  is  not  only  very  lucid  and  charming, 
but  also  original  and  suggestive  in  the  highest  degree.  Nowhere  since  the  publication 
of  Sir  Henry  Maine's  '  Ancient  Law,'  have  we  seen  so  many  fruitful  thoughts  sug- 
gested in  the  course  of  a  couple  of  hundred  pages.  .  .  .  To  do  Justice  to  Mr.  Bagc- 
hot's  fertile  book,  would  require  a  long  article.  With  the  best  of  intentions,  we  are 
conscious  of  having  given  but  a  sorry  account  of  it  in  these  brief  paragraphs.  But  we 
hope  we  have  said  enough  to  commend  it  to  the  attention  of  the  thoughtful  reader."— 
Prof  John  Fiske,  in  the  Atlanlic  Monthly. 

"  Mr.  Bagehot's  style  is  clear  and  vigorous.  We  refrain  from  giving  a  fuller  ac- 
count of  these  suggestive  essays,  only  because  we  are  s«re  that  our  readers  will  find  it 
worth  their  while  to  peruse  the  book  for  themselves ;  and  we  sincerely  hope  that  the 
forthcoming  parts  of  the  'International  Scientific  Series'  will  be  as  interesting."— 
A  theneium. 

"  Mr.  Bagehot  discusses  an  immense  variety  of  topics  connected  with  the  progress 
of  societies  and  nations,  and  the  development  of  their  distinctive  peculiarities;  and  his 
book  shows  an  abundance  of  ingenious  and  original  thought" — Alfked  Russeh 
Wali^ch,  in  Nature. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


opinions  o/the  Press  on  the.  ''International  Scienti/ic  Heries." 

in. 

Foods. 

By  Dr.  EDWARD  SMITH. 

I  vol.,  lamo.    Cloth.     Illustrated.     .......     PHce,  $i  7, 

In  making  up  The  Interna tional  Scientific  Series,  Dr.  M ward  Smiil,  «,n.  .. 
Icccd  u.  .he  ablet  man  in  England  to  treat  the  in,p..r.„„.  .u^j^t  of /o^^  H    Zic" 
were  .ccurcd  for  the  undcrukin«.  and  the  little  .rea.i«,  he  ha.  pn.duced   h.w  Z  h" 
ch„.ce  of  a  wnteron  thi.  .ubject  wa.  mo.t  fortunate,  a.  the  book  i.  unqucZ.abrj  he 

on  p2do'^trre!;rra;l.rirnAtaC^^  ««"-«-  «>.'  ""P  «""  -"" 

rennltH  of  Dr.  Smith^.  own  exDcrimenu    no..  «    °J/°°d"n  respiration,  w},ich,  m  the 

to  Ko  in  thiH  work  for  (^ra.ionronavorab^rSi.^^'^^  "'"'"•=..  ^«J'"^«  ""' '"" 

pertap.  most  ap_parent  in  tho.e  ^t.  onhe%uCt  with  w?:icTDr  &*"''  •"'•'  '"* 
pccially  imVcfiy—Lomion  Examintr.  """•""•'  *""  ^""cn  l^r.  bmith  s  name  is  et- 

am,7an\«"rictioJSan'l'  "e"de?»'w"ho'w:.?l!rK  "'  '"J*" ."rr""'""  "^ '»«'•  --''  ^111 
cat  deuili  M»ili  1!:-   ^  «aaff»  who  would  have  been  indifferent  to  purtlv  tlieoicii 

Snda?i\oVwhi?ffl"drJt^S 

cidtdly  enhanced  for  students  who  drmn„H  ?!  i"*  °"'"  ""'.""■•  ''«  '"'•='«« '»  <««• 
by  the  profusion  of  wpll^iv-^,..  a  *'T""''  !'.°'^  clearness  and  exactness  of  statement 
volluL'!  The  sui^esSofXl!^^^^  and  tables,  which  accon.pan;  th, 

rious  forms  of  alcohol  a|th„"h  n„^^^^  ^"  ^^  "J*"  "'^  *«'»»"''  coffee,  and  of  the  va! 

..ructivc.  and  for^i  f^^^.T^^^^r^.Pl^^'^^r^^'-l  »"«'">  - 

IV. 


Body  and  Mind. 


THE    THEORIES   OF   THEIR    RELATldfej. 
By   ALEXANDER    BAIN,   LL.  D.  T 


I  vol.,   i2mo.      Cloth. 


Pric?,  $1.50. 


nL  'f  i~K    u       r       '  ""'!"'"  '"'«="«='."  »nJ  '•  The  Emotions  and  the  Will."    He  is 

or  V.1  H       t?  \  """""""^  '"  "^'=  '''=''''°'  ^'>'*=''  ''"''•^  "^=''  "•"«  <='"'  be  no  sound 

or  -'d  psychology  unless  the  mind  and  the  body  are  studied,  as  they  exist,  together 

ing  thei? sS  i' tS  tiSTy'-JLliSft  TthrSt'/'^T  T^  r^  V?>'  "'"-dy- 
tions.  The  summavv  in  Chf me^  V  ^f  .».  •  I^  '•  '^''*^*="i  Phys'ological  invcsiipa- 
en.bodiment  of  t?^e  fn  ellectual   f.yn;t?nn^^^^  inve.t.gat.ons  of  Dr.  Lionel  Beale  of  the 

freshest  and  most  intcresin™^^^^^^^  Prof'S '^'''TA  ^'"  ^r'J"""''  '^' 

tton  between  the  mental  anHfUL^:!.,!.-  •'•  "^'",*.  °^'l  '''^"O'  of  the  crnnec- 

There  is  '  o"  e  Lbs  ranee    wiKncVf  '"  "'■'"' !"  ^^""^  ^^  •^""'^*='f  '"  »«=  »"  '"""'^^^ : 

of  mind  with  braiiChe  verde^ies   ',h^^Lo^^"'''^^*'''•'"^^n"-  the  union 

union  ofclosesucwssfon^inS  '  hoId?nrrr,f  Ik^  °^  "T"-  "'.^''?^^.',  but  asserts  the 

dcr  extended  and^uU^ urrnde'd°l7cio^tel';^.^?rc£K  5^.,^"^  '"'  ""- 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  55,  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


•   ^^'*''''''  '-f  *^''  ^^'"  on  the  ^^  International  Scientific  Series:^ 

V. 

The  Study  of  Sociology. 

By  HERBERT  SPENCER. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.    Cloth T>  •      * 

««Ti.     ui       1.       1  Price,  $i.co. 

ume  Jil£'vte?^^trs2i^St'^^^^^^^^^  -'«,h'  -d  '"fl-nce  to  .his  vol- 

and  departments.  TheTis  a^sdnarion  in  hU  ^^''"''ff  **^  reasoning  i„  all  its  forms 
which  draws  on  the  reader  to  aSertafrhbconclusbT^  Th« 'cl^lS"^""*"'  "T^  ,°P""°-' 
his  treatment  of  acknowledged  difficultiw  Md  ™v^nhw  "^j"!'."  "nd  calmness  of 
him  a  close  attention  and  suftoSieSrt  on^he^^  n?^!*''*'**'!,*  '"  •"*  *'''*'"«  *'"  f°^ 

VI. 

The   New  Chemistry. 

By  JOSIAH  P.  COOKE,  Jr., 
Erving  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  Harvard  University 
I  vol.,  i2mo.     Cloth p^j^g  \ 

companion,  either  for  the  yoyk^oor'^A^%-LaTa^aMi^  """'*  " ""  fascinating 

ai^ffi'cXs.bjl'ctrsTofL7preX"a^ln^^^^ 

acter  of  the  volumeswith  tS  it  is  LsoSh   K,",.  v'  "°*  ""j^  ":^"  ?"*'^'"^  *«^  <=»>«'■ 

tries  will  be  an  honorTo  Americ^  sconce!  •3vr5;L'  w7'S"  "  ^"~P^"  •=°""- 

as  a^hiigtidtf  '  rS't'^^S  ^^"  ""'"^'  '^^  Pen-sal.  and  many  will  seize  upon  it 
the  cheS  tfde,  it  of£a  calS  philosonhv''^  T^ts"'"  ^''^  '^'"^  ''^»'*  ^"^'^  ^''«^^«'  °< 
who  have  emerged  from^hesch™oh  since  new  UhT  t'^^'''  yo"ngest  of  the  class, 
Ker.eralizationJrawinetoitsuSlthedi^^^  t».T,V^  ^^^^r  P:?^.^'^^,  it  presents  a 
fact-seeker  may  but  dlrn^y  perceive  wfthout  it^.M  '?''^'t'^''  A^  newl;.-fledged 

D.  APPLFTON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  55,  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


>^ 


'ific  Series." 


Price,  $1.50. 

ence  to  this  vol- 
in  all  its  forms 
i,  and  opinions, 
»nd  calmness  of 
theories  win  for 
amprehend,  fol- 
'  of  its  bearing 
racteristics  are 
to  be  called  a 

)f  immense  re- 
I  very  pleasing 
"—Bost.  Post. 

B  psychological 
the  science  of 
ither  creations, 
nd  less  specu- 


ersity. 

•ice,   $2.00. 

work.  It  has 
:  a  fascinating 

of  Chemistry 
ational  Scien- 
position  upon 
lins  the  char- 
uopean  coun- 

seize  upon  it 
ell  abreast  of 
:_  of  the  class, 
it  presents  a 
ewl^-fledged 
lemists,  Prof, 
lave  heard  of 
stirred  them 
tie  more  than 
e_  in  bringing 
it  is  elcmen- 
dvanced."— 


^ay,  N.  Y. 


V 


